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Technologies for the Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions

Arsenie P., Martinas G., Gheorghe C., Arsenie A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 2

251--256

EN

When it comes to gas turbines, their main problem concerning pollutant emissions is represented by nitric oxides. Among other emissions, sulphur oxides being much reduced due to the use of liquid distilled and gas fuels with a low content of sulphur. Using water or steam injection became the favourite method during the '80s and especially the '90s since "dry" methods and catalytic reduction were both at the beginning of the development phase. Catalytic convertors have been used since the '80s and they are still used although the costs of renewing the catalyst are very high. In the last twenty years a gradual decrease has been registered on the limits of nitric oxides from 75 ppm to 25 ppm, and now the target is oriented towards the 9 ppm level. The evolution of burning technologies of combustion makes it possible to control the level of production of nitric oxides even from the source without being necessary to use "humid" methods. This, of course, opened the market for gas turbines because they can function even in areas with limited quality water reserves, such as maritime platforms and in the desert. In this paper, we are going to show that, although water injection is still used, "dry" control technologies of burning became favourite methods for the majority of users on the industrial power generators market. The great dependency between the creation of nitric oxides and the temperature reveals the effect of direct water or steam injection on reducing nitric oxides. Recent research showed that a reduction up to 85% of nitric oxides may be obtained by using the water or steam injection all together with the improvement of aerodynamic character of the burning room.

2

Solution to Reduce Air Environmental Pollution from Ships

Pham H.T., Nguyen T.M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 2

257--261

EN

Exhaust gas emissions from ships are increasingly polluting the air environment seriously. Therefore, the MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI is applied for all ships from 2017, Annex VI provided that the concentrations of NOx,SOx CO contained in ship’s exhaust gases must be less than 6.4 g/kWh, 0.6 g/kWh, and 5.5g/kWh respectively. Today, there are many solutions to reduce pollution emissions from exhaust gas of ships, such as improving combustion, using oil emulsion, using biofuel,…However, these solutions also have a handful of disadventages such as being unable to thoroughly resoulve problems, high cost, and very difficult to improve the quality of ship exhaust gas emissions for old ships. Exhaust gas treatment method uses a centralized treatment system where exhaust gas from the thermal engines is taken in a centralized treatment system before discharging into the air. After centralized treatment system, in comparision with raw exhaust gas, soot can be reduced by 98%, NOx can be reduced by 75%, SOx can be reduced by 80%. This method of treatment is not only low cost, good quality but also make marine heat-engines still use traditional fuels as well as need not improve its structure.

3

The Prevailing Weather and Traffic Conditions in the Evaluation of a Future ECA in the Mediterranean Sea. A view into the Western Mediterranean

Castells M., Martínez-Osés F. X.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 1

157--163

EN

Appendix III of MARPOL´s Annex VI sets out the criteria and procedures for designating an emission control area (ECA).These criteria includes: a clear delineation of the proposed ECA; types of emissions proposed for control, land and sea areas at risk; emission quantification and impact assessment; prevailing weather conditions; data and quality on marine traffic; land based measures concurrent with the ECA adoption and the relative costs of reducing emissions from ships. This paper analyses the climate parameter together with traffic conditions: prevailing weather conditions as a parameter to be kept in mind for the adoption of a future ECA in the Mediterranean Sea. Preliminary results would show how marine emissions coming from existing traffic will impact the sea and land ecology in the Mediterranean area.

4

Challenges to Ship Hydrodynamics in the XXI Century

Kobyliński L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 3

353--358

EN

The beginning of twenty-first century is characterized with important changes in world shipping and exploitation of ocean resources. Three important trends are clearly visible: environment protection, safety and economy. They materialize in important changes in the structure of world fleet where some existing ship types are going to disappear and new ship types emerge. Increasing the size of some ship types is another visible tendency. Stress on environment protection has serious impact on the hydrodynamic characteristics of ships whether with regard to safety zero accident rate is the goal. Important challenges to ship hydrodynamics caused by those tendencies are discussed in the paper.

5

Electronic Reporting of Ships in the RIS System

Lisaj A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 2

127--130

EN

This article presents the principles of data transmission and processing in a module of duplex transmission of messages as required by ship reporting in the RIS (River Information Services) system. Technical specification of messages intended for ship commanders is analyzed. Data standards in harmonized River Information Services on inland waterways are presented. Furthermore, the analysis covers message structures, encrypting in XML format for electronic reporting by ships. Finally, the author evaluates the advantages of introducing the RIS system for the safety of inland vessel traffic and the effect of the system on environmental protection.

6

The Model of Oil Spills Due to Ships Collisions in Southern Baltic Area

Gucma L., Przywarty M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 4

415--419

EN

The paper presents implementation of probabilistic ships collision model to evaluation of possible oil spills in the Southern Baltic Sea area. The results of the model is time, place and size of the oil spill due to ships collision. The results could be used for oil spill response action plans. The paper will open the discussion about validation of achieved results and will try to answer the question about verification of Baltic Sea oil spills data in comparison to worlds statistics.

7

The Implementation of Oil Spill Costs Model in the Southern Baltic Sea Area to Assess the Possible Losses Due to Ships Collisions

Gucma L., Goryczko E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 4

405--407

EN

The paper presents an attempt to assessment of losses due to oil spills caused by ships collisions in the Southern Baltic Sea area. To assess the losses the data from two models were used. First of them is simulation model of ships collision with consideration of oil spills developed and the second is the model of oil spill cleanup cost is applied without consideration of environmental conditions influence.

8

Human Errors and Oil Pollution from Tankers

Arsenie P., Hanzu-Pazara R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 4

409--413

EN

The economical development of the world is based on transportation system. More than half of the products transported all over the world are carried by sea. Sea transportation is made with different kind of ships, as bulk carriers, cargo vessels, container ships, tankers. Ships are managed by people. In group or as individual, anybody can make errors. In maritime area these errors have as results accidents and disasters. Many of these events affect especially the environment. As 80% of necessary petroleum products are transported by sea, the risk of a major environment disaster caused by human errors is high. Anyway, over 99% of petroleum cargo transported by sea is carried without incidents. This paper presents the effects of human errors, mostly cases that involved tankers, which were produced in the navigation and operational processes.