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NATO's Strategic Concept: Implications for Greece and Türkiye

Lampas Nikolaos, Filis Constantinos

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 44, No. 4

38--54

EN

This article analyses the impact of North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) new strategic concept on its involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean and its implications for Greek-Turkish relations. We analyse the application of NATO’s new strategic concept in the Eastern Mediterranean by focusing on the case study of Greek-Turkish tensions and NATO’s role in de-escalation efforts. The case study of Greek-Turkish relations is vital for two reasons. Firstly, because of NATO’s renewed interest in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and secondly, because the complicated relationship between the two countries has the potential to disrupt NATO’s unity. The findings of this article suggest that while NATO’s intention is to adapt to evolving security challenges, its new strategic concept has done little to de-escalate the tensions between Greece and Türkiye. Despite the Alliance’s commitment to collective defence and conflict resolution, the longstanding disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean have persisted, often with increased intensity. In conclusion, NATO’s new strategic concept acknowledges the burgeoning complexities in the Eastern Mediterranean, yet falls markedly short of introducing effective measures to de-escalate the longstanding tensions between Greece and Türkiye. While the document perceptively addresses the need for heightened engagement in the Eastern Mediterranean and highlights the myriad security challenges, including territorial disputes, migration issues, and the competition for energy resources, it lacks a clear actionable framework for mitigating the discord between these two member states.

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Steric and atmospheric contributions to interannual sea level variability in the eastern mediterranean sea over 1993–2019

Mohamed Bayoumy, Skliris Nikolaos

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (1)

50--62

EN

Sea level trends and their forcing over the eastern Mediterranean basin are investigated by using 27 years (1993–2019) of gridded sea level anomalies (SLA) derived from satellite altimetry and 9 tide gauge stations, along with sea surface temperature (SST) and temperature and salinity profiles. The contributions of atmospheric (wind and pressure) and steric components to the interannual variability of total SLA were evaluated. The thermosteric component represents the major contributor to the linear trend and was positive over most of the eastern Mediterranean, with a spatially averaged trend of 2.13±0.41 mm/year, accounting for 69% of the total sea level trend (3.1±0.61 mm/year). In contrast, the halosteric effect has a negative contribution to the steric SLA, with a mean trend of -0.75±0.19 mm/year. The atmospheric component trend was much lower at 0.32±0.24 mm/year. The interannual variability of SLA accounts for about 36% of overall sea level variability. Steric and atmospheric contributions to the interannual variability of sea level in the eastern Mediterranean account for about 52% and 18%, respectively. The strongest interannual variability and trends in SLA were observed over the basin's main recurrent gyres, with the maximum positive trend obtained over the Mersa–Matruh and Cyprus gyres, as well as the North Shikmona eddy, and maximum negative trend over the Ierapetra gyre. Over the study period, all tide gauges showed a positive and statistically significant trend, ranging from 1.47±0.77 to 5.79±1.32 mm/year after applying glacial isostatic adjustment and atmospheric correction, and were in good agreement with reconstructed steric sea level data.

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Rethinking of Turkey’s Geopolitics together with Eastern Mediterranean : Turkish Perspective

Arıboğan Deniz Ülke, Arslan İbrahim

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2021

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Nr 2

45--66

EN

In the studies carried out within the scope of geopolitical discipline, the expression “geography is destiny” is frequently used and it is claimed that geography has unchangeable, irreversible qualities and the policies implemented are shaped through this assumption. This assumption ignores the humanitarian interventions over the geography and makes it difficult to understand the results produced by these interventions at both regional and global level. Similarly, the dynamic nature of international relations reveals new actors in the international system in times of bounce and collapse, and the borders that expand or narrow with each transformation can differentiate the geopolitical view with new sovereign countries. In the historical process, transportation accessibility, trade, search for raw materials, security and alliance relations have caused the same geography to be interpreted differently in different periods. This situation also applies to the geography of Turkey had been the homeland of empires. The developments in the Middle East over the past two decades has created a sensitivity in the relations between Turkey and the West, especially the United States. Competing interests with the EU and the US in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean, has necessitated a reassessment of Turkey’s geography.

PL

Na gruncie nauki o geopolityce często wskazuje się, że geografia jest przeznaczeniem i że charakteryzuje się niezmiennymi cechami. Takie założenie wpływa na kształt i prowadzenie polityki, ignoruje humanitarne interwencje i sprawia, że trudniej jest zrozumieć skutki owych interwencji zarówno na poziomie regionalnym, jak i globalnym. Dynamiczny charakter relacji międzynarodowych sprzyja pojawianiu się nowych aktorów na arenie międzynarodowej, zwłaszcza w okresach koniunktury i dekoniunktury, w wyniku transformacji może dochodzić do zmiany granic, a w związku z tym do zróżnicowania geopolitycznego, powstania nowych suwerennych państw. Z perspektywy procesu historycznego - dostępności transportu, handlu, poszukiwania nowych surowców, a także relacji sojuszniczych czy w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa - można stwierdzić, że sama interpretacja geografii bywa różna w zależności od okresu rozwojowego. Przykładem - geografia Turcji, ojczyzny wielu imperiów. Rozwój wydarzeń na Bliskim Wschodzie w ostatnich dwóch dekadach spowodował, że relacje między Turcją a Zachodem, szczególnie zaś Stanami Zjednoczonymi, zostały nadszarpnięte. Konkurencyjność interesów z Unią Europejską i Stanami Zjednoczonymi na Bliskim Wschodzie oraz we wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego zmusza do ponownej oceny geografii Turcji.

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Subdividing the tectonic elements of Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean with gravity and GPS data

Kahveci Muzaffer, Çırmık Ayça, Doğru Fikret, Pamukçu Oya, Gönenç Tolga

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 2

491--500

EN

Western Anatolia has been formed by the motions of the African plate, Arabian plate and Hellenic Subduction zone. The Hellenic Subduction zone, which has high seismicity, is the main tectonic feature of the eastern Mediterranean Sea related to the subduction of the African Plate beneath the Aegean Sea Plate. The Hellenic Subduction zone has a complex lithospheric structure and shows complex differences in the Aegean Sea in terms of continental crust thickness and mantle velocity. In the study area, the directions of Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity vectors which are towards SE change towards S from North of Western Anatolia to Hellenic Subduction zone. It is thought that the factor which controls this mechanism is the shear force or subduction zone located in Aegean Sea. Western Anatolia region, which is located in Western Anatolia Extensional province, includes several morphologically significant N–S trending active normal faults. Besides, the NE–SW and NW–SE trending faults, which their kinematic features change from north to south, are very effective on the tectonic regime of the region. Additionally, for determining the boundaries of these tectonic elements, the Complete Spherical Bouguer (CSB) gravity anomaly of study area was calculated by using World Gravity Map (WGM2012) model. Moreover, in historical and instrumental studies, the high seismicity of the study area is remarkable. It is thought that this case is also related with the mechanism which oriented the GPS velocity vectors to southward. Consequently, the dominant kinematic structure of the region was classified by combining the GPS velocity vectors computed for Izmir and its surroundings bounded by Western Anatolia, Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean and the CSB gravity anomaly. Finally, the results were interpreted together with focal depth distributions of earthquakes and Bouguer gravity data.