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Thermal history of Lower Palaeozoic rocks from the East European Platform margin of Poland based on K-Ar age dating and illite-smectite palaeothermometry - 481 – 509

Kowalska Sylwia, Wójtowicz Artur, Hałas Stanisław, Wemmer Klaus, Mikołajewski Zbigniew, Buniak Arkadiusz

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 4

481--509

EN

Large-scale shale gas prospecting in the Polish part of the East European Platform did not discover large reserves of this resources. The article presents new research indicating that one of the reasons for the lack of shale gas relates to the thermal history of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks. Illite-smectite palaeothermometry was used to reconstruct the history of the platform and determine the maximum temperatures to which these rocks were subjected. The age of illitisation was also constrained using the K-Ar method. This method allowed precise dating of the maximum age of thermal transformations due to the deposition of numerous pyroclastic horizons (K-bentonite) throughout the entire geological profile from the Cambrian to the Silurian. Isotopic dating was made on over 53 samples of Lower Palaeozoic bentonites and low-grade metamorphic clays. These results were supplemented by analysis of the degree of thermal (smectite to illite) transformation in the profiles of 37 deep boreholes. 11 zones could be distinguished with different tectonic histories within the Polish part of the East European Platform edge. Maximum heating occurred in this region at about 320–340 Ma, corresponding to the Early Carboniferous or the turn of the Early and Late Carboniferous, phase A of the Variscan orogeny, known as the Sudetian phase. In the southern part of study area, the maximum of thermodiagenesis is slightly younger – 270–290 Ma, which responds to the Early Permian, the Asturian phase, the last phase of the Variscan orogeny. This means that the generation of hydrocarbons occurred before significant Mesozoic exhumation of the Polish part of the East European Platform, which led to the escape of a considerable amount of the gas generated. The study also presents the results of an interlaboratory comparison of illite age dating using the K-Ar and Ar-Ar methods. The comparison was conducted to find out what realistic error should be considered when interpreting geological K-Ar dating results.

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Seismo-geological model of the Baltic Basin (Poland)

Kasperska Monika, Marzec Paweł, Pietsch Kaja, Golonka Jan

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 2

195--213

EN

The aim of this study is to construct a seismo-geological model of the western part of the Baltic Syneclise. This model enables reconstruction of the tectonic processes taking place in this area, which had a significant impact on the formation of prospective zones for the occurrence of unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations. The two seismic surveys Opalino 3D and Kościerzyna-Gdańsk 2D, together with borehole data available in the vicinity, were used for the research. Well data were used not only for the seismic-to-well tie, but also for the construction of well cross-sections (including balanced ones). The structural interpretation of seismic boundaries enabled the separation of four structural stages: Precambrian; Caledonian, Permian-Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The seismic interpretation of the Opalino 3D survey indicates the presence of block-style tectonics in this area. This system is considered to be a part of a large block system, also extending throughout the area of the 2D survey. The Caledonian interval shows the greatest degree of structural complexity. Most of the large Palaeozoic dislocations already had been formed in the Cambrian. They underwent reactivation and/or inversion in the Silurian, or in the final stages of the Caledonian and/or Variscan Orogeny, at the latest. The current shape and structure of the Baltic Syneclise and the development of the Palaeozoic sedimentary cover were significantly influenced by the processes taking place in the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ). The dislocations of the Lower Palaeozoic stage are characterized by general NW-SE and NE-SW trends, although the first of these seems to be dominant.

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Methodology and results of digital mapping and 3D modelling of the Lower Palaeozoic strata on the East European Craton, Poland

Papiernik Bartosz, Michna Michał

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 4

405--427

EN

The paper presents a multi-phase and multi-stage methodology of 3D structural-parametric modelling and mapping that has been applied during implementation of the GAZGEOLMOD project. The core of the applied processing workflows is a 3D geological model constructed in Petrel, which functions as a spatial database for all kinds of geological models. The first phase of the workflow comprised an extended process of database project building that was very intensive at the beginning of the project and continued to its end. The second phase of processing consisted of a complex process of mapping and structural modelling that is performed in 8 stages, allowing for iterative improvements of model resolution. During the realization of stages 1 to 7, processing was run independently for the Baltic (BB), Podlasie (PB) and Lublin Basins (LB). The workflow included the following stages: (1) unification and digitization of published and on file analogue and digital, structural maps; (2) preliminary reinterpretation, including adjustment to stratigraphy data acquired from archives; (3) adjusting the maps to the primary results of seismic interpretation, mainly from archival data; (4) digitization and gridding of pre-existing palaeothickness maps and updates of them with data from boreholes completed after 2009; the reinterpretation of the palaeothickness maps into contemporary thickness maps; (5) elaboration of the primary structural 3D models for the three basins; (6) increasing of the stratigraphic resolution of models up to the rank of the geological epoch for Ordovician–Silurian strata; (7) conversion of basin-scale structural models into a 2D grid, and their merging into platform-scale surfaces, resulting in 45 structural and thickness maps; finally, they were adjusted to the results of seismic interpretation and sedimentological studies, obtained in the project; and (8) completion of the resulting structural models for each of the basins and for the entire Polish part of the East European Craton in several different versions. In the third phase of processing, parametric models of vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) were estimated.

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Electric Resistivity Distribution in the Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle for the Southern East European Platform and Crimea from Area-wide 2D Models

Logvinov I. M., Tarasov V. N.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 2

131--139

EN

Previously obtained magnetotelluric 2D models for 30 profiles made it possible to create an overview model of electric resistivity for the territory between 28°E and 36°E and between 44.5°N and 52.5°N. It allows us to distinguish a number of low resistivity objects (LRO) with resistivities lower than 100 Ω m the Earth’s crust and mantle. Two regional conductivity anomalies are traced. The Kirovograd conductivity anomaly extends south to the Crimea mountains. A new regional conductivity anomaly (Konkskaya) can be distinguished along the southern slope of the Ukrainian Shield from 29° to 34°E. In addition, many local LROs have been identified. According to the modeling results, the local low resistivity objects on the East European Platform appear along fault zones activated during last 5–7 M years and the model suggests their relation to known zones of graphitization and polymetallic ore deposits. Local LROs in the Dnieper–Donets Basin correlate with the main oil and natural gas fields in this area. The depth of the anomalous objects amounts to 5–22 km. This is consistent with the hypotheses that hydrocarbon deposits are related to generation and transport zones of carbon-bearing fluids.

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The Silurian of southwestern margin of the East European Platform (Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) : lithofacies and palaeoenvironments

Radkovets N.

Geological Quarterly

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2015

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Vol. 59, No. 1

105--118

EN

Silurian strata, stretching along the western margin of the East European Platform from the Baltic to the Black Sea, represent a potential target for both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration. Distribution of the black shale facies, prospective for shale gas, and the reef facies, prospective for oil, has been studied in respect of palaeoenvironments. The Silurian sequence has been investigated in the territory of Ukraine (Volyn-Podillyan Plate, Dobrogean Foredeep) and correlated with the data on Moldova and Romania (Moldovian Platform). The occurrence of Silurian strata, their thickness, and petrographic and lithological characteristics allowed reconstructing the distribution of open-shelf, reef and lagoonal facies. The reef facies migrated during the Wenlock–Middle Pridoli, shifting towards the open sea and back towards the shore, and therefore has been termed a migrating reef facies. Correspondingly, the boundary between the open-shelf and reef facies was shifting. The facies distribution was controlled by the transgressive-regressive cycles, which caused the fluctuations of the shelf water depth in different time intervals of the Silurian. The shelf water depth of about 100 m, where the top of the oxygen-minimum layer impinged on the sea bottom, was the boundary between the open-shelf facies, represented by organic-rich sediments, and the reef buildups.

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Correlation and comparison of Jurassic deposits in republics of Belarus and Lithuania, and Russian Federation in transboundary region

Makhnach V. V.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 4

500--502

EN

Correlation and comparison of the Jurassic deposits of Republic of Belarus, Republic of Lithuania and Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation transboundary region is an important time milepost in studying of a paleogeographical situation of the western part of the East European Platform. The geologist Ullman began to study Jurassic deposits of the Republic of Lithuania in 1830s (Grigyalis 1958). He investigated river Venta in the town of Papilany. For the first time, geologist A.E. Gedroyts conducted research of the Jurassic deposits in the territory of Belarus. He found erratic boulders in the Białowieża forest at the beginning 1880s (Mityanina 1982). Correlations of the Jurassic deposits were repeatedly undertaken in this region. In 1922, N.F. Bliodukho discussed the similarity between "Western" and "Russian" Jurassic on basis of the mollusk analogies. The second attempt was made within the project of UNESCO No. 86 of the International program of geological correlation The East European Platform (southwest region) only in 1985. Correlations were carried out within the project "Peritetis". The newest research of the Jurassic deposits of Belarus revealed the series of paleogeographical and sedimentological features (Makhnach 2011). This research revealed, a glacial exaration of the Jurassic deposits from Grodno (Republic of Belarus), Druskininkay and Premay (Republic of Lithuania) as a distinctive feature of the Lithuanian-Polish Monocline. The considered transboundary region includes (from the North to the South) following tectonic structures: Baltic Syneclise, western slope of the Latvian Saddle, Mazursko-Belorusskaja Anteclise and Podlyassko-Brestsky Hollow. Desrciptions and paleontological material from stratigraphic wells, which encountered Jurassic deposits were used as a research material. Data from following wells were used: stratigraphic wells Gvardeyskaja-57 and Bely Yar-1 for the Kaliningrad region, Yoty's stratigraphic well for the Republic of Lithuania, stratigraphic wells Vysokoe-77 and Brest-52 for the territory of Belarus. The correlation of regional data and comparison of paleogeographical events showed that the most complete section of the Jurassic deposits for this area is located in the territory of the Kaliningrad region - a stratigraphic well Gvardeyskaja 57. For the territory of Belarus, the most complete section of Oxfordian is presented in the stratigraphic well Vysokoe-77, and Callovian deposits are best represented in the stratigraphic well Brest-52. Paleogeographical reconstruction shows that the sea was absent in the territory of Belarus, but the plentiful river network drained the Polesye Saddle through the Svislochsky snap in Early Callovian. Lowland with wetlands existed in Early Callovian during the beginning of transgression in the transboundary region of Lithuania, Belarus and the Kaliningrad region. The maximum transgression from the Polish Sea occurred during the Kosmo-ceras jason time (Middle Callovian). At this time, connection through the Pripyat Passage and through the southern passage systems with the Central Russian Sea was established. The second maximum transgression in this region happened during the Quenstedtoceras maria time (Early Oxfordian), and the communication with the Central Russian Sea was reestablished in the period of Cardioceras cordatum (Early Oxfordian). Completeness of Middle and Upper Oxfordian cuts from the territory of Belarus isn't clear and requires further paleontological research. Lithological differences and time of sediment accumulation reveal different sedimentation conditions. This fact indicates various movement directions of tectonic structures. It should be noted that unidirectional movements (immersion) effected all tectonic structures during the maximum sea transgressions. Differences in regions, where Jurassic sediments were deposited, were also studied. In the second half of Late Callovian, the Podlyassko-Brestsky Hollow underwent immersion and a flexure towards the Stryysky Deflection while Mazursko-Belorussky Anteclise was under conditions of tectonic rest. During Cardioceras cordatum time (Early Oxfordian), the submerging of Pripyat passage northern part was amplified. Most likely, the Polish Sea started to recede from the major part of the territory of Belarus during Middle Oxfordian, marking a new land stage of the territory. The buckling of the Latvian Saddle towards the Baltic Syneclise was observed within the territory of Lithuania. Paleontological data are also interesting. Existence of coral reeves in the territory of Lithuania (Grigyalis 1958) testifies the prevalence of northwest currents from Peritetis areas, and also does not reject the hypothesis about the Northern (Baltiyskii) Passage connecting the Polish and Central Russian seas. Biota features indicate the existence of benthonic currents in Late Callovian and difficult fauna exchange between Lithuanian and Belarusian regions.

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Precambrian and Palaeozoic basement of the Carpathian Foredeep and the adjacent Outer Carpathians (SE Poland and western Ukraine)

Buła Z., Habryn R.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2011

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Vol. 81, No 3

221-239

EN

In south-eastern Poland and western Ukraine, the Outer Carpathian orogen and the Carpathian Foredeep developed in the foreland of the East-European Platform (Baltica). The area consists of a number of tectonic units included in the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ): the Łysogóry–Radom and Małopolska blocks in the territory of Poland, and the Rava Rus’ka Zone, Kokhanivka Zone and Leżajsk Massif in the Ukraine. The development of the TESZ began in the (?Middle) Late Neoproterozoic and was associated with rifting processes taking place along the western edge of the East-European Craton (Baltica) during the break-up of the Rodinia/ Pannotia supercontinent. The passive margin of Baltica evolved into the TESZ during collisional and/or strike-slip movements. In the TESZ (Małopolska Block and Leżajsk Massif), Ediacaran flysch-type siliciclastics were affected by weak metamorphism and folding during the Cadomian orogeny. The development of Cambrian deposits in the East-European Craton, Łysogóry–Radom Block, northeastern part of the Małopolska Block (Kielce Fold Belt) and in the Rava Rus’ka and Kokhanivka zones was associated with the post-rift thermal subsidence. Tectonic movements (so-called Sandomierz phase), which occurred probably due to an oblique collision of the Małopolska Block (included into the passive margin of Baltica) and the East-European Craton during late Middle Cambrian to Late Cambrian (possibly also Early Ordovician) times, resulted in the following: (1) development of stratigraphical (?erosional) gaps in the Middle and Upper Cambrian sections of the Lublin–Podlasie slope of the East-European Craton and the Kielce Fold Belt in the Małopolska Block; (2) intense tectonic subsidence of the Łysogóry–Radom Block during the deposition of Middle and Upper Cambrian sediments; (3) development of compressional folds in the Lower Cambrian to lower Middle Cambrian deposits of the Kielce Fold Belt on the Małopolska Block. Ordovician–Silurian series were deposited in a typical flexural foredeep basin, in which subsidence and deposition rates accelerated during Late Silurian (Ludlow–Pridoli) and Early Devonian (Lochkovian) times. It is postulated that the present position of the Małopolska Block relative to the Łysogóry–Radom Block and East-European Craton resulted from post-Silurian dextral movements between the Małopolska Block and the East-European Craton. Devonian–Carboniferous deposits occur only in the Małopolska Block located in the Variscan foreland. The Middle-Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous shallow-marine carbonate platforms developed under an extensional regime. The siliciclastic Upper Visean–Lower Namurian A Culm series were deposited in the flexural Variscan foreland basin. During the Late Namurian A, the Małopolska Block was uplifted in response to the build-up of compressional foreland stresses. During post-Carboniferous times, the Precambrian and Palaeozoic deposits were subject to erosion and restructuring during the Alpine orogeny.

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Zachodni i południowy zasięg kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego

Mizerski W., Stupka O.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 11

1030-1039

EN

The problem of the western and southern borders of the East European Platform is still subject to debate; different authors variously put this border on the geological maps of Europe. The deepness of the crystalline basement between the T–T zone and the Variscan orogen and within the so-called Scythian Platform makes recognizing the geotectonic structure of the area difficult. There are relatively few and small regions with rocks older than Mesozoic. There is no direct access to Precambrian strata over most of the area. Most structural information is provided by geophysical methods, but they do not allow to date the age of consolidated basement. The paleomagnetic studies of the area give equivocal results. Our analysis of available materials from between the T–T zone and the Variscan orogen and the Scythian Platform suggests that the Precambrian Platform has a larger extent than it was generally assumed. The platform extends westwards even as far as the front of the Variscan orogen, and to the SWand S it may reach the Alpine folded structures.

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Perspektywiczne obszary poszukiwań węglowodorów w kambrze polskiej części platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej

Stolarczyk F., Stolarczyk J., Wysocka H.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 5

403-–412

EN

Perspectives of prospecting for hydrocarbons in the Platform Cambrian strata of NE Poland are evaluated. The evaluation includes previous studies on type and distribution of sedimentary facies, possibilities of generating, accumulating and retention of hydrocarbons, reservoir properties of rocks, and presence of local structures. The results of their analysis presented herein allowed to delineate the optimum zone of occurrence of hydrocarbons, and to indicate primary areas within that zone to be prospected first. According to these criteria, the perspective zone for hydrocarbon prospecting in the Cambrian strata occurs on theWestern slope of the East European Platform and in its regional depressions, where the Cambrian occurs at depth 1500–3000 metres. A detailed analysis of geological data permits to pinpoint the following especially promising areas within that zone (fig. 7), best suited for hydrocarbon accumulation and deserving special attention: the Siedlce palaeoelevation; the Olsztyn palaeoelevation; an area near the Polish state border near Braniewo, Górowo Iławeckie and Bartoszyce; peri-Baltic part of the Łeba Elevation.

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Effect of thin near-surface layer on the geomagnetic induction arrows: an example from the East European Platform

Jankowski J., Ernst T., Jóźwiak W.

Acta Geophysica Polonica

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 3

349-361

EN

Nineteen deep geomagnetic soundings were made in NE Poland which belongs to the East European Platform. The calculated transfer functions show that the induction vectors are quite large, achieving 0.8. The maximum length of the vectors is at the period of about 300 s. Comparing the directions of the induction vectors with the map of the thickness of sedimentary cover we found a striking correlation with the crystalline basement depth isolines. An auxiliary 2D modelling and a thin-sheet model support the statement that substantial part of the vectors is due to induction in the sedimentary cover.

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Inoceramid/foraminiferal succession of the Turonian and Coniacian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Briansk region (Central European Russia)

Walaszczyk I., Kopaevich L., Olferiev A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2004

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Vol. 54, no. 4

597-609

EN

An integrated inoceramid-foraminiferal zonation for the topmost Turonian and Lower Coniacian near Briansk, SW of Moscow is presented. The inoceramid fauna enables the application of the refined zonal scheme currently applied in central and western Europe. Three zones based on benthic foraminifera, the Gavelinella moniliformis, Ataxophragmium nautiloides and Stensioeina granulata granulata zones; and three zones based on planktonic foraminifera, the Whiteinella archaeocretacea, Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana and Marginotruncana renzi zones, are distinguished. The Turonian/ Coniacian boundary, defined by the first appearance of the inoceramid Cremnoceramus deformis erectus (MEEK, 1877), falls within the basal part of the Stensioeina granulata granulata Zone and the basal part of Marginotruncana renzi Zone.In foraminiferal terms the Turonian/Coniacian boundary interval is marked additionally by a sudden, short-lived increase in the plankton/benthos ratio, caused primarily by more abundant shallow-water morphotypes.

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Vein deposits in Silurian evaporites of south-western margin of the east European platform

Dudok I. V.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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1999

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nr 387

24--25

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Główne jednostki strukturalne w polskiej części platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej w świetle danych grawimetrycznych

Królikowski C., Petecki Z., Żółtowski Z.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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1999

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nr 386

5-57

PL

Omówiono najważniejsze wyniki dotychczasowych studiów nad budową podłoża krystalicznego zachodniej części platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej (PWE), uzyskane głównie na podstawie analizy danych geofizycznych. Następnie wyznaczono przebiegi osi anomalii gradientu poziomego siły ciężkości w polskiej części PWE, uznając je za nieciągłości tektoniczne lub petrologiczne. Przyjęto, że główne nieciągłości stanowią granice jednostek strukturalnych podłoża krystalicznego. Wydzielono dziesięć jednostek strukturalnych, nazwanych blokami i powiązanych z wyżami i niżami grawimetrycznymi. Większe gęstości skał w odniesieniu do bloków sąsiednich odgrywają dominującą rolę w budowie jednostek obejmujących wyże; im odpowiadają na ogół strefy sfałdowane lub pasma orogenów. Formacje o mniejszej gęstości tworzą bloki niżów grawimetrycznych reprezentujących masywy granitoidowe. Jednostki strukturalne w strefie brzeżnej PWE wykazują rozciągłość o kierunku równoległym do brzegu kratonu i w przybliżeniu są prostopadłe do rozciągłości dalej leżących bloków. Kształt tych jednostek może być wywołany przez procesy paleodynamiczne zachodzące w trakcie kolizji makrokontynentów i terranów. Te jednostki uważane są za część strefy szwu transeuropejskiego (TESZ). Zasugerowano również przypuszczalny przebieg brzegu PWE. Obraz nieciągłości grawimetrycznych ujawnia też poprzeczną segmentację strefy TESZ: w jej polskim odcinku można wydzielić cztery takie segmenty. Podano również przykład dwuwymiarowej interpretacji wzdłuż profilu głębokich sondowań sejsmicznych (GSS) - LT-3. Ujawniła ona nowe elementy budowy skorupy na bloku wyżu małopolskiego i w jego otoczeniu.

EN

In the introductory part of the paper a discussion is presented of most important results of investigation on the structure of crystalline basement in the western part of the East-European Platform (EEP). The results were acquired from the analysis of geophysical data. Then trends of axes of anomalies in horizontal gradient of gravity were defined for the Polish part of the EEP, considering them the tectonic or petrologic discontinuities. It was assumed that main discontinuities constitute boundaries of structural units in the crystalline basement. Ten structural units have been distinguished; they are connected with gravimetric highs and lows and are called blocks. Higher density of rocks as compared with adjoining blocks plays a dominant part in the structure of units constituting the highs; in general, they conform to fold zones or to orogen belts. Formations of lower density form blocks of gravimetric depressions representing granitoid massifs. Structural units in the marginal zone of the EEP show their strike parallel to the craton edge, and approximately perpendicular to strike of more distant blocks. Shape of these units might be induced by palaeodynamic processes that were taking place during collision of macrocontinents and terranes. lt is considered that these units make a part of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ). A supposed trend of the edge of the EEP is also suggested. The gravimetric discontinuities also reveal the segmentation of the TESZ; there are four such segments in the Polish part of it. An example is also given of 2-D interpretation along a profile of deep seismic sounding (DSS) - LT-3. As a result, new elements have been found in the crust structure within the Małopolska High block and its surroundings.