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1

Badania struktury skorupy ziemskiej na obszarze Europy Centralnej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Transeuropejskiej Strefy Szwu, metodami głębokich profilowań sejsmicznych

Guterch A.

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2012

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R. 15, Nr 9 (173)

4--9

EN

The complex tectonic history of Central Europe (Fig. 1a) reflects the break-up of a Neoproterozoic supercontinet(s) (Rodinia/Pannotia) to form the fragment Baltica and the subsequent growth of continental Europe beginning with the Caledonian orogeny. Caledonian and younger Variscan orogenesis involved accretion of Laurentian and Gondwanan terranes to the riftet margin of Baltica. (East European craton, EEC) during the Paleozoic. From Central Poland northward, the region also experienced volcanic activity during the Permian and tectonic inversion during the Alpine orogeny, which in the south continues today. The Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) is a term used to refer to the suite of sutures and terranes that formed adjacent to the rifted margin of Baltica, and these features extend from the British Isles to the Black Sea region (Fig. 1a and 2). Understanding the structure and evolution of the TESZ region is one of the key tectonic challenges in Europe north of the Alps. The TESZ is far more complex than a single suture but in a broad sense is the boundary between the accreted terranes and Baltica. The TESZ includes the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ), which has several definitions. Here, we will use the term TTZ to refer to a structural zone associated with the southwestern edge of the EEC. Beginning in 1997, Central Europe, between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas, has been covered by an unprecedented network of seismic refraction experiments (Fig. 1b). These experiments - POLONAISE’97, CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002, and SUDETES 2003 - have only be possible due to a massive international cooperative effort. International Consortium consisted of 35 institutions from 16 countries in Europe and North America - Austria, Belarus, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey and the United States. The majority of the recording instruments was provided by the IRIS/ PASCAL Instrument Center and the University of Texas at El Paso (USA), the Geological Survey of Canada and other countries. For example, in the CELEBRATION experiment, the total number was 1230 stations ands 147 shot points located along seismic lines of a total length of about 9000 km. A large number of seismic sources and stations in all experiments means that besides 2 - D approach along profiles (Fig. 3 and 4), also 3 - D approach (Fig. 5 and 6) could be implemented in data interpretation. Total length of seismic profiles in all experiments is about 20 000 km (Fig. 1b).

2

Chorwackie trzęsienie ziemi 8 października 1909 roku, Andrija Mohorovičić i granica Moho

Grad M.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2009

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Z. 1-2

53-67

PL

W roku 1910 chorwacki sejsmolog Andrija Mohorovičić (1857-1936) opublikował ważną pracę Potres od 8.X.1909 (Trzęsienie ziemi 8 października 1909). W pracy tej studiował sejsmogramy trzęsienia ziemi w dolinie rzeki Kupy (Chorwacja) wraz z innymi wstrząsami z tego rejonu. Andrija Mohorovičić wydzielił dwie wyraźne pary fal podłużnych (P) i poprzecznych (S), których interpretacja doprowadziła go do wykrycia nieciągłości prędkości fal w Ziemi. Jej głębokość oszacował na 50 km, z prędkościami fal P 5,60 km/s powyżej i 7,747 km/s poniżej nieciągłości. Badania w następnych latach pokazały, że ostra nieciągłość sejsmiczna odkryta przez Mohorovičića występuje na całej Ziemi i oddziela skorupę od niżej leżącego płaszcza. Została ona nazwana nieciągłością Mohorovičića, lub w skróconej formie – Moho. Nowa cyfrowa mapa głębokości Moho została skompilowana dla całej płyty europejskiej, rozciągającej się od grzbietu śródatlantyckiego na zachodzie po Ural na wschodzie oraz od Morza Śródziemnego na południu do Morza Barentsa i Spitsbergenu w Arktyce na północy. Płyta europejska ma liczącą 4,5 miliarda lat złożoną historię tektoniczną. Znajduje to odzwierciedlenie w dzisiejszej wielkoskalowej strukturze skorupy ziemskiej. W ogólności możemy wyróżnić w płycie europejskiej trzy ogromne domeny. Najstarsza, archaiczna i proterozoiczna charakteryzuje się skorupą o grubości 40-60 km, kontynentalna skorupa waryscyjska i alpejska ma grubość 20-40 km, a najmłodsza oceaniczna skorupa Atlantyku ma grubość 10-20 km.

EN

In 1910 the Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić (1857-1936) published his important paper "Potres od 8.X.1909" (Earthquake of 8 October 1909). In this paper he studied seismograms of an earthquake in the Kupa Valley (Croatia) together with other events from this region. Andrija Mohorovičić discriminated two distinct pairs of compressional (P) and shear (S) waves and their interpretation led him to discover the existence of the velocity discontinuity in the uppermost Earth. He evaluated the depth to be at 50 km, with P-wave velocities 5.60 km/s above and 7.747 km/s below. Studies during the next years showed that the sharp seismic discontinuity discovered by Mohorovičić was found worldwide, and that it separates crust from underlying upper mantle. It was named the Mohorovičić discontinuity, or Moho in abbreviated form. The new digital Moho depth map is compiled for the whole European plate extending from the mid-Atlantic ridge in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the south to the Barents Sea and Spitsbergen in the Arctic in the north. The European plate has a 4.5 Gy long and complex tectonic history. This is reflected in the present day large scale crustal structures. In general three large domains within the European plate crust are visible. The oldest Archean and Proterozoic crust has a thickness of 40-60 km, the continental Variscan and Alpine crust has a thickness of 20-40 km, and the youngest oceanic Atlantic crust has a thickness of 10-20 km.

3

Wynik zależy od metody

Kowalczyk K.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2009

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nr 8

54-59

PL

Głównym aspektem prezentowanej pracy jest wyjaśnienie wpływu metody interpolacjina przedstawienie zjawiska, jakim są ruchy pionowe skorupy ziemskiej. W pracy porównano kilka metod interpolacji (krigingu, radialnych funkcji bazowych, triangulacji z liniową interpolacją, naturalnego sąsiedztwa, najmniejszej krzywizny, najbliższego sąsiedztwa, odwrotnych kwadratów odległości, lokalnego wielomianu, zmodyfikowaną Sheparda) oraz zweryfikowano ich przydatność do obliczenia wartości ruchu pionowego skorupy ziemskiej w dowolnym punkcie. Najlepsza okazała się metoda naturalnego sąsiedztwa.

EN

The mine aspect of the paper is the explanation how presentation methods of the Earth's vertical crustal movements are influenced by interpolation methods. Several methods were compared and verified (kriging, radial basis function, triangulation with linear interpolation, natural neighbour, minimum curvature, nearest neighbour, inverse distance to a power, local polynominal, modified Shepard's). Natural neighbour occured to be the best one.

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Determination of the deformation of the Earth's crust in Poland

Bogusz J., Kujawa L., Liwosz T., Rogowski J. B., Jarosiński M., Kłęk M.

Reports on Geodesy

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2008

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z. 2/85

19-29

5

Magnetotelluric studies of the East-European Craton and adjacent regions

Bubnov V.P., Yakovlev A.G., Aleksanova E.D., Yakovlev D.V., Berdichevsky M.N., Pushkarev P.Yu.

Acta Geophysica

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2007

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Vol. 55, no. 2

154-168

EN

Magnetotelluric method is widely applied to study the Russian part of the East-European Craton, as well as the Caucasus and the Urals: several thousand soundings were performed during the last few years. Their periods range is approximately from 0.003 to 3000 seconds, which allows to study the sedimentary cover and the consolidated crust. Resistivity cross-sections along several regional profiles which run across the tectonic structures of the East-European Craton and the adjacent folded systems were obtained, mainly using 1D and 2D interpretational tools. MT investigations provided important information about the structure and reservoir properties of sedimentary complexes, the state of active geodynamic regions, the graphitization and fluid regime of the consolidated crust, and the perme-able and fluid-saturated crustal zones.

6

Are the crustal and mantle conductive zones isotropic or anisotropic?

Berdichevsky M., Pushkarev P.

Acta Geophysica

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2006

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Vol. 54, no. 4

333-342

EN

One of the significant problems of modern deep magnetotellurics is the recognition of anisotropy in the crustal and mantle conductive zones. In the paper we perform numerical experiment comparing several 2D models of crustal and mantle isotropic and anisotropic prismatic conductors. Anisotropy is modeled by alternat-ing horizontal or vertical thin layers of different resistivities (the vertical layers are parallel to the prism strike). Using these models, we examine conditions under which the magnetotelluric and magnetovariational response functions distinguish between isotropy and anisotropy. The resolution of MT and MV studies depends on the sediments conductance, lithosphere resistance and deep conductor width. Calcu-lations show that the most favorable conditions for anisotropy studies are observed in the active regions characterized by small sediments conductance (10-20 S) and moderate lithosphere resistance (108 Ohmźm2). However, in the stable regions, where sediments conductance exceeds 50-100 S and the lithosphere resistance comes up to 109 Ohmźm2, the crustal and mantle anisotropic and isotropic conduc-tors manifest themselves in the equivalent magnetotelluric and magnetovariational functions, which cannot distinguish between anisotropy and isotropy and admit both the interpretations.

7

Huge contrasts of the lithospheric structure revealed by new generation seismic experiments in Central Europe

Guterch A., Grad M., Keller R. G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 8/2

753-760

EN

Beginning in 1997, Central Europe, between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas, has been covered by an unprecedented network of seismic refraction experiments (Fig.1A). These experiments — POLONAISE’97, CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002, and SUDETES 2003—have only been possible due to a massive international cooperative effort. International Consortium consisted of more than 30 institutions from 16 countries in Europe and North America—Austria, Belarus, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, and the United States. The majority of the recording instruments was provided by the IRIS /PASCAL Instrument Center and the University of Texas at El Paso (USA), the Geological Survey of Canada, and other countries. For example, in the CELEBRATION experiment, the total number was 1230 stations and 147 shot points located along seismic lines of a total length of about 9000 km. A large number of seismic sources and stations in all experiments means that besides 2-D approach along profiles, also 3-D approach could be implemented in data interpretation. Total length of seismic profiles in all experiments is about 20,000 km.

8

Electrical conductivity anomalies in the crust and upper mantle of the Ukraine

Kulik S., Burakhovich T., Khazan Y.

Acta Geophysica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 4

547-565

EN

A wide range of tectonic structures exists on the territory of the Ukraine. Observations of geomagnetic induction vectors revealed anomalously high conductivity of many of them. A quasi-3D geoelectrical model of the Earth's crust and upper mantle of the Ukraine is based upon a thin-sheet approximation inside a regional cross-section of the electric conductivity. As the initial data we used induction vectors measured over the whole Ukrainian territory (about 2500 measurement points) for periods of geomagnetic variations ranging from 150 up to 2000 seconds. After removing the influence of the known distribution of the subsurface conductance (sediments), the residual vectors have been analyzed as being caused by the Earth's crust and upper mantle sources. The model demonstrates that values of the local conductance reduced to thin-sheets range from 0.5 to 20 kS in the Earth's crust and from 2 to 6 kS in the upper mantle. Both, the nature and the origin, of these high conductivity zones are different for different regions. Some possibilities including a contribution of the percolation process in two-phase media are discussed.

9

Deep structure of the Ukrainian Shield plutons on the basis of seismic data

Trypilsky O., Kaluzhnaya L.

Acta Geophysica Polonica

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 4

497-507

EN

Results are presented of reinterpretation of data from the deep seismic sounding profiles XXIV and XXX, geotraverse II and wide-angle reflection profiles XIII and XIV, located in the region of Korsun'-Novomyrgorod and Korosten' plutons of the Ukrainian Shield (USh). Detail studies of velocity characteristics and deep seismic sections of the Earth's crust of these structures were carried out. As a result of analysis and generalization of data obtained, similarities and differences of the plutons were recognized, and their depths were determined more precisely. The plutons are featured by moderate crustal thickness (41.0-41.7 km). Compared to the normal crustal velocities of the Precambrian shields, the Earth's crust of the plutons shows higher ones, especially in its upper part. Conclusion about the character of intrusions within the considered structures has been drawn. Within the Korsun'-Novomyrgorod pluton non-stratified (massive) intrusion is marked, while in the Korosten' pluton somewhat deeper intrusions with alternating high- and low-velocity layers are present.

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Nowa generacja programów badań głębokich struktur litosfery: eksperymenty sejsmiczne POLONAISE'97 i CELEBRATION 2000 w Europie Środkowej

Guterch A., Grad M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 12

1085-1095

PL

Duży sejsmiczny eksperyment POLONAISE '97 został zrealizowany w maju 1997 r. na obszarze Polski w strefie transeuropejskiego szwu i złożonych struktur związanych z basenem polskim. W badaniach wzięły udział zespoły geofizyczne z Polski, Danii, USA, Litwy, Niemiec, Finlandii, Szwecji i Kanady. Badania przeprowadzono na dużą skalę wzdłuż profili sejsmicznych o łącznej długości około 2000 km, z udziałem 613 stacji sejsmicznych, które wykonały rejestrację fal sejsmicznych wzbudzonych w 64 punktach strzałowych. Jednym z ważniejszych rezultatów badań było stwierdzenie wybitnej asymetrii między maksymalną miąższością pokrywy osadowej w rowie polskim (16-20 km) i skorupowym korzeniem (o50 km) związanym z TESZ/TTZ. Inny wielki eksperyment sejsmiczny nazwany CELEBRA TION 2000 był wykonany w Europie Środkowej w czerwcu 2000 r., na obszarze południowej i wschodniej Polski, Słowacji, Węgier, Austrii, Czech, SE Niemiec oraz częściowo na Białorusi i w Rosji. Sejsmiczny eksperyment CELEBRATION 2000 został zlokalizowany na obszarze południowo-wschodniego obrzeżenia Baltiki (wschodnioeuropejski kraton), południowej części TESZ, struktur inwersyjnych TESZ, orogenu karpackiego, basenu panońskiego i masywu czeskiego. Prace zostały sfinansowane przez międzynarodowe konsorcjum 28 instytucji z 13 krajów z Europy i Ameryki Północnej. Z 1200 aparatur sejsmicznych, które zostały użyte do rejestracji, zdecydowaną większość dostarczyły Centrum Aparaturowe IRIS/PASCAL w Waszyngtonie i Uniwersytet Teksański w El Paso w USA. Pozostałe aparatury sejsmiczne dostarczyły Kanadyjska Służba Geologiczna, uniwersytet w Kopenhadze w Danii, Instytut Badań Ziemi w Gebze w Turcji i inne organizacje z pozostałych krajów. Całkowita długość profili sejsmicznych wynosi około 9000 km. Wzdłuż profili sejsmicznych zlokalizowano 147punktów strzałowych.

EN

A large seismic experiment, the POLONAISE '97 project, was conducted in Poland during May 1997 and targeted the deep structure of the Trans European Suture Zone (TESZ) and the complex series of upper crustal features associated with the Polish Basin. It included contributions from the geophysical communities in Poland, Denmark, the USA, Lithuania, Germany, Finland, Sweden and Canada. This large lithospheric seismic experiment deployed 613 instruments to record 64 shots along five profiles with a total length of about 2000 km. One of the most important result is a very distinct asymmetry between the maximum thickness of the sedimentary cover in the Polish Trough (16-20 km) and the crustal root (a50 km) associated with TESZ/TTZ. Another large scale experiment named CELEBRATION 2000 was carried out in Central Europe during June 2000 in the territory of Southern and Eastern Poland, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Austria, the Czech Republic, SE Germany, and partly in Belarus and Russia. The CELEBRATION 2000 seismic experiment is located in the area of the southern portion of the TESZ region, the margin ofBaltica (East European Craton), inversion structures along the TESZ, the Carpathian orogenic belt, the Panonian Basin and the Bohemian Massif. Funding for the CELEBRATION 2000 experiment was made by the International Consortium consisted of 28 institutions from 13 countries in Europe and North America. The majority of the recording instruments was provided by IRIS/PASCAL Instrument Center and the University of Texas atEl Paso in the USA, the Geological Survey of Canada, the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, the Earth Research Institute in Gebze (Turkey) and others. The total number was 1200 stations and 147 shot points located along seismic lines of a total length of about 9000 km.