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Critical minerals in Greenland and their geological potential to supply European Union markets

Pachytel Radomir

Przegląd Geologiczny

2025

Vol. 73, nr 3

305--314

The European Union needs a steady supply of raw materials critical to the development of its economy and security. To monitor and boost critical raw materials (CRMs) resilience, the EU has published a list of CRMs and the Critical Raw Materials Act. However, the EU’s demand for most CRMs is growing steadily, while the national exploration programs being launched do not guarantee future coverage of internal supplies. In the face of global geopolitical instability, options are being sought to diversify the supply of each CRM. Greenland has many known mineral deposits and occurrences and good potential for the discovery of new resources. It is geographically close to the EU, as one of the thirteen Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) associated with the Union and linked with the Danish Realm. The geological makeup of the island could allow the implementation of world-class mining projects that could support the European economy. The EU expresses an urgent need for raw materials such as molybdenum, rare earth elements, platinum group metals, niobium, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, zirconium and graphite, and Greenland has the potential to supply the whole or part of the EU’s needs. This article focuses only on the geological potential to supply EU markets, leaving aside issues related to legislation, economics and geopolitics, which may be more critical to future Greenland mining activities.