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Preface : Unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations in the East European Craton in Poland

Golonka Jan, Porębski Szczepan J., Bębenek Sławomir

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 4

343-- 346

EN

This collection of eight papers is a follow-up to the series of articles that appeared in Issue 2 of ASGP Volume 89 (see also Golonka and Bębenek, 2017). [...]

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Anomalie magnetyczne i ich rola w rozpoznaniu struktury krystalicznego kompleksu skorupy ziemskiej południowo-wschodniej Polski

Grabowska T., Bojdys G., Petecki Z.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2017

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nr 470

17--47

PL

Południowo-wschodnia Polska znajduje się na obszarze kontaktu trzech dużych jednostek geologicznych: kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego (EEC), platformy paleozoicznej i Karpat. Złożoną budowę geologiczną obszaru odzwierciedlają mapy anomalii pól potencjalnych. Analiza mapy anomalii ΔT całkowitego pola magnetycznego Ziemi i pochodnych pionowych tych anomalii w powiązaniu z danymi geologicznymi dostarcza wielu informacji o budowie i właściwościach magnetycznych skał krystalicznego kompleksu skorupy. Pośrednio ujawnia ona stopień zróżnicowania petrologicznego i tektonikę krystalicznego kompleksu skorupy obszaru kratonicznego w zestawieniu ze skorupą przyłączonych do niego bloków, będących przedpolem orogenu waryscyjskiego platformy paleozoicznej i zlokalizowanych w strefie szwu transeuropejskiego (TESZ). Na drodze analizy spektralnej anomalii magnetycznych i ich ilościowej interpretacji, uwzględniającej dane z projektu CELEBRATION 2000 oraz informacje o właściwościach magnetycznych skał udostępnionych wierceniami, skonstruowano wzdłuż profili sejsmicznych (CEL 01, CEL 05) dwuwymiarowe (2D) modele magnetyczne skorupy i przedstawiony w formie szkicu model trójwymiarowy (3D). Porównawcza analiza i interpretacja map anomalii magnetycznych i grawimetrycznych ujawniła pozycję krystalicznego kompleksu skorupy w strefie kontaktu kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego z platformą paleozoiczną oraz jego wpływ na obraz resztkowych anomalii grawimetrycznych na obszarze kratonu

EN

South-eastern Poland is situated between the East European Craton (EEC), the Paleozoic and Mezosoic of Western Europe and the Carpathians. Complex geological structure of the area is reflected on the maps of potential fields anomalies. The analyses of the total magnetic intensity anomaly map ΔT and the vertical derivatives of these anomalies in relation to geological data provide many information concerning the structure and magnetic properties of rocks of the crystalline basement. These analyses indirectly reveal the degree of the petrologic diversification and the tectonics of the basement in comparison with the adjoining blocks of the Paleozoic and Variscan orogens and their basement as well as those located in the area of the Trans–European Suture Zone (TESZ). Two dimensional (2D) magnetic models of the basement along the seismic profiles (CEL 01, CEL 05) and corresponding three dimensional (3D) model have been constructed. This interpretation is based on spectral analysis of the magnetic anomalies and their quantitative interpretation which includes data from the CELEBRATION 2000 project, as well as information concerning the magnetic properties of rocks made available through drilling. The comparative analysis of maps showing magnetic and gravity anomalies have revealed the architecture of the crystalline basement in the area where the East European Craton (EEC) is in contact with the Paleozoic and Mezosoic of Western Europe, as well as its impact on the image of residual gravity anomalies within the area of the craton.

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Project of the electronic system for automatic interpretation of the combustion engine control characteristics

Kaźmierczak A., Krakowian K., Kawaliło P., Górniak A., Terelak M

Silniki Spalinowe

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2011

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R. 50, nr 3

EN

In the article a method for acquiring ignition angle maps and cylinder filling characteristics from EEC-IV control unit was described. Originally, the chosen EEC unit was controlling Ford Sierra 2.0DOHC engine. Measuring method principle was to substitute real sensors with compatible artificial electrical signals, expose EEC to them and eventually measure how EEC changes output signals values in real-time. Arranging input signals in patterns resembling typical engine working conditions allowed considering EEC response as valid for analysis. This response is a group of signals controlling such executive elements like injectors, sparking plugs, exhaust gases recirculation system and others. Specially designed embedded software of the measurement system enabled consecutive and automatic input values setting and capturing the following control decision in whole applicable range. This allowed creation of ignition angle maps and cylinder filling characteristics of the examined EEC module.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono jedną z metod odczytania charakterystyk zapłonu i wtrysku paliwa zapisanych w jednostce sterujące EEC-IV pochodzącej z samochodu Ford Sierra 2.0DOHC EFI. Polegała ona na stworzeniu wirtualnych sensorów, realizowanych przez autorski układ elektroniczny, którego zadaniem było zadawanie na wejścia EEC sygnałów o przebiegach możliwie zbliżonych do sygnałów z czujników rzeczywistych. Odpowiednie skorelowanie ich wartości, odzwierciedlających potencjalne warunki pracy silnika, pozwoliło na traktowanie odpowiedzi EEC jako wymiernej do analizy. Odpowiedź EEC to grupa sygnałów sterujących elementami wykonawczymi takimi jak układ wtryskowy, układ zapłonowy, układ recyrkulacji spalin i inne. Oprogramowanie układu pomiarowego umożliwiło automatyczne i stopniowe zadawanie wielkości wejściowych oraz przyporządkowywanie im zmierzonych wielkości wyjściowych jednostki EEC. Dzięki temu możliwe było stworzenie map wtryskowych i zapłonowych badanego modułu sterującego.

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Density and magnetic models of the lithosphere along CELEBRATION 2000 profile CEL01

Grabowska T., Bojdys G., Bielik M., Csicsay K.

Acta Geophysica

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2011

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Vol. 59, no. 3

526-560

EN

The paper presents 2D density and magnetic models of the crust and upper mantle along the DSS line profile of the CELEBRATION 2000 project that crosses the most important geological units in Central Europe. These are the Alps-Carpathians-Pannonian (ALCAPA) region, the SE part of the Paleozoic Platform (PLZ), the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) and a fragment of the SW portion of the East European Craton (EEC). The density and magnetic models were constructed on the basis of a 2D model of P-wave velocity converted into density model, geological data as well as geothermal data and the results of integrated geophysical modelling for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. This allowed us to construct a comprehensive geophysical 2D model of the crust and enlargement the geophysical-geological characteristics of the lithosphere in the Pannonian basins, the Carpathian orogen, and in the transitional zone between the ALCAPA plate and the East European Craton (passing through the Paleozoic Platform). As a result, we have provided evidence for the heterogeneity of the density in the lithospheric mantle, terrane concept of the East European Craton foreland, and confirmed the possibility of rift events along the SW boundary of the Precambrian craton in SE Poland.

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Potencjał występowania złóż gazu ziemnego w łupkach dolnego paleozoiku w basenie bałtyckim i lubelsko-podlaskim

Poprawa P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 3

226-249

EN

The Lower Palaeozoic basin at the western slope of the East European Craton (EEC) (Fig. 1) is currently recognized as one of the most interesting areas for shale gas exploration in Europe. The Upper Ordovician and/or Lower Silurian graptolitic shale is here the major potential reservoir formation (Figs. 2, 3) (Poprawa & Kiersnowski, 2008; Poprawa, 2009). Moreover, the Upper Cambrian to Tremadocian Alum shale is an additional target locally in the northern part of the Baltic Basin. These sediments are often rich in organic matter (Klimuszko, 2002; Poprawa & Kiersnowski, 2008; Więcław et al., 2010; Skręt & Fabiańska, 2009), as well as silica. Limited data from two wells in the western part of the Baltic Basin show silica contents up to 60-70% (Fig. 4) (Krzemiński & Poprawa, 2006). The advantage of the Lower Palaeozoic shale from the western slope of EEC is its broad lateral extend (Fig. 1) and relatively quiet tectonic setting. The later is particularly true in the case of the Baltic Basin and Podlasie Depression. Structural development becomes to some extent more complex in the case of the Lublin region, where the Lower Palaeozoic shale appears affected by late Famennian to early Visean block tectonics. Development of the organic rich Lower Palaeozoic shale at the western slope of EEC was controlled by several factors. Very important was here the rate of non-organic detritus deposition (Fig. 5). The other factors included organic productivity of the basin, its subsidence, relative sea level changes, basin bathymetry, geochemical conditions at the sea bottom (especially oxygenation), degree of bioturbation, presence of topographic barriers at the sea bottom, leading to development of isolated anoxic zones, sea currents configuration, and climate changes. Organic matter of the Lower Palaeozoic is characterized by presence of II type of kerogen. Appearance of the organic-rich shale within the Lower Palaeozoic section at the western slope of the EEC is diachronic (Fig. 6). From NW towards east and SE, the intervals richest in organic appear related to systematically younger strata, starting from the Upper Cambrian to Tremadocian, as well as the Upper Llanvirn and Caradoc in the Łeba Elevation (northern onshore Baltic Basin; Fig. 7). In central parts of the Baltic Basin and Podlasie Depression as well as NW part of the Lublin region, the intervals richest in organic matter are found in the Llandovery section, while in the eastern part of the Baltic Basin and SE part of the Lublin region the highest TOC contents are found in the Wenlock. Therefore, depending on location at the western slope of EEC, different formations are recognized as the targets for shale gas exploration. The Upper Cambrian to Tremadocian shale, present only in the northern part of the Baltic Basin, is characterized by very high contents of organic matter, with average value for individual sections usually ranging from 3 to 12% TOC. This shale formation is, however, of very limited thickness, not higher than several meters in the onshore part of the basin (Szymański, 2008; Więcław et al., 2010). In onshore part of the studied area, thickness of the Caradoc shale changes from a few meters up to more than 50 m (Modliński & Szymański, 1997, 2008). Contents of organic matter in these sediments are the highest in the Łeba Elevation zone and the basement of the Płock-Warszawa trough, where average TOC contents in individual well sections range from 1% to nearly 4%. Ashgill rocks are characterized by high TOC contents only in the Łeba Elevation zone, where average TOC values for individual well sections rise up to 4,5% at the most. Llandovery shale has high TOC contents, particularly in its lower part, throughout vast parts of the western slope of EEC. The maximum measured TOC contents in those rocks in Podlasie Depression are nearly 20%. Average TOC values for individual sections of the Llandovery are usually equal 1% do 2,5%, except for the Podlasie Depression, where they may reach as much as 6%. Thickness of the Llandovery shale generally increases from east to west to approximately 70 m at the most. However, in the major part of that area it ranges from 20 to 40 m (Modliński et al., 2006). Thickness of theWenlock sediments is also highly variable laterally, from less than 100 m in SE part of the Lublin region to over 1000 m in western part of the Baltic Basin. Average content of organic matter in individualWenlock sections in central and western parts of the Baltic Basin and the Podlasie Depression usually ranges from 0,5% to 1,3% TOC. In the eastern part of the Baltic Basin and in the Lublin region it is higher, rising to about 1-1,7% TOC. The above mentioned TOC values show the present day content of organic matter, which is lower than the primary one. The difference between the present and primary TOC contents increases along with increasing thermal maturity. It is also highly dependant on genetic type of kerogen. Taking into account the II type of kerogen from the analyzed sediments, it may be stated that in the zones located in the gas window the primary TOC was at least one-half greater than indicated by laboratory measurements. From the shale gas point of view, the basins at the western slope of EEC are characterized by a negative relation between depth at present day burial and thermal maturity (Poprawa & Kiersnowski, 2008). In the zones with burial depth small enough to keep exploration costs at very low level (Fig. 8), thermal maturity of shales is too low for gas generation (Figs. 9, 12a). Maturity increases westwards (Fig. 8) along with depth of burial (Fig. 9). Thus, the potential shale gas accumulations in the western part of the studied area occur at depths too high for commercial gas exploration and exploitation (Fig. 12b). Between of the zone of maturity too low for shale gas development and that where depth of burial is too large for its exploration, there occurs a broad zone of the Lower Palaeozoic shale with increased shale gas exploration potential (Fig. 13) (Poprawa & Kiersnowski, 2008; Poprawa, 2009). In that area, there are shale intervals of relatively high thickness and average TOC exceeding 1-2% TOC (Fig. 7, 10, 12c). Thermal maturity of these rocks appears sufficient for generation of gas (Fig. 9, 10), and results of well tests for deeper-seated conventional reservoirs suggest good quality of dry gas with no nitrogen (Fig. 12c). It should be noted that some gas shows have been recorded in the Lower Palaeozoic shale. Moreover, depth of burial is not too large for commercial shale gas exploration (Fig. 8, 10). Hydrocarbon shows and their composition in the Lower Palaeozoic are strictly related to thermal maturity of the source rock. In the zones of low maturity, these are almost exclusively oil shows documented. Further westwards, in the zone transitional to the gas window area, gas is wet and contains significant contribution of hydrocarbon gases higher than methane.Within the gas window zone, the records are almost exclusively limited to methane shows. Moreover, within the zones of low maturity high nitrogen contents were recorded (Poprawa, 2009). In the zones characterized by thermal maturity in the range from 0,8 to 1,1% Ro and very high TOC contents (over 15% at the most), there is a potential for oil shale exploration. The zones with the highest oil shale potential include eastern Baltic Basin in SW Lithuania and NE part of the Podlasie Depression. Some data necessary for entirely firm estimations of potential shale gas resources of the Lower Palaeozoic complex in Poland are still missing. However, preliminary estimates indicate that these shale gas resources may possibly be classified as gigantic (1,400-3,000 bln m3 of recoverable gas; Fig. 15). For comparison, resources of conventional gas in Poland are equal to 140,5 bln m exp.3, and annual domestic gas consumption is at the level of 14 bln m exp. 3. However, it should be noted that some characteristics of the Lower Palaeozoic complexes indicate increased exploration risk. The average TOC contents are here lower than in classic examples of gas shales, like e.g. Barnett shale. Moreover, in the zone of optimal burial depth (less than 3000–3500 m) thermal maturity is lower than in the case of the Barnett shale core area. An important risk factor is also both a limited amount and limited resources of conventional gas fields in the Lower Palaeozoic complex (Fig. 13). Amount and intensity of gas shows in the Lower Palaeozoic shale are also relatively low, and there is no evidences for presence of overpressure in this complex. In the eastern part of western slope of the EEC, there appears an additional risk factor-arelatively high content of nitrogen in gas.

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Wyniki badań nad lokalnymi zmianami pola magnetycznego Ziemi na lubelskim skłonie wschodnioeuropejskiego kratonu (profil Parczew - Chełm)

Bojdys G., Grabowska T., Wójcik A., Medoń Z.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2010

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T. 36, z. 2

155-171

PL

Na tle budowy geologicznej lubelsko-podlaskiego skłonu kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego (LPSK) przedstawiono rezultaty badań nad lokalnymi względnymi zmianami w czasie całkowitego pola magnetycznego Ziemi. Obiektem badań były wyniki pomiarów ziemskiego pola magnetycznego, wykonywanych w ciągu ostatnich 12 lat (1997-2008) w 20 punktach pomiarowych, zlokalizowanych wzdłuż profilu Parczew - Chełm. Na podstawie wartości ziemskiego pola magnetycznego wyznaczono względne zmiany czasowe tego pola. Zmiany te przedstawiono w formie wykresu oraz 2D i 3D odwzorowań, uwidoczniających ich związek z obrazem obserwowanych anomalii magnetycznych. Metodą 2D modelowania magnetycznego dokonano próby wyjaśnienia przyczyny lokalnych, względnych zmian pola magnetycznego, wiążąc to zjawisko ze zmianami wektora namagnesowania skał podłoża krystalicznego zachodzącymi pod wpływem zmieniającego się w czasie pola magnetycznego Ziemi.

EN

The local relative changes of the total intensity geomagnetic field in time are presented against the background of the geological structure of Lublin-Podlasie slope (LPSK) of the East European Craton. The research concerned measurement results of the total intensity (T) of the geomagnetic field, taken in the last 12 years (1997-2008) at 20 sites located along the Parczew - Chełm profile. Relative temporal changes of the geomagnetic field were determined on the basis of values of geomagnetic field calculated with reference to geomagnetic field measured at the base. These changes are presented as graphs, and in the form of space-time 2D and 3D representations, showing their relationship with the magnetic anomaly map. The cause of local relative changes was attempted to be explained by 2D magnetic modeling assuming that the changes of the induced magnetization of the basement crystalline rocks are result of the geomagnetic secular variations.

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Ocena dokładności ortorektyfikacji obrazów SSC z satelity TerraSAR-X oraz weryfikacja geometrii przetworzonych obrazów dostarczanych przez dystrybutora

Koza P.J., Różycki S.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2008

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Vol. 18a

293--304

PL

Mikrofalowy sensor satelity TerraSAR-X umożliwia pozyskanie całej gamy różnorodnych produktów mogących znaleźć zastosowanie w zarządzaniu kryzysowym, kartografii, hydrologii, rolnictwie, leśnictwie i geologii. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki analizy dokładności geometrycznej produktów z satelity TerraSAR-X o rozdzielczości około 4 metrów oraz 1 metr, jak również przedstawia dokładność wyników ortorektyfikacji obrazów SSC o metrowej rozdzielczości.

EN

TerraSAR-X, a German satellite, works in three modes: SpotLight (SL), StripMap (SM), and ScanSAR (SS) with maximum azimuth resolutions of 1, 3, and 16 m, respectively. The images are distributed both in raw a raw or a georeferenced format. Due to the variety of products, it has been claimed that the geometry of those images should be investigated. The first part of the paper presents verification of geometric precision of geocoded products generated by the distributor. Images at the EEC (Enhanced Ellipsoid Corrected) and GEC (Geocoded Ellipsoid Corrected) levels were examined. The EEC product affected by the terrain heights, while the GEC product is affected by the mean height of terrain. Two test areas were selected: one in Kozienice, with SM mode images and the other in Wroclaw, with SL images. Control points were collected on reference orthophotomaps from the IRS-P6 satellite and with an ADS-40 airborne digital camera. The results showed the GEC product to have a low accuracy, while the EEC products are of a high accuracy (RMS error of 3-4 pixels). The second part of the paper presents orthorectification results for the Wroclaw test area.A raw image in the SSC format was used. It was shown that, with 10 control points and a SAR model correction both in azimuth and slant range direction, the accuracy of 2 pixels can be achieved. Verification of TerraSAR-X geometry accuracy formed a part of a project carried out in cooperation with the Geosystems Polska, the distributor of TerraSAR-X images from Poland. All the work was conducted in the ErdasImagine environment.

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Analiza względnych zmian wiekowych pola magnetycznego Ziemi (1966-2005) wzdłuż profilu Zgorzelec-Wiżajny

Bojdys G., Grabowska T., Marchewka J., Suchoń B.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2006

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T. 32, z. 4

375-388

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań nad lokalnymi względnymi zmianami w czasie całkowitego pola magnetycznego Ziemi, obserwowanymi wzdłuż profilu o długości około 700 km, który przecina platformę paleozoiczną (PLZ), strefę szwu transeuropejskiego (TESZ) i wschodnioeuropejski kraton (EEC). Badania te są kontynuacją wcześniejszych tego typu prac przeprowadzonych w latach 1966-2000. Pomiary pola magnetycznego Ziemi wykonane w ostatnim 5-leciu wyraźnie ujawniły nowe zjawisko, jakim jest przyspieszenie wzrostu pola magnetycznego w obszarze wschodnioeuropejskiego kratonu. Potwierdziły one również zwiększoną dynamikę zmian pola magnetycznego w tym obszarze w odróżnieniu od strefy szwu transeuropejskiego i platformy paleozoicznej. Zaobserwowany w ostatnim 5-leciu charakter zmian pola magnetycznego skłonił do modyfikacji dotychczas stosowanej metodyki badań względnych zmian wiekowych.

EN

The paper presents results of the studies on local relative time variations of total geomagnetic field observed along the 700 km long profile crossing the Paleozoic Platform (PLZ), Transeuropean Suture Zone (TESZ) and East European Craton (EEC). The study is a continuation of the research conducted in the years 1966-2000. Measurements of the Earth's magnetic field made in the last five years revealed a new phenomenon, which was a faster increase of the magnetic field observed at the EEC. They proved also that the dynamics of the magnetic field variations observed for the EEC was greater than it was for TESZ and PLZ. The character of geomagnetic field variations observed during the last five years caused the modification of method of studies of relative secular geomagnetic variations.

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Unia Europejska : geneza : perspektywy rozwoju

Kaczmarek J.

Wiedza Obronna

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2001

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nr 1

3--32

10

Zmiany wiekowe pola magnetycznego ziemi wzdłuż profilu Zgorzelec - Wiżajny

Bojdys G., Grabowska T., Szybiński M.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2001

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T. 27, z. 2--4

527-541

PL

Artykuł omawia wyniki 35 serii pomiarowych (1966-2000) pola magnetycznego Ziemi, prowadzonych w celu określenia jego względnych zmian wiekowych (wyznaczanych w odniesieniu do Belska) wzdłuż profilu liczącego około 700 km długości. Profil ten przecina najważniejsze jednostki geotektoniczne Europy. Przeprowadzone obliczenia potwierdziły wcześniej wysuniętą tezę (Małoszewski & Jankowski 1997) o wolniejszym tempie wiekowych zmian ziemskiego pola magnetycznego w obszarze Wschodnioeuropejskiego Kratonu (EEC) w porównaniu ze zmianami tego pola w obrębie Paleozoicznej Platformy Centralnej i Zachodniej Europy (PLZ). W środkowej części profilu, przecinającej szew transeuropejski (TESZ), gdzie kompleks osadowy skorupy osiąga znaczące miąższości, względne zmiany wiekowe są minimalne.

EN

The paper presents results of 35 series of the geomagnetic field measurements, conducted in the period of 1966-2000 along a 700 km profile to evaluate geomagnetic field secular variations relative to the measurements in the Belsk observatory. The calculations confirmed the earlier thesis on the slower speed of the secular variations of the geomagnetic field in the East European Craton's area (EEC) as compared to those in the Paleozoic Platform of Central and Western Europe (PLZ) (Małoszewski & Jankowski 1997). In the middle part of the profile, which crosses the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) where the crust's sedimentary complex has the largest thickness, the relative secular variations are minimal.