Głównym problemem gospodarki odpadami przemysłowymi w Polsce jest duża ilość wytwarzanych odpadów przemysłowych oraz niezadowalający stopień ich wykorzystania, a zwłaszcza odpadów elektrownianych i odpadów pogórniczych. Ustawa o odpadach z dnia 27 kwietnia 2001 r. nawiązała do rozwiązań unijnych, szczególnie do Dyrektywy Rady 75/442/EEC, traktując odzysk odpadów jako działania pożądane, zaś ich składowanie jako ostateczność. Na terenie kraju znajdują się znaczne ilości płyt azbestowo-cementowych stosowanych jako materiały konstrukcyjne i izolacyjne dla których jedyną metodą unieszkodliwiania jest ich składowanie. Materiały izolacyjne oraz konstrukcyjne zawierające azbest, po spełnieniu warunków uniemożliwiających uwalnianie się włókien azbestowych do otoczenia, mogą być w łatwy i tani sposób unieszkodliwiane, mimo tego że w katalogu odpadów traktowane są jako niebezpieczne. Szczególne nadają się do ich składowania zwałowiska zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne kopalń odkrywkowych.
EN
The main problem of the management of industrial wastes in Poland are large quantities of produced industrial wastes and unsatisfactory degree of their utilization, especially when the wastes from power plants and mining are concerned. The Law on Wastes of 27th April 2001 refers to the solutions accepted in the European Union, especially to the Directive of the Council of Europe 75/442/EEC treating the recycling of wastes as a favoured action and their deposition on landfills only if there is no other solution. Following the enclosure IIB of Directive 75/442/EEC, in the Law on Wastes, enclosure no. 5, the activities aimed at regaining substances or materials from wastes were indicated. Asbestos and the use of asbestos wastes is dangerous for health, because this material produces a lot of dust when dry, and after getting into the organism permanently stays in physiological liquids. There are 15466 thousands tons of asbestos, including 14866 thousands tons of asbestos-cement slabs in Poland. The removal and phasing out of asbestos containing products is a long term task, because of the large number of such products and the amount of necessary financial means. It is estimated that this process will take about 30 years. The only method of the neutralization of asbestos wastes is depositing them in landfills. According to the governmental program (May 14, 2002) of the removal of asbestos and products containing asbestos used on the territory of Poland, in 2003-2032 it will be necessary to make 84 asbestos landfills. According to the Order of the Minister of Environment concerning particular demands referring to the location, building, exploitation and closing of particular types of landfills, landfills with hazardous wastes coming from construction, renovation and dismantling buildings and road infrastructure, marked with codes: 17 06 01* (asbestos containing insulation materials) and 17 06 05* (asbestos containing construction materials) are easy and cheap in construction. Elementary requirements for hazardous wastes (water proof bottom and slopes, drainage of effluents etc.) do not have to be fulfilled. It is required to cover the layer of wastes with a layer of ground on daily basis and to obey the regulations of the Council Directive 83/477/EEC concerning the protection of employees from hazard related to the exposure on asbestos at work. Asbestos containing insulation and construction materials, after fulfilling the conditions making sure asbestos fibers cannot get released into the environment, can be neutralized easily and cheaply, despite the fact that they are treated in catalogue as hazardous wastes. Particularly suitable for their deposition are external and internal waste heaps of open cast mines. The following facts make such location favorable: - the deposition will, take place in the areas mines have legal right to use, - the areas of landfills have already been degraded by mining, - mines have equipment and technical facilities to form the shape of the landfill, - such location is unlikely to raise protests from local communities, such protests always appear while making landfills for asbestos wastes, although after covering such wastes they do not poise any thread to human health, - the initiative of mines in accepting the most common asbestos wastes will be supported by local administrative organs (communes and districts) that are of ten forced to take wastes on large distances. Popular protests against the location of asbestos landfills near residential areas open a big chance for open cast mines to use the external and internal waste heaps to make landfills in already degraded areas.
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