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1

Pre-Variscan palaeogeographical structures in the Cantabrian Zone, Spain: some critical considerations regarding their origin, location and significance

Van Loevezijn Gerard B.S.

Geologos

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2023

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Vol. 29, No. 2

77--97

EN

An update of the main Devonian pre-Variscan palaeogeographical features of the southern Cantabrian Zone is presented. The approximal locations of these features are recorded in sections studied, with thin, incomplete developments for the highs and thick successions for the troughs. Generally, pre-Variscan palaeogeographical features were affected by Variscan and Alpine orogenic deformations, but with a different impact. Oroclinal bending, tectonic shortening by thrusts, movements along strike-slip faults and bending by folds all affected the Devonian palaeogeographical features, and only an approximation of their location and shape can be given. Nevertheless, the palaeogeography recorded in pre-Variscan sedimentary successions and their relative positions, provide specific, clear and objective evidence of the pre-Variscan elements.

2

Pre-Taghanic (Lower to lower Middle Givetian) brachiopods from Miłoszów in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

Baliński Andrzej, Halamski Adam T.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2023

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Vol. 93, No. 1

3--102

EN

Sixty-eight brachiopod species are reported from the upper part of the Skały Formation at Miłoszów (Łysogóry Region of the Holy Cross Mts., central Poland) on the basis of over 2,200 specimens. The fauna is Early to early Middle Givetian in age (timorensis to rhenanus/varcus conodont zones) and thus predates the Middle Givetian Taghanic Bioevent. One new genus and three new species are described. Leiocyrtia Baliński gen. nov. (type species: Leiocyrtia rara Baliński gen. et sp. nov.; Spiriferida, Cyrtiidae) is characterised by a non-costate shell with prominent sulcus and fold and capillate microornament. Undispirifer sidoniae Halamski and Baliński sp. nov. is characterised by transverse shells and dense ribbing. Moravilla andreae Baliński and Halamski sp. nov. is characterised by relatively coarse radial capillate ornament and is the first representative of the genus outside the type species from the Givetian of Moravia. The most abundant species are: Spinulicosta cf. spinulicosta, Antirhynchonella linguiformis, Pentamerelloides davidsoni, Peratos beyrichi, Plectospira ferita, Spinatrypa wotanica (confirmed to belong to that genus and not to Spinatrypina), Ambothyris sp., and Echinocoelia dorsoplana. ‘Spirifer’ quadriplicatus Sandberger and Sandberger, 1856, a rare species known from Miłoszów and the Rhenish Massif, is an orthide and belongs to Teichertina. The relationship between Skenidioides polonicus and S. cretus, formerly understood as anagenesis, is re-interpreted as budding cladogenesis. Davidsonia septata is reported as an epizoan on rugosan corals, a relationship never previously observed in representatives of that genus. Brachiopods represent different palaeoecological groupings, from relatively shallow-water taxa (BA3, globetum) to deep-water mud-dwelling ones (BA5, deeper brachiopodetum). The richest beds are M1-IIa (28 brachiopod species), M3-7 (23 species), and M0-9 (22 species). Eighteen species described here were not known previously in the Holy Cross Mountains, so the corrected total number of brachiopod species from the Middle Devonian of the Łysogóry Region is 140.

3

Historia eksploatacji surowców skalnych w dolinie Świśliny (Góry Świętokrzyskie)

Fijałkowska-Mader Anna, Stoiński Andrzej, Tyczyński Zbigniew, Gawron Paweł, Kozak Bartosz, Król Paweł, Trela Wiesław

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 2

100--114

EN

The beginning of exploitation of Lower Triassic (Röt, Olenekian) sandstones in Doły Biskupie dates back to the 17th century. The village is situated 12 km west of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, in the Świślina Valley, in the north-eastern part of the Holy Cross Mountains. In addition to sandstones, a wide spectrum of other rocks types were excavated in the adjacent areas: Lower Devonian (Emsian) sandstones in Godów, Middle Devonian (Efelian) dolomites in the Doły Opacie quarry and Lower Triassic (Middle Buntsandstein, Olenekian) sandstonesin Wióry. The last quarry at Doły Opacie was closed in 1984. The Doły Opacie and Doły Biskupie quarries currently provide a number of inanimate nature monuments.

4

Middle Devonian Foraminifera from the Holy Cross Mountains

Gajewska Maria

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 4

411--424

EN

The Middle Devonian was an exceptional time for foraminiferal evolution because of the emergence of the first true calcareous multilocular taxa. Despite being key forms for an understanding of the origin of foraminiferal multilocularity, which is one of the most intriguing events in the evolutionary history of the group, they are largely unstudied. These unique foraminifera, including representatives of the genera Cremsia, Moravammina, Pseudopalmula, Semitextularia, and Vasicekia, are presented herein as well as foraminifer-like microfossils of uncertain biological position. The studied material comes from the Middle Givetian strata of the Miłoszów section and the Eifelian part of the Grzegorzowice-Skały section (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Described isolated specimens are in an exceptionally good state of preservation on a worldwide scale, which enabled the detailed analysis of test morphologies, complementing previous papers based on less well-preserved material. The suggested systematics of the foraminifera collected attempts to revise scarce taxonomic data that is still under debate, especially the classification of Moravammina, Cremsia, and Vasicekia. The Devonian foraminifers presented were prominent endobenthic and epibenthic inhabitants of common organic coral-stromatoporoid buildups. Palaeobiogeographical records show that during the Middle Devonian, the studied forms extended their exclusive European distribution into further Laurussian shelves and shallow seas, located in the northern and southeastern parts of the Rheic basin. This assumes that such assemblages may be used as palaeoenvironmental indicators. However, at present, their correlative potential is unknown.

5

Middle Devonian brachiopods from northern Maïder (eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Halamski Adam T., Baliński Andrzej, Koppka Jens

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 1

s. 1--86

EN

Sixty brachiopod species are reported from the Taboumakhlouf Formation (upper Eifelian) and the Bou Dib Formation (upper Eifelian to Givetian) of Jbel Issoumour, northern Maïder, Anti-Atlas, Morocco, on the basis of collections made by Volker Ebbighausen. The stratigraphy is based on reports of co-occurring trilobite assemblages. The relatively diversified fauna pre-dates the Taghanic event and is dominated in terms of diversity by atrypides and rhynchonellides (11 species each); other frequent species include Poloniproductus varians, Aulacella prisca, Tyersella tetragona, Schizophoria schnuri, Athyris ex gr. concentrica, Yeothyris? sinuata, and Thomasaria simplex. Spinatrypa ennigaldinannae Halamski and Baliński sp. nov. from the upper Eifelian is characterised by a transverse shell, typically 16–18 mm wide with 19–22 ribs. Prodavidsonia ebbigahuseni Halamski and Baliński sp. nov. differs from other representatives of the genus in having nearly flat shells. Eressella coronata Halamski and Baliński, nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for the permanently invalid Rhynchonella coronata Kayser, 1871 (non R. coronata Moore, 1861). Thomasaria simplex is documented as being a particularly variable species (costation, tongue, interarea position), so its broad taxonomic treatment is favoured. The brachiopod fauna shows distinct Rhenish affinities (numerous species in common with the Eifel and the Holy Cross Mountains) like the coeval fauna from southern Maïder, described previously. The Middle Devonian brachiopod fauna from the whole Maïder (north, described here and south, described previously) totals 87 species.

6

Cyclic ecological replacement of brachiopod assemblages in the top-Eifelian Dobruchna Brachiopod Shale Member (Skały Formation) of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

Woźniak Paweł, Halamski Adam T., Racki Grzegorz

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 4

445--463

EN

The palaeoecology of fossiliferous shales, belonging to the upper part of the Dobruchna Brachiopod Shale Member (= set XIV) of the Skały Formation (northern Holy Cross Mountains), was studied quantitatively in a succession in the transient (1989) trench A, 5.6 m thick, near the village of Skały. The top-Eifelian strata, recording the carbonate crisis during the global Kačák Bioevent, are well known for having a particularly diverse brachiopod fauna. The four brachiopod assemblages, recognised herein, were mainly controlled by the evolving bottom-sediment properties of the outer carbonate ramp basin. Soft, unstable substrates were inhabited by the poorly-diversified Poloniproductus assemblage, associated with a distinctive, ‘incumbent’ set of largely semi-infaunal, generalist species. The pioneer community, as a result of progressive consolidation of bioclast-enriched sediment, evolved toward a more diverse biota. This consequent stabilisation of the substrate resulted in the progressive growth of crinoid thickets or bryozoan-dominated biostromes and patches, associated with rich, subordinate, sessile and vagile benthos. In this stage, diverse brachiopod assemblages were dominated by the pedunculate, eurytopic, ribbed spiriferide Eleutherokomma or specialized orthides (Aulacella, Costisorthis) in the Dobruchna Mbr, and by the expansive, large, free-lying orthotetide Xystostrophia in the overlying set XV of the Skały Fm The cyclic ecological replacement, with the characters of ecological succession in the final phase, was evidently stimulated by an irregular transition from soupy muds to a mosaic of bioclast-rich and firmer, biogenic sediments, within the cyclic pattern of distal tempestite sedimentation. The three episodes of variously reduced deposition rate, recorded in the more diverse benthos, culminated in the pioneer bryozoan/coral reef growth and abundance of epibionts, alternating with times of destructive storm activity and deposition from suspension clouds in the muddy habitats.

7

Middle Palaeozoic chondrichthyans and the associated ichthyofauna from southern Poland : a review

Ginter Michał, Wilk Olga

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2021

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Vol. 91, No. 3

253--286

EN

During the last sixty years, large collections of ichthyofauna, mainly isolated, microscopic, skeletal remains (ichthyoliths), from the Middle–Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks of southern Poland have accumulated in the hands of Polish palaeontologists and in palaeontological institutions. Some parts of these collections were described in unpublished dissertations and others were published in dispersed papers, dealing mostly with selected regions or taxa. This review summarises the available data from the following regions: the Holy Cross Mountains, the Cracow Upland, the Sudetes and the Lublin Coal Basin (in the latter two cases, single localities). Altogether, 29 chondrichthyan species were identified and a few more still require classification. Of the Sarcopterygii, three species of onychodontiforms and one of the actinistians were found, in addition to a collection of dipnoans that was described much earlier. A few morphological types were distinguished among actinopterygian scales; otherwise the actinopterygian fossils are not referred to any lower-level taxon, and the same applies to the acanthodians. There were several attempts in the past to apply Polish ichthyoliths in biostratigraphy and palaeoecology, but after all these years, it appears that such propositions have only limited significance.

8

Middle Devonian uncinuloids (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida) from North Africa and Central Europe

Halamski Adam T., Baliński Andrzej, Jansen Ulrich

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 1

51--73

EN

The paper includes a taxonomic revision of four externally similar Middle Devonian rhynchonellide species from northwestern Africa (Maïder, Tindouf Syncline) and Central Europe (Eifel, Bergisches Land, Holy Cross Mts.), considered in recent papers as representatives of Kransia Westbroek, 1967 or Nalivkinaria Rzhonsnitskaya, 1968. All four possess a septalium and a multilamellate cardinal process, the assignment to Nalivkinaria, having a bifid cardinal process, is therefore clearly inappropriate. Lebanzuella? issoumourensis (Drot, 1971) is present in the Givetian of Africa; two subspecies, L.? issoumourensis issoumourensis from Jbel Issoumour and L.? issoumourensis smarensis ssp. nov. from Western Sahara, are distinguished by their biometric characteristics. The other two species are included in Kransia (Fatimaerhynchia) subgen. nov. differing from Kransia (K.) in the presence of a septalium; the occurrence of such a variable structure is considered to be justification for distinction at the subgenus level. Kransia (Fatimaerhynchia) goldfussii (Schnur, 1853) is an Eifelian species. Kransia (Fatimaerhynchia?) aff. goldfussii from the Givetian of Bilveringsen is a separate species (larger, more transverse, more strongly ornamented), which is not described because of insufficient material. Kransia (Fatimaerhynchia) signata (Schnur, 1851) is present in the Middle Devonian of Jbel Issoumour, the middle Eifelian of the Eifel and the (upper?) Givetian of the Holy Cross Mountains.

9

Chondrichthyan spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of Russia

Lebedev Oleg A., Ivanov Alexander O., Linkevich Valeriy V.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 3

339--362

EN

Very rare chondrichthyan spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of European Russia are referred here to ctenacanthiforms, euselachians and a chondrichthyan group of uncertain systematic position. Ctenacanthus Agassiz, 1837 is recorded from the lower and middle Famennian of the central and north-western parts of the area. Sculptospina makhlaevi Lebedev gen. et sp. nov. originates from the lower Famennian of the Lipetsk Region. The holotype of ‘Ctenacanthus’ jaekeli Gross, 1933 and a new specimen from the upper Famennian of the South Urals are shown to belong to the same taxon, which is transferred to Acondylacanthus St. John and Worthen, 1875. New specimens of Tuberospina nataliae Lebedev, 1995 from the upper Famennian of Central Russia are described in detail. The newly presented material increases our knowledge of the composition of Famennian marine assemblages from the East European Platform. It is suggested that these assemblages may be classified as chondrichthyan-dominated and dipnoan-dominated. Hypothetically, after the end- Devonian Hangenberg extinction event, which affected numerous secondary consumers in vertebrate communities, some chondrichthyan groups could have encroached to take advantage of previously occupied ecological niches. Ctenacanthus, as well as Acondylacanthus and Amelacanthus survived the end-Devonian mass extinction to continue into the Carboniferous.

10

Miospore evidence for the Carboniferous age of rocks from the Świebodzice Unit (Sudetes, SW Poland)

Pluta K., Górecka-Nowak A.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 1

120--133

EN

The paper provides new results of palynological studies of rocks from the Świebodzice Unit. An abundant Carboniferous miospores were found in rocks of the Pogorzała Formation from the southern part of this unit. These miospores occur in rocks containing also macrofloral and marine macrofaunal fossils, partly reworked, which were usually considered Upper Devonian. Two miospore sub-assemblages of different ages and colours have been distinguished. One of them consists of poorly preserved miospores, dark in colour, which indicate the Late Visean–Serpukhovian age of the rocks. The other sub-assemblage, found only in a few samples, consists of much lighter and well-preserved miospores of the Asturian age. Their presence is considered as a result of stratigraphical leakage. Observation of the miospore colour indicates that the thermal event occurred after the Late Devonian and before the Asturian and the palaeotemperature exceeded ~180°C. These new data indicate that the geological history of the Świebodzice Unit lasted longer and was much complex than it was previously considered.

11

Eressella, a new uncinuloid brachiopod genus from the Middle Devonian of Europe and Africa

Halamski A. T., Baliński A.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2018

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Vol. 88, No. 1

21--35

EN

Eressella, a new genus of rhynchonellide brachiopods belonging to the superfamily Uncinuloidea Rzhonsnitskaya, 1956, is described with Rhynchonella coronata Kayser, 1871, as the type and only species. It is characterised by a dorsibiconvex profile with a resupinate ventral valve, costae rounded posteriorly, but acute and developing ventrally directed spur-like protuberances anteriorly, small dental cavities, cardinal process multilobed posteriorly and massive anteriorly, and the presence of a septalium and thick dorsal median septum. Given the present state of flux in the systematics of the superfamily, it is conventionally placed within the family Uncinulidae Rzhonsnitskaya, 1956, although similarities with the subfamily Betterbergiinae Savage, 1996 and the family Eucharitinidae Sartenaer, 2015 are also noted. Eressella coronata, hitherto the only representative of the genus, is known from the Eifel Hills (Eifelian, mainly middle Eifelian), from central Poland (especially from the Eifelian of the Holy Cross Mts.), and from the Moroccan Anti-Atlas (late Eifelian to early Givetian, details uncertain).

12

Middle/Upper Devonian brachiopod shell concentrations from the intra-shelf basinal carbonates of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland)

Skompski S., Baliński A., Szulczewski M., Zawadzka I.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 4

607--633

EN

A huge isolated accumulation, more than 3 m thick and 10 m wide, of densely packed, uncrushed brachiopods has been found in Józefka Quarry within the Middle/Upper Devonian Szydłówek Beds deposited in a relatively deep environment of an intrashelf basin (Kostomłoty facies zone, western Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). The low-diversity assemblage is strongly dominated by the atrypide Desquamatia globosa jozefkae Baliński subsp. nov. and, to a lesser degree, by the rhynchonellide Coeloterorhynchus dillanus (Schmidt, 1941), which constitute 72.8% and 22.1% of the fauna, respectively. Less frequent are specimens representing the genera Hypothyridina, Schizophoria and Phlogoiderynchus. According to the conodont fauna found within the coquina bed, the stratigraphic position of the shell accumulation is close to the Givetian/ Frasnian boundary. The brachiopods are associated with numerous crinoids and less frequent bryozoans, receptaculitids (Palaeozoic problematica), sponges and solitary corals. Although it is difficult to entirely exclude the autochthonous nature of the brachiopod coquina member, its allochthonous origin and redeposition of the brachiopod shells to the deep basin by gravity flows is much more probable. Such conclusion is supported by the following facts: (1) the position of the complex in a succession of deep-marine basinal facies impoverished in oxygen; (2) its lateral thinning-out and composite internal stratification; (3) the lensshaped geometry of the coquina bed in the section perpendicular to the bedding dip; (4) high variability of the sediments preserved within the shells; and (5) the preferred orientation of the shells. The brachiopods mixed with crinoidal debris were probably transported by low-velocity, high-density, gravity-induced debris flows. Lack of fossils typical of the Middle Devonian shallows, such as massive stromatoporoids, amphiporoids and tabulates, indicates that the source area of the bioclastic material was not located in the shallowest part of the shelf, but most probably on a submarine sea-mount to the north of present-day Józefka, as suggested by earlier investigators. The triggering mechanism of the allochthonous deposition was an earthquake rather than storm activity. The enormous thickness of the brachiopod complex is probably caused by the sinking of bioclastic material, transported in succeeding depositional multi-events, in a soft, muddy bottom, typical of the Szydłówek Beds deposition.

13

A preliminary note of egg-case oviparity in a Devonian placoderm fish

Carr R. K., Jackson G.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

381--389

EN

Six enigmatic fossils from the Famennian (Devonian) Cleveland Shale in Ohio, U.S.A., are interpreted here as arthrodiran (Placodermi) egg cases. Recognition as egg cases is confirmed based on the observation of layered collagen fibers. The presence of a tuberculated bone fragment preserved within one case confirms a vertebrate source. The nature of the tubercles and the unique morphology of the egg cases supports the interpretation of an arthrodiran source. Reports of Devonian egg cases are limited to either assumed chondrichthyan producers or a putative ‘egg sac’ with a morphology atypical for any vertebrate. The Cleveland Shale egg cases thus represent the first record for a non-chondrichthyan producer. Among placoderms, behaviors of a pelagic life style with obligate nesting sites, reef fishes with live birth, and estuarine and fluvial nurseries, along with eggcase oviparity testifies to the diversity of reproductive strategies. As with modern fishes these strategies may be ecologically driven and the derived and variable reproductive biology of extant chondrichthyans is actually a primitive condition among gnathostomes. One consequence of the diversity of reproductive strategies (dependent on the topology of relationships) is the independent origin of internal fertilization within placoderms, possibly suggesting external fertilization as the primitive gnathostome reproductive mode.

14

A new aspinothoracid arthrodire from the Late Devonian of Ohio, U.S.A.

Carr R. K.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

363--379

EN

The Cleveland Shale fauna represents a unique view of the time after a major Devonian extinction event (Frasnian–Famenian) with the recovery of arthrodires (Placodermi) best represented by this most specious North American fauna. This time was followed by an additional event (Hangenberg Biocrisis) leading to the extinction of arthrodires (and all other placoderms). An understanding of the diversity and interrelationships of North American arthrodires can aid our understanding of this critical time in vertebrate evolution. A new aspinothoracid arthrodire Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Late Devonian of northern Ohio, U.S.A., which adds to our knowledge of this group. It provides a point of comparison to other members of the fauna whose interrelationships are poorly known. A phylogenetic analysis supports an assignment of Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. among the aspinothoracid arthrodires. This work has drawn attention to the continued need for descriptive and phylogenetic analyses of this unique fauna. Decades old species descriptions need revision along with preparation and description of new taxa. The work on Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. here is one step in that process.

15

Ślady po kryształach halitu w dolomitach dewońskich w kamieniołomie Zachełmie

Jaworska J.

Przegląd Solny

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2017

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T. 13

135--140

PL

Nieczynny kamieniołom w Zachełmiu jest znany z racji odkrycia i opisu śladów najstarszego lądowego kręgowca – tetrapoda. W tym samym kamieniołomie znaleziono dobrze zachowane 3 ślady po pojedynczych kryształach halitu (na 2 próbkach skał). Wielkość śladów po tych kryształach wynosi od 1 do ok. 2,5-3 cm. Przypuszczalnie jeden ślad zostawił kryształ sześcienny, a 2 ślady powstały po kryształach typu hopper. Kilkakrotnie szczegółowo przebadane i opisane utwory dolomitowe z tego miejsca wskazują, że środowiskiem ich depozycji była płytka, rozległa laguna odsłaniająca kilkakrotnie dno i okresowo sprzyjająca sedymentacji ewaporatów. W niniejszym artykule autorka rozważa możliwość miejsca oraz czasu krystalizacji halitów, tzn. czy te kryształy wytrąciły się z roztworu w zbiorniku, czy też nieco później, już w obrębie osadu węglanowego, na skutek penetracji sedymentu przez solanki. Oba „miejsca” i czas precypitacji halitu wydają się równie prawdopodobne.

EN

The abandoned Zachełmie Quarry has been known for the discovery and descriptions of the trackways of a tetrapod, the oldest land vertebrate animal. Three well-preserved casts of single halite crystals were found on two salt samples collected from the same site. The sizes of the halite traces range from 1 to ca. 2.5-3 cm. Most certainly, they are two casts of hopper and one of cube form crystals. The local dolomite formations, studied and described several times in detail, indicate that a shallow and vast lagoon that had uncovered the sea bottom several times and periodically allowed for the sedimentation of evaporites was the sedimentation environment. In this paper, the author considers possible place and time of halite crystallisation, i.e. whether the crystals were precipitated from the basin’s solution or somewhat later, as a result of brine penetration through the carbonate sediment. Either halite “location” and precipitation time seem to be equally probable.

16

Source rock geochemistry, petrography of reservoir horizons and origin of natural gas in the Devonian of the Lublin and Lviv basins (SE Poland and western Ukraine)

Radkovets N. Y., Kotarba M. J., Wójcik K.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 3

569--589

EN

The Rock-Eval source rock characteristics, mineral composition and type-porosity of reservoir horizons, and origin of natural gas in the Devonian of the Lublin and Lviv basins are described. In the Lower Devonian, the TOC content ranges from 0.01 to 1.82 wt.% in the Lublin Basin, and from 0.01 to 0.45 wt.% in the Lviv Basin. Transformation of organic matter varies from immature in the Lochkovian (Lviv Basin) to mature and overmature in the Emsian (Lublin Basin). The organic matter contains mainly Type-II kerogen, and underwent primary and/or secondary oxidation processes. In the Middle Devonian, the TOC content varies from 0.00 to 1.63 wt.% in the Lublin Basin, and from 0.02 to 0.64 to 2.35 wt.% in the Lviv Basin. The organic matter contains mainly Type-II kerogen and is immature in the Givetian of the Lviv Basin and mature in the Eifelian of the Lviv Basin and in the Eifelian and Givetian in the Lublin Basin. In the Upper Devonian, the TOC content is from 0.02 to 2.62 wt.% in the Lublin Basin, and from 0.04 to 1.43 wt.% in the Lviv Basin. Type-II kerogen dominates in both basins. Organic matter is mature in the Upper Devonian in the Lublin Basin and in the Famennian of the Lviv Basin and overmature in the Frasnian of the Lviv Basin. The reservoir horizons in the Devonian of the Lublin and Lviv basins are developed in clastic, carbonate and sulphate rocks. Terrigenous rocks form several separate horizons in the Lower and Middle Devonian of the Lviv Basin, and in the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of the Lublin Basin. Their filtration properties relate to intergranular porosity, while the fracture space has subordinate significance. Carbonate rocks form thick saturated horizons in the Givetian in the Lviv Basin, and in the Eifelian, Givetian and Frasnian in the Lublin Basin. Their filtration properties are produced by fracture porosity. Sulphates and carbonate-sulphate rocks with fracture and cavern porosity play a role as reservoir horizons in the Middle Devonian of the Lublin Basin. The natural gas collected from the Upper Devonian of the Lublin Basin was generated mainly during low-temperature thermogenic processes, from Ordovician–Silurian Type-II kerogen. The gas from the Middle Devonian reservoirs of the Lviv Basin was produced from Ordovician–Silurian Type-II kerogen and partly from the Middle and Upper Devonian mixed Type-III/II kerogen with maturity from about 0.9 to 1.4%. Carbon dioxide was formed by both thermogenic and microbial processes. Molecular nitrogen was generated mainly through thermal transformation of organic matter and also from destruction of NH4-rich illite of the clayey facies of the Ordovician–Silurian strata.

17

Brachiopods and stratigraphy of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) succession of the Radlin Syncline (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Baliński A., Racki G., Halamski A. T.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 2

125--174

EN

The lower part of the Frasnian succession in the Radlin Syncline (Kielce–Łagów Synclinorium, southern region of the Holy Cross Mountains), in the two studied successions: Józefka at Górno and (for the first time) Radlin, consists of the rhythmic marly Szydłówek Beds, the fossil-rich limestones of the Wietrznia Beds (locally) and the atypically developed, calcareous Kostomłoty Beds. The carbon isotope chemostratigraphic pattern overall corresponds well to the global Early–Middle Frasnian biogeochemical perturbation, even if the major punctata positive excursion is only fragmentarily recorded in the Kostomłoty intrashelf basin. Two brachiopod assemblages are abundantly represented in both sections: the Phlogoiderhynchus polonicus Assemblage, typical of the Szydłówek Beds, and the Biernatella lentiformis Assemblage, limited to the middle part of the Wietrznia Beds. Both are highly dominated by the index species. Twenty nine lower Frasnian brachiopod species (Craniida – 1 species, Strophomenida – 1, Productida – 2, Protorthida – 1, Orthida – 5, Pentamerida – 1, Rhynchonellida – 4, Atrypida – 4, Athyridida – 3, Spiriferida – 4, Spiriferinida – 3) are described from the Szydłówek and Wietrznia Beds. Seven new species are introduced: Skenidioides cretus Halamski sp. nov., Biernatium minus Baliński sp. nov., Monelasmina montisjosephi Baliński sp. nov., Atryparia (Costatrypa) agricolae Halamski and Baliński sp. nov., Davidsonia enmerkaris Halamski sp. nov., Leptathyris gornensis Baliński sp. nov., and Echinocoelia parva Baliński sp. nov. Davidsonia enmerkaris Halamski sp. nov. is intermediate between Davidsonia Bouchard-Chantereaux, 1849 and Rugodavidsonia Copper, 1996 and is the youngest known representative of the suborder Davidsonioidea Copper, 1996. Skenidioides cretus Halamski sp. nov. is the last representative of the genus. Statistical investigation of a large sample of Spinatrypina (Exatrypa) explanata did not confirm the existence of two dimorphic forms, coarse- and fine-ribbed. The high-diversity Biernatella lentiformis Assemblage is quite dissimilar to coeval brachiopod assemblages described heretofore from the Holy Cross Mountains region. It is interpreted as consisting of mostly parautochthonous dwellers of deep-slope muddy habitats and a local, occasionally storm-agitated, intra-basin brachiopod-crinoid-coral shoal. The fauna was adapted probably to cooler and nutrient-poor waters during an initial phase of the severe carbon cycle perturbation.

18

Dojrzałość termiczna utworów dewonu, karbonu i triasu masywu małopolskiego na podstawie wskaźnika CAI (Colour Alteration Index)

Malec J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 462

29--39

PL

Na obszarze środkowej części masywu małopolskiego, w ośmiu profilach wiertniczych wykonano badania paleotermiczne utworów węglanowych dewonu, karbonu i triasu na podstawie przeobrażenia termicznego substancji organicznej zawartej w konodontach. Na podstawie stopnia przeobrażenia barw konodontów pod wpływem temperatury (wskaźnik CAI – Colour Alteration Index) określono zakresy paleotemperatur jakim zostały poddane skały zawierające te organizmy. W otworze wiertniczym Węgrzynów IG 1 utwory żywetu górnego, franu, famenu i karbonu dolnego (turnej, wizen) mają wskaźnik CAI od 3 (dla żywetu) do 2 (dla karbonu dolnego). Wskazuje on na podgrzanie w zakresie 60‒110°C, na obszarze frontu waryscydów o wysokiej wartości paleogradientu termicznego. Dla profilu dewonu górnego w otworze Pągów IG 1 wartość CAI 4,5 dokumentuje stopień podgrzania skał do temperatury powyżej 230°C, w wyniku udziału podwyższonego strumienia cieplnego w rejonie strefy tektonicznej. W utworach triasu wskaźnik CAI 1‒1,5 świadczy o podgrzaniu skał w granicach 50‒90°C. Stosunkowo niska paleotemperatura materii organicznej w utworach triasu wskazuje, że utwory dewonu i karbonu osiągnęły dojrzałość termiczną w późnym karbonie, przed orogenezą waryscyjską. Objawy ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego w utworach dewonu i karbonu centralnej części masywu małopolskiego mogą świadczyć o ich perspektywiczności w aspekcie poszukiwań bituminów.

EN

A paleothermal study of Devonian, Carboniferous and Triassic carbonate rocks was carried out in eight boreholes from the central part of the Małopolska Massif by using data on thermal alteration of organic matter contained in conodonts. The maturity of organic matter expressed as the CAI (Colour Alteration Index) values was used to calculate palaeotemperatures that affected the conodont-bearing rocks. In the Węgrzynów IG 1 borehole, the CAI values for the Upper Givetian, Frasnian, Famennian and Lower Carboniferous rocks range from 3 (Givetian) to 2 (Lower Carboniferous). It suggests heating of rocks (at temperatures from 60 to 110°C) in the area of high palaeogeothermal gradient, close to the Variscan front. In the Upper Devonian sequence of the Pągów IG 1 borehole, the CAI value of 4.5 proves heating of rock at a temperature exceeding 230°C as a result of higher heat flow near a fault zone. The low CAI values (1‒1.5) of Triassic rocks provide the evidence for heating of rocks in the range of 50 to 90°C. The relatively low maturity of organic matter in the Triassic rocks indicates that the Devonian and Carboniferous sediments must have reached their thermal maturity in the Late Carboniferous prior to the Variscan orogeny. The signs of crude oil and natural gas observed in the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks in the central part of the Małopolska Massif attest their potential for hydrocarbon exploration.

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Biostratygrafia utworów dewonu i karbonu z centralnej części masywu małopolskiego na podstawie konodontów

Malec J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 462

41--81

PL

W profilach otworów wiertniczych Pągów IG 1 i Węgrzynów IG 1 (centralna część masywu małopolskiego) wykonano badania konodontów z utworów węglanowych dewonu i najniższego karbonu. W profilu Węgrzynowa na podstawie konodontów udokumentowano utwory żywetu, franu i famenu datowane na poziomy dolny falsiovalis–górny postera, oraz turneju i wizenu z poziomów delicatus–texanus. W profilu Pągowa na podstawie konodontów udokumentowano fran i famen w zakresie poziomów jamieae–górny rhenana oraz dolny expansa. Niepełna sukcesja poziomów konodontowych w profilach Pągowa i Węgrzynowa wskazuje na obecność luk stratygraficznych. W Pągowie luki stwierdzono w utworach dewonu górnego oraz między utworami dewonu i karbonu, natomiast w Węgrzynowie w utworach z pogranicza dewonu i karbonu. W rejonie Węgrzynowa osady dewonu górnego były deponowane w zbiorniku o znacznie większej subsydencji niż w rejonie Pągowa. Utwory dewonu górnego masywu małopolskiego i obszarów ościennych odpowiadające zbliżonym przedziałom biostratygraficznym są podobne pod względem litologicznym i biofacjalnym.

EN

The conodont study was performed on Devonian and lowermost Carboniferous carbonate rocks from the Pągów IG 1 and Węgrzynów IG 1 boreholes located in the central part of the Małopolska Massif. Based on the conodont biostratigraphy, sediments assigned to the Givetian, Frasnian and Famennian (lower falsiovalis–upper postera zones) and to the Tournaisian and Visean (delicatus–texanus zones) were examined in the Węgrzynów section. The Pągów section is represented by Frasnian and Famennian sediments ascribed to the jamieae–upper rhenana and lower expansa zones. The incomplete conodont zone succession in the Pągów and Węgrzynów sections indicates the presence of stratigraphic gaps. In Pągów, these hiatuses were pinpointed in the Upper Devonian and between the Devonian and the Carboniferous, whereas in Węgrzynów at the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary. In the Węgrzynów area, deposition of the Upper Devonian sediments occurred in a basin, showing much greater subsidence than that in the Pągów area. In the Late Devonian sediments of the Małopolska Massif and neighbouring areas of much the same biostratigraphic intervals are similar in terms of lithologic and biofacies characteristics.

20

Analiza inkluzji fluidalnych w minerałach w skałach osadowych Polski - przegląd ogólny i uwagi

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 464

25--41

PL

Przedstawiono charakterystykę i wyniki mikrotermometrycznych badań inkluzji fluidalnych występujących w spoiwie skał osadowych wieku od kambru po perm oraz od jury po paleogen i miocen. Inkluzje mają charakter pierwotny i wtórny; na ogół są jedno- lub dwu-, rzadziej trójfazowe. Wypełniają je paleofluidy o zróżnicowanym składzie i różnej gęstości. Temperatura homogenizacji, która stanowi przybliżenie temperatury zamknięcia fluidu w minerale, wykazuje zmienność związaną z rodzajem spoiwa i z historią geologiczną badanego obszaru. Zasolenie fluidów również jest zmienne i zależy od rodzaju spoiwa i od lokalizacji. Połączenie analiz inkluzji np. z badaniami izotopowymi pozwala na szerszą interpretację wyników oznaczeń mikrotermometrycznych.

EN

Characteristics and results of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions which occur in the cements of sedimentary rocks of the age oscillating form Cambrian to Permian and from Jurassic to Paleogene and Miocene are presented. The inclusions studied are primary and secondary in origin. They display one, two or, less frequently, three phases. The inclusions are filled by the paleofluids of variable compositions and densities. The homogenization temperature, which corresponds to the minimum estimation of the trapping temperature, shows variability in respect to the cement type and geological history of the study area. Salinities of fluids are also variable in respect to the cement type and locality. Wider interpretation of the microthermometric analyses is enabled when they are combined, e.g., with the isotopic studies.