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Towards sustainable land subsidence mitigation in Semarang and Demak, Central Java: Analysis using DPSIR Framework

Sarah Dwi, Mulyono Asep, Satriyo Nugroho Aji, Soebowo Eko, Wirabuana Taufiq

Journal of Water and Land Development

2022

no. 55

150--165

The Semarang-Demak plain has experienced intense human intervention over the last 40 years, thereby causing land subsidence. This study aims to assess long-term conditions in the study area using the drivers-pressures- state-impacts-response (DPSIR) framework to mitigate land subsidence. Methods include analysis of land subsidence, socioeconomic, surface, and subsurface data, as well as spatial analysis. Results show that rapid population growth and economic activities are major driving forces, manifesting as pressures exerted from overexploitation of groundwater, increasing building and infrastructure loads, and decreasing non-built areas. Groundwater overexploitation reduced the artesian pressure in the 1980s, forming depression cones of the groundwater level from 5 to 30 m below mean sea level. From 1984 to the present, the constructed areas have increased more than tenfold, with Semarang City possessing the most densely built area. Based on our findings, we propose responses consisting of surface water utilization, spatial building regulation, and rigorous groundwater and land subsidence monitoring. Moreover, we encourage the strengthening of law enforcement and inter-sectoral management to ensure the successful land subsidence mitigation.

A new model for hazard evaluation of vegetation degradation using DPSIR framework, a case study: Sadra Region, Iran

Masoudi M., Amiri E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2015

Vol. 63, nr 1

1--9

Vegetation degradation causes reduction in the available biomass, and decline in the vegetative cover. The Sadra watershed which covers the upper reaches of Marharlu basin, in southern Iran, has been chosen for a test hazard assessment of this type of degradation. The different kinds of data for indicators of vegetation degradation were gathered from collecting of field data like percent canopy and biomass and also records and published reports of the governmental offices of Iran. A new model has been developed for assessing the hazard of vegetation degradation using DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses) framework. The approach is based on the use of indicators, which may be direct or indirect, ecological, technical, socioeconomic or cultural causes of environmental hazard. Taking into consideration fourteen indicators of vegetation degradation the model identifies areas with different hazard class. The preparation of hazard maps based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis of these indicators will be helpful for prioritizing the areas to initiate remedial measures. By fixing the thresholds of severity classes of the fourteen indicators, a hazard map for each indicator was first prepared in GIS. The hazard classes were defined on the basis of hazard scores arrived at by assigning the appropriate attributes to the indicators and the final hazard map was prepared by intersecting fourteen hazard maps in five main hazard layers including anthropogenic, natural, current state of hazard, livestock pressure and trend of degradation in the GIS. Results show among the five main hazard maps used in the model, the most main effective indicator in vegetation degradation of the study area is ‘Current State of Hazard’. Also areas under severe hazard class have been found to be widespread (58%) and areas under moderate hazard class have been found (42%) in the Sadra watershed.