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1

Review of the Essential Characteristics of 2,4-Dinitroanisole

Meng Jun-jiong, Zhou Lin, Miao Fei-chao

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2023

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Vol. 20, no. 1

50--74

EN

With the development of weapons and ammunition to achieve more powerful and safer functional systems, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), used as an insensitive melt-cast matrix explosive, has received widespread attention. Various countries have conducted significant research and developed a series of DNAN-based explosive formulations in recent years. However, some inherent limitations of DNAN have enormously restricted its comprehensive application in weapons. In this paper, the progress of DNAN research in recent years is systematically reviewed from the aspects of its essential characteristics, such as physical properties (melting point, shrinkage, irreversible expansion, solubility, and mechanical properties), sensitivity and safety, stability, compatibility, and oxygen balance and energy. The advantages and disadvantages of DNAN are analyzed, and methods to solve these limitations are described. Furthermore, several important directions to be studied in future research are highlighted, including the study of DNAN binary eutectic mixtures mechanisms, control of crystal transformation, and improvements in mechanical properties.

2

Rheological Properties of DNAN/HMX Melt-cast Explosives : Maximum Packing Density Calculation and Modified Viscosity Model

Meng Jun-jiong, Luo Yi-ming, Wang Wei, Jiang Qiu-li, Wang Hong-xing, Miao Fei-chao

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2022

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Vol. 19, no. 3

326--359

EN

The study of suspensions with high solid content and low viscosity has become a very active topic for melt-cast explosives, for both research and industry. Previous studies have described how the viscosity of high-solid-content suspensions can be decreased by optimizing the grade ratio, that is, increasing the particle packing density. This paper numerically simulates the maximum packing density (Φm) for different grade ratios at which the suspension viscosity approaches infinity, using the overlapping discrete element cluster method. According to this method, the shape of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) particles was modeled as a group of overlapping, rigidly connected hard spheres. The results showed that the numerical simulation value can be used as the real value of Φm for any grade ratio in engineering applications. The rheological properties of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN)/HMX suspensions with various grade ratios of three HMX samples with different d50 values were investigated using a rotational viscometer over a range of mass solids content (ϕ = 20-75 wt.%) in the shear rate range of 0.1-100 s⁻¹. An empirical model incorporating the reduced solid content (Φ, equal to ϕ divided by Φm) and shear rate (γ) was modified to predict the relative viscosity of DNAN/HMX suspensions. This modified model has a strong correlation with the experimental data and can be used to accurately predict the viscosity of DNAN/HMX suspensions. In addition, the applicability of different classical models to DNAN/HMX suspensions is discussed.

3

Studies on NTO-, FOX-7- and DNAN-based Melt Cast Formulations

Mishra V. S., Vadali S. R., Bhagat A. L., Garg R. K., Kugaonkar V. M., Raman S., Sinha R. K., Asthana S.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2017

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Vol. 14, no. 2

403--417

EN

In the present paper, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) has been evaluated as a melt cast explosive in comparison to the widely used 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The detonation failure diameter of a bare DNAN charge is greater than 100 mm and about 44 mm with 1.5 mm steel confinement. Comparative studies of two sets of formulations were carried out. The first set comprised formulations containing 60% of NTO, FOX-7, HMX or RDX and 40% of DNAN or TNT. The second set comprised formulations containing 30% of NTO, FOX-7, TATB or RDX and 70% of DNAN or TNT. The studies were mainly concentrated on characterization of the formulations, which included determination of the sensitivity parameters and the velocity of detonation (VOD). The study confirmed that DNAN and DNAN-based formulations are relatively insensitive compared to TNT and the analogous TNT-based formulations respectively. The rate of the detonation reaction of DNAN is enhanced in the presence of the high energy ingredients RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and NTO to varying degrees. The VODs of the FOX-7/TNT and RDX/TNT formulations match closely with the proportions of FOX-7 and RDX under study. The VOD and shock sensitivity of the FOX-7/DNAN formulations decrease rapidly compared to the RDX/DNAN formulations, with increases in the proportion of FOX-7 or RDX. The combinations of NTO with TNT, and NTO with DNAN, are more shock insensitive than TNT or DNAN alone. NTO-based compositions are more insensitive than FOX-7-based compositions.

4

Topliwe mieszaniny wybuchowe z trinitrotoluenem i dinitroanizolem : porównanie właściwości

Cudziło S., Trzciński W. A., Dyjak S., Nita M.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2012

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Vol. 61, nr 4

281-292

PL

Porównano wrażliwość na bodźce mechaniczne i termiczne oraz wyznaczono niektóre parametry detonacyjne 2,4-dinitroanizolu (DNAN) i 2,4,6-trinitrotoluenu (TNT). Przygotowano kompozycje zawierające DNAN lub TNT w roli składników topliwych oraz 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-on (NTO) i heksogen (RDX). Przeprowadzono porównawczą analizę właściwości użytkowych tych kompozycji.

EN

Some sensitivity and performance characteristics for pure 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as well as for melt-pour composites containing DNAN or TNT with hexogen (RDX) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triasole-5-on (NTO) were determined (under the same conditions) and compared.