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EN
The range of materials suitable for rotational molding is not as wide as for other polymer processing technologies. An option to reduce the carbon footprint of such materials is to introduce natural fibers, such as abaca. In this work, different loadings of abaca fibers (5 to 20 % by weight) were molded using one, two and three-layer constructions. A comparison of the mechanical behavior (tensile, flexural, and impact properties) with the fiber content, considering the method of obtaining the composite (1, 2 or 3 layers) was performed. The thermomechanical behavior of the matrix was not affected due to the introduction of the fibers; apart from a reduction in the storage modulus, especially at low temperature, the curves have a similar profile. In general terms, the tensile and flexural strength were not affected by the incorporation of the fibers, that is, the composites exhibit similar behavior to neat polyethylene. Significant improvements in the tensile modulus were obtained for the parts manufactured with 2 layers, with 10 wt.% fiber in the internal one. As expected, the impact strength was reduced for all the composites, although the layer of PE on the inner side that coats the fibers counteracts this reduction to a certain extent. An increase in the heating time was observed for all the composites made in different layers; although the incorporation of fibers slightly modifies the course of the curve, the heating time is only significantly increased for loadings over 10%. The higher energy consumption needed to obtain the part in the different layers would only then be justified by an increase in the composite properties, which is not the case of the parts obtained in this work.
EN
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based composite propellants possess viscoelastic behaviour and hence time and temperature dependent mechanical properties. The mathematical analysis of viscoelastic behaviour of composite propellants becomes complex due to the non-linearity involved under various loading conditions. In the present study, a linear viscoelasticity assumption was considered to simulate stresses related to storage conditions. In this paper, a study of stress relaxation behaviour of composite propellants was carried out using the Generalized Maxwell model to obtain the material viscoelastic characteristics. The relaxation behaviour of composite propellants having solid loading varying from 85% to 89% were studied at different temperatures, from -27 to +32 °C, using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyser (DMA). The generated relaxation curves were curve fitted using MATLAB (R2022a) with the Generalized Maxwell model. The simulation demonstrated that a maximum of four elemental parameters of the Generalized Maxwell model are sufficient and can represent a best fit of the relaxation behaviour of the studied composite propellants. The equilibrium modulus was also evaluated at different temperatures, along with other material constants that are essential parameters for performing the structure integrity analysis of a solid propellant rocket motor. It was observed that the equilibrium modulus decreases with an increase in temperature, but increases with an increase in solid loading in the propellant composition formulations.
EN
The article presents the results of research on selected thermal, mechanical properties, as well as the microscopic structure of filaments and details made on a 3D printer in FDM technology. The materials used in the study were PETG (polyethylene terephthalate doped with glycol) and PLA (polylactide) doped with copper. As part of the study, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was performed in order to determine the temperatures of phase transformations and changes in melting enthalpy values of filaments before the printing process and also elements made of them. The second part of the research was electrocorrosive ageing process of printouts, carried out in the Simulated Body Fluid solution in a device generating 0.3 A direct current, voltage with value 4.3 V for the entire duration of the test, which was 720 h. After this process DSC test was conducted again. The next stage of the research was Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of printouts before and after electrocorrosive ageing process. This test was carried out to characterize the dynamic-mechanical properties as a function of frequency, temperature and time. Additionally, microscopic analyses of the surfaces of the tested printouts were performed in order to assess the changes after electrolysis.
4
Content available SoPC-based DMA for PCI Express DAQ cards
EN
This paper presents low-cost, configurable PCI Express (PCIe) direct memory access (DMA) interface for implementation on Intel Cyclone V FPGAs. The DMA engine was designed to support DAQ tasks including pre-triggering acquisition for transient analysis and multichannel transmission. Performance of the interface has been evaluated on Terasic OVSK board (PCIe Gen2 x4). Target configuration of this interface is based on the Avalon-MM Hard IP for Cyclone V PCIe core and Jungo WinDriver x64 for Windows. A sample speed of 1200 MB/s has been reported for DMA writes to PCIe memory.
EN
The research was carried out because of a survey of wastewater treatment plant of a chemical factory, which is planned to receive the dimethylamine-containing wastewater flow. It was essential to investigate the influence of dimethylamine and removal on organiс pollutants and nitrogen compounds as well as to determine the limiting concentration of dimethylamine. There were variable concentrations of dimethylamine (20–500 mg/L) under investigation in several simultaneous laboratory benches. The results showed that the dimethylamine concentration lower than 40 mg/L showed almost no impact on wastewater treatment; meanwhile, the growth of concentration up to 300 mg/L (and above) dropped the treatment efficiency by times.
EN
The article has presented the method of 3D Digital Light Processing printing as one of the technologies used for rapid prototyping of dental models and making elements of dentures. in this work the research was presented, which the aim was to determine the effect of additional exposure time on the properties of the obtained printouts. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis test showed significant differences in stiffness between uncured specimens as well as specimens cured for 10, 20 and 30 minutes. in turn the obtained TG and DTG curves allowed to determine the most optimal curing time for DLP printouts. These studies provide the basis for determining the most appropriate method for handling printouts after the process of printing from liquid resin, so that they are the best possible quality for dentists and prosthodontists.
EN
A natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites (FRCs) was prepared by the compression molding method. The natural fiber named Coccinia indica (CI) was employed to fabricate FRCs. The impact of fiber length on storage modulus, loss modulus and loss of weight in the FRCs were determined using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that a fiber length of 40 mm shows better storage modulus and nominal loss modulus owing to the higher interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix. In other investigated fiber lengths, the storage modulus is poor and loss modulus is high, which is due to inefficient stress transfer.
PL
Metodą wytłaczania przygotowano próbki kompozytów (FRC) na osnowie polimerowej wzmocnionej włóknami naturalnymi Coccinia indica (CI). Wpływ długości zastosowanych włókien na moduł zachowawczy, moduł stratności i ubytek masy badanych FRC oceniano za pomocą dynamicznej analizy mechanicznej (DMA) i analizy termograwimetrycznej (TGA). Stwierdzono, że kompozyty z udziałem włókien o długości 40 mm wykazują korzystniejszy moduł zachowawczy i nominalny moduł stratności, dzięki lepszemu wiązaniu międzyfazowemu włókna z osnową. W wypadku kompozytów z zawartością włókien o innych długościach moduł zachowawczy jest mały, a moduł stratności duży, co wynika z nieefektywnego przenoszenia naprężeń.
PL
W procesie przechowywania znaczący wpływ na prawidłowe zadziałanie ziarna paliwa rakietowego oraz całego silnika rakietowego mają zachodzące w nim reakcje chemiczne i procesy fizyczne, takie jak ubytek stabilizatora, migracja i parowanie nitrogliceryny, rozkład łańcuchów nitroglicerynowych i nitrocelulozowych itp. Właściwości termiczne i mechaniczne stałych materiałów rakietowych badano za pomocą dynamicznej analizy mechanicznej (DMA). Jest to skuteczna i bezpieczna technika, która umożliwia uzyskanie wielu informacji o badanej próbce w jednym cyklu pomiarowym. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wyznaczenie temperatury zeszklenia badanego paliwa rakietowego. Ponadto zastosowano różnicową kalorymetrię skaningową (DSC) i termograwimetrię (TG). Określono energię aktywacji. W obliczeniach kinetycznych zastosowano metody Kissingera i Ozawy. Średnią masę cząsteczkową nitrocelulozy i jej rozkład przed i po przyspieszonym starzeniu mierzono techniką chromatografii żelowej (GPC). Badania właściwości mechanicznych, termicznych i fizycznych paliwa rakietowego mogą pomóc w jego lepszym projektowaniu, w opracowywaniu bardziej wydajnych procesów produkcyjnych,w dostosowaniu poszczególnych etapów produkcji w celu ulepszenia właściwości produktu końcowego lub nawet mogą zostać wykorzystane do przeprojektowania całego procesu produkcji.
EN
Chemical reactions and physical processes such as stabilizer depletion, migration and evaporation of nitroglycerine, decomposition of nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose chains, etc. have a significant impact on the proper reaction of rocket propellant grains and operation of rocket motors over the storage time. Thermal and mechanical properties of solid rocket propellants were studied with the use of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) method. It is an effective and safe technique providing information about the sample in a single run. Special attention was paid to determination of glass transition temperature of tested rocket propellant. Moreover the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) were used. Energy of activation was determined. Kissinger and Ozawa methods were applied in kinetic calculations. The average molecular weights of nitrocellulose and its distribution before and after acceler-ated ageing were measured with the gel permeation chromatography technique (GPC). Studies of mechanical, thermal and physical properties can help to improve rocket propellant designing process and to redesign or develop more efficient manu-facturing processes for tailoring final product properties.
PL
Znaczący wpływ na prawidłowe działanie silnika rakietowego mają właściwości termiczno-mechaniczne zastosowanego w nim paliwa rakietowego. Stąd też ważne jest opracowanie obszernej charakterystyki danego paliwa w funkcji czasu i temperatury w celu oceny jego zachowania w różnych warunkach eksploatacji. W ramach niniejszej pracy przeprowadzono badania wpływu procesu starzenia na właściwości termiczno-mechaniczne homogenicznego paliwa rakietowego. Wybrane paliwo rakietowe poddano przyspieszonemu starzeniu w warunkach określonych w dokumencie AOP-48, a następnie wyznaczano jego parametry termiczne i mechaniczne (m.in. temperaturę zeszklenia, temperaturę rozkładu). Starzenie miotających materiałów wybuchowych powoduje ubytek stabilizatora, który ma wpływ na właściwości termiczno-mechaniczne paliwa, dlatego wykonano również oznaczania ilości efektywnego stabilizatora i jego ubytku stosując chromatografię cieczową HPLC. Do badania właściwości termicznych zastosowano różnicową kalorymetrię skaningową (DSC). Analizy termiczne prowadzono zgodnie ze STANAG 4515. Badania właściwości mechanicznych przeprowadzano za pomocą dynamicznej analizy mechanicznej (DMA) w oparciu o porozumienie STANAG 4540.
EN
Proper operation of rocket motor depends significantly on thermo-mechanical properties of propellant used. For this reason it is important that characteristics of a particular propellant versus the time and temperature pass a thorough investigation to assess its operation at different conditions. The paper illustrates investigations of ageing process influencing thermo-mechanical properties of homogeneous rocket propellant. A selected type of rocket propellant was subjected to accelerated ageing in conditions specified in AOP-48 document to establish in the next step its thermal and mechanical characteristics (between all the temperature of glass transition and decomposition). The ageing of propelling explosives causes the reduction of stabiliser content deciding about thermo-mechanical properties of propellant and for that the percentage of effective stabiliser and its loss were identified by liquid chromatography HPLC. Thermal properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal analyses were carried out according to STANAG 4515. Mechanical characteristics were tested by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in line with STANAG 4540.
10
EN
The results of numerical simulations performed for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) measurements of thermal and mechanical (or thermomechanical) properties performed on a model composite structure are presented herein. The simulated elastic response of an epoxy-carbon fibre composite specimen was analysed for a case by which the model specimen was subjected to three-point bending with a free support. The epoxy-carbon fibre composite studied as explained herein exhibited extreme differences between the elastic properties of the epoxy resin matrix and the carbon fibre reinforcement. In addition, the carbon fibre reinforcement was both internally and structurally anisotropic. The numerical simulations were performed to demonstrate a qualitative dependence of the DMA measurement results on a certain structure of the investigated specimen and to determine if the DMA results could be qualified as effective or apparent. A macro-mechanical model of the specimen was developed and the numerical calculations were performed by applying a COMSOL/M FEM (Finite Element Method) modelling software. The carbon fibre reinforcement was modelled with an orthotropic composite structure of planar laminar inclusions or as a disperse composite with circular inclusions. While modelling different characteristic dimensions of inclusions were taken into account. Representative material properties were assumed from the results of the appropriate experimental investigations and form certain literature reference data. The effect of the composite layer configuration and their characteristic dimensions on the evaluated model elastic modulus value was also studied. The numerical modelling results are in a qualitative agreement with the results of the DMA investigations performed on real composite. They also proved the effectiveness of the developed numerical simulation methodology in modelling of micro- and macromechanical phenomena occurring during the DMA study.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki numerycznych badań symulacyjnych pomiaru właściwości cieplnomechanicznych (termomechanicznych) struktury kompozytowej. Uwagę skupiono na symulacji sprężystej odpowiedzi próbki kompozytu epoksydowo-węglowego poddanego analizie termomechanicznej DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) w trybie zginania z trójpunktowym swobodnym podparciem. Kompozyt epoksydowo-węglowy jako obiekt analizy charakteryzuje się bardzo dużą dysproporcją właściwości sprężystych materiału osnowy i wypełnienia. Dodatkowo cechy anizotropii wykazuje już sam materiał wypełnienia w postaci włókien węglowych. Celem wykonanych badań numerycznych było jakościowe określenie wpływu struktury na wyniki badań DMA i określenie możliwości zaklasyfikowania uzyskiwanych wyników jako właściwości efektywnych bądź pozornych. Do opracowania modelu makromechanicznego badanej próbki i przeprowadzenia obliczeń wykorzystano program modelowania MES COMSOL. Wypełnienie włóknami węglowymi modelowano za pomocą ortotropowych wtrąceń warstwowych lub kołowych o różnych wymiarach charakterystycznych. Reprezentatywne dane materiałowe przyjęto na podstawie wyników badań własnych i danych literaturowych. Zbadany został wpływ rozmieszczenia poszczególnych warstw oraz ich wymiaru charakterystycznego na określany z modelowej zależności moduł sprężystości E’.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono projekt układu wykorzystującego w transmisji danych kontroler DMA. Głównym zadaniem kontrolera jest odciążenie jednostki centralnej użytego mikrokontrolera przez bezpośredni dostęp do jego pamięci. Badanie transmisji przeprowadzono za pomocą analizatora stanów logicznych LOGIC8 wraz z dedykowanym do niego oprogramowaniem producenta. Analiza otrzymanych wyników potwierdza, iż uzyskana szybkość transmisji danych przy zastosowaniu kontrolera DMA jest o 16% większa niż w przypadku klasycznej obsługi procesu komunikacji z zastosowaniem procesora.
EN
In this paper authors proved that DMA controller have positive effect on the serial transmission process. Firstly, was presented a scheme with principles of the device using DMA controller. The stream of data sent from sensor can use one of four modes, it means: without DMA, with DMA on sensor side, with DMA on PC side and with DMA on both sides. The main device was assembled with following modules: LSM9DS0 sensor as a data generator, STM32F4 ARM microcontroller for data transmssion, USART-USB converter and PC computer as a data reader. The main module is the ARM microcontroller which controls whole process. Additionally, authors present used transmission interfaces working between the modules. In research 18 kB of data is send from the sensor to the computer and time of data transmission is measured. There are different structures of data frame in range of 3000 buffers containing 6b of data to 6 buffers containing 3000b. The speed for the SPI and UART amounted to 5.25 Mb/s. The times for the case: 1018 executed delay loops are presented in Table 2 and are given in milliseconds. In result transmission fully controlled by DMA is 16,6% faster than CPU controlled one (pulling mode) and 5,2% faster than CPU utilizing interrupts. Transmission controlled by CPU utilizing interrupts is 12,1% faster than CPU controlled one (in pulling mode). The fastest transmission achieved 60% of theoretical transmission speed.
EN
The paper presents the results of rheological testing performed with the use of DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analyser) rheometer on specimens made of natural rubber (NR) and synthetic rubber (CR) elastomeric materials typically used for production of bridge bearings. The experiments provided the values of complex stiffness modulus and phase shift angles over a very wide temperature and frequency range, enabled determination of glass transition temperatures and plotting the master curves of the respective materials and, moreover, indentation tests were carried out with a spherical indenter pressed down with linearly increasing force. The test results can be used for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the materials and for determining certain mechanical parameters of linear viscoelastic constitutive models formulated for the infinitesimal strain theory. The indentation test was conducted to obtain values which can be used for indirect validation of constitutive hyperelastic and visco-hyperelastic models built up for continuum large deformation theory. Moreover, the paper partly evaluates the effect of long-term (natural) ageing of materials on their rheological properties.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań reologicznych przeprowadzonych za pomocą reometru DMA na próbkach typowych elastomerów powstałych na bazie kauczuku naturalnego (NR) i kauczuku syntetycznego (CR) stosowanych do produkcji łożysk mostowych. W badaniach wyznaczono moduły zespolone i kąty przesunięcia fazowego w bardzo szerokim zakresie temperatury i częstotliwości, wyznaczono wartości temperatury zeszklenia, określono krzywe wiodące poszczególnych materiałów oraz przeprowadzono badania, w których indenter (wgłębnik) o kulistym kształcie jest wciskany w badany materiał z liniowo narastającą siłą. Uzyskane wyniki mogą służyć do jakościowej i ilościowej oceny poszczególnych materiałów, jak również do wyznaczenia wybranych parametrów materiałowych modeli konstytutywnych liniowej lepko-sprężystości formułowanych dla teorii małych odkształceń. W przypadku testu wgniatania (indentacji) jego wyniki mogą posłużyć do pośredniej weryfikacji modeli konstytutywnych hipersprężystości i hiperlepkosprężystości formułowanych w ramach teorii dowolnych deformacji. Praca zawiera także elementy oceny wpływu starzenia długoterminowego (naturalnego) na zmianę właściwości reologicznych materiału.
EN
Additive manufacturing is a very fast developing field of research and many parts with complicated geometry are now made using 3D printing. The injection molding, casting, milling and other processes have some limitations and low volume of production makes these processes quite expensive. 3D printing allows to fabricate parts with enough mechanical strength and without looking at the above mentioned limitations. Nowadays, designers are able to fabricate prototypes with not only optimized but also complex shape. Unfortunately, the parts made from thermoplastic materials by means of 3D technique have lower mechanical strength in comparison to the parts made by using injection molding process. The orientation of layers, thickness of a layer, porosity, and process parameters have a big influence on mechanical properties of the fabricated parts. In this paper, the experimental results from the static tensile tests, the compression tests and the dynamic three-point bending test are presented. The tests were performed for different orientations of printing specimens. It was shown that to assess the mechanical properties of printing parts (made by using selective laser sintering (SLS) technique)our own measurements need to be obtained. The available catalogue data are not sufficient for further investigations like in the finite element (FE) analyses.
PL
W pracy opisano proces sieciowania ciekłokrystalicznej żywicy epoksydowej bis[4-(10,11-epoksyundekanoiloksy)benzoesanu] p-fenylenu (MU22). Jako utwardzacz wykorzystano aminę aromatyczną 4,4’-diaminodifenylometan (DDM). Stosunek molowy reagentów w kompozycji MU22/DDM zmieniano w zakresie od 0,8 do 1,2 (ilość atomów wodoru w grupie aminowej w przeliczeniu na grupę epoksydową). Reakcję monitorowano metodą skaningowej kalorymetrii różnicowej DSC, stopień przereagowania oceniano przy użyciu spektroskopii ATR-FTIR. Proces sieciowania przeprowadzono bez iw polu magnetycznym. Scharakteryzowano właściwości termiczne, termo-mechaniczne i morfologię kompozytów MU22/DDM (1/0,8), MU22/DDM (1/1) i MU22/DDM (1/1,2) używając metod DSC, DMA oraz WAXS. Analiza WAXS potwierdziła orientację ugrupowań mezogenicznych w polu magnetycznym.
EN
The crosslinking process of the liquid-crystalline epoxy resin bis[4-(10,11-epoxy-undecanoyloxy)benzoate] p-phenelene was described. The aromatic amine 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) was used as a curing agent. The stoichiometry of MU22/DDM composition was varied; the molar ratio of amine hydrogen-epoxy groups ranged from 0,8 to 1,2. The reaction was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), conversion was estimated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The crosslinking process was carried out without and with magnetic field. The thermal, thermomechanical properties and morphology of MU22/DDM (1/0,8), MU22/DDM (1/1) and MU22/DDM (1/1,2) compositions were studied with use of DSC, DMA and WAXS techniques. Orientation of mesogenic groups in magnetic field was confirmed during WAXS analysis.
EN
A Kelvin-Voigt model consisting of a spring and a dashpot in parallel was applied for the viscoelastic characterization of solid rocket propellants. Suitable values of spring constants and damping coefficients were employed by a least squares fit of the errors to generate creep curves using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) for composite solid propellants. Three different composite propellant formulations based on HTPB/AP/Al having burning rates of 5 mm/s, 15 mm/s and 20 mm/s were tested under different stress levels varying from 0.1 MPa to 3 MPa and at different temperatures varying from 35 °C to 85 °C. Creep behavior with recovery was studied and analyzed to evaluate the viscoelastic properties. The change in spring constants, representing elastic deformation, was very small compared to the damping coefficients for the propellants studied. For a typical propellant formulation, when the stress level was increased, the spring and damping coefficient both increased significantly whereas for an increase in temperature, they remained nearly constant. However, the ratio E/η was observed to be constant and independent of stress level. It was also observed that the variation of E and η varied linearly with increase in stress whereas their ratio showed a logarithmic variation. A mathematical correlation was developed to evaluate the viscoelastic properties during creep of composite propellants.
EN
Purpose: This paper presents the study aimed at the development of crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate)s (X-PMMA) of varied crosslink density and the investigation of the relationships between the polymer network structure and dynamic mechanical properties. Methods: A series of model X-PMMA networks were crosslinked by the introduction of: 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20% of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The copolymerizations led to various glass-rubber relaxation properties of the polymer networks, as revealed by dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA). Glass temperature (Tg) and storage modulus above the Tg ( ) Erubbery  were a sensitive function of network architecture. DMA data were used for calculating the network parameter (Mc), crosslink density (q) and its alternative measure – the degree of crosslinking (DX). Results: The viscoelastic properties as well as structural parameters calculated from those showed correlation with the amount of the crosslinker. The increase in TEGDMA content resulted in the Tg, q and DX increases, whereas Mc decrease. The possible incomplete conversion of double bonds was detected in the DMA analysis, which was confirmed by the degree of conversion (DC), measured by FTIR spectroscopy. Additionally, some amount of sol fraction was found by 1H NMR experiments. Conclusions: The structure-property relationships developed for the system presented in this work could be useful in tissue engineering, where X-PMMA is applied. The direct measure of storage modulus values before and above glass transition may serve as a simple and fast indicator of the X-PMMA crosslink density.
PL
Pomiary DMA można wykonywać w bardzo różnych warunkach w celu charakteryzowania własności mechanicznych materiałów. Dokonując zmiany temperatury, częstotliwości i amplitudy przemieszczenia, można uzyskać bardzo dużo informacji o próbce. Właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów lub materiałów anizotropowych można w pełni opisać, zmieniając kierunek pomiaru odkształcenia lub stosując inne tryby pomiarowe. W artykule opisano kilka typowych przykładów.
PL
W artykule omówiono różne kwestie odnoszące się do pomiarów TGA. Wykazano również, że inne techniki analizy termicznej takie jak różnicowa kalorymetria skaningowa (DSC), analiza termomechaniczna (TMA), dynamiczna analiza mechaniczna (DMA) i analiza termooptyczna (TOA) mogą w istotny sposób ułatwiać interpretację wyników pomiarów TGA.
PL
W przypadku wielu praktycznych badań wykonanie pojedynczego pomiaru DSC nie wystarczy, aby ocenić właściwości cieplne próbki. Wykonanie dodatkowych pomiarów przy pomocy innych technik analizy termicznej takich jak analiza termograwimetryczna (TGA), analiza termomechaniczna (TMA) i dynamiczna analiza mechaniczna (DMA) pozwala uzyskać bardziej szczegółowe informacje. W niniejszym artykule omówiliśmy kilka praktycznych przykładów.
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