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Growth, Yield and Biochemical Responses in Barley to DAP and Chitosan Application Under Water Stress

Al-Tawaha Abdel Rahman M., Jahan Nusrat, Odat Nidal, Al-Ramamneh Ezz Al-Dein, Al-Tawaha Abdel Razzaq, Abu-Zaitoon Yousef M., Fandi Khalid, Alhawatema Mohammad, Amanullah, Rauf Abdur, Wedyan Mohammad, Shariati Mohammad Ali, Qaisi Ali M., Imran, Tawaha Khaled, Turk Munir, Khanum Samia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

86--93

EN

The present investigation was aimed at enhancing the quality and productivity of barley by the fertilizer and chitosan application. The field experiments were conducted in the northern region of Jordan, under the rain fed conditions in the main growing seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The experiment was conducted in a well-designed split-plot having three replications and two fertilizer levels (0 and 100 kg•ha-1 DAP (Diammonium phosphate 46% P2O5). Chitosan, in three different concentrations (0, 5, and 10 g•L-1), was randomly applied to all fertilized plots as subplot treatments. The results revealed the highest seed dry weight (5.8 g per plant) in the plants treated with 100 kg•ha-1 of DAP, while the lowest (5.2 g per plant) was recorded in the control which exhibited an increase of about 10%. However, other parameters, namely the number of grains, number of spikes, and number of grains were also found to be influenced by the chitosan treatment. Significant variation (P < 0.01) were also high between the lines in the presence and absence of chitosan application. The highest number of grain yield, number of spikes, and grains/spike were found by the foliar treatment of 10 g•L-1 chitosan to barley plants at the tillering stage. Similarly, the grain quality, particularly with respect to protein and starch, was found to be enhanced significantly over control. The highest protein (12.6%) and starch (62.3%) were obtained with 100 kg•ha-1 DAP fertilizer level mixed with 10 g•L-1 chitosan. Hence, based on results, it can be concluded that the fertilizer level 100 kg•ha-1 DAP combined with 10 g•L-1 chitosan is economically best and recommendable for improving the quality and productivity of barley in the northern region of Jordan.

2

Metodyka obliczania dawki pochłoniętej przez pacjenta podczas zabiegów z zakresu neuroradiologii zabiegowej na podstawie kermy

Modlińska S.

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2016

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Vol. 5, nr 4

199--201

PL

Wymogi prawa narzucają na personel obliczanie dawki pochłoniętej (w grejach) i odniesienie jej wartości do limitów określonych w Rozporządzeniu Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 18 lutego 2011 r. w sprawie warunków bezpiecznego stosowania promieniowania jonizującego dla wszystkich rodzajów ekspozycji medycznej. Celem pracy jest przybliżenie metodyki obliczania dawki pochłoniętej w grejach [Gy] na podstawie parametrów otrzymanych z rejestratorów dawki, na przykład kermy. Zastosowanie współczynnika korekcji, współczynnika BSF oraz wykorzystanie arkuszy kalkulacyjnych umożliwia szybką i prostą realizację zadań postawionych przez Rozporządzenie.

EN

Legal requirements impose on staff necessity of calculation of the absorbed dose (expressed in grays) and the reference of the value to the limits set out in the Regulation of the Minister of Health on 18 February 2011 on the conditions for the safe use of ionizing radiation for all types of medical exposure. The aim of this work is to present the methodology of calculation of the absorbed dose in grays [Gy] on the basis of parameters obtained from the dosage recorders, for example kerma. The usage of correction factor, BSF factor and spread sheets enables quick and easy implementation of tasks set by the Regulation.

3

Przegląd stosowanych metod oceny skuteczności i efektywności organizacji zorientowanych na ciągłe doskonalenie

Sułkowski M., Wolniak R.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2013

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z. 67

63--74

EN

The purpose of this article is a brief overview of current methods of evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the organizations focused on continuous improvement of processes and products. It is also intended to indicate the method or group of methods for the assessment of the most relevant companies operating within the formal system of management quality.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest krótki przegląd obecnie stosowanych metod oceny skuteczności i efektywności organizacji zorientowanych na ciągłe doskonalenie procesów i wyrobu. Ma on także na celu wskazanie metody lub grupy metod najbardziej przydatnej do oceny przedsiębiorstwa funkcjonującego w ramach formalnego systemu zarządzania jakością.

4

Desmuramylopeptydy - struktura i aktywność biologiczna

Dzierzbicka K., Sągol K., Wardowska A., Trzonkowski P.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2009

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[Z] 63, 11-12

1089-1114

EN

Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) is a potent immunostimulator and immune adjuvant. Numerous studies reported on immunoactivities of bacterial PGN, most of which have been reproduced by a chemically synthesized low-molecular PGN fragment, muramyldipeptide (MDP) 1 (Fig. 1) [2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13]. Another type of PGN fragment, desmuramylpeptides (DMPs), has also been chemically synthesized to mimic PGN containing meso-DAP, and the DMPs exerted similar bioactivities to MDP. In 1984 [18] reported that y-D-Glu-meso-DAP was the minimum structural unit capable of eliciting bioactivities induced by DMPs. Recently demonstrated that intracellular protein carrying a nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain (NOD), NOD2 an intracellular receptor for MDP and DMPs containing DAP was recognized by another NOD protein, NOD1 [8, 33]. Replacement of the N-acetylmuramyl moiety with various acyl groups thus represents an important approach to the design and synthesis of new immunologically active MDP analogues – desmuramylpeptides, e.g. FK-156 9, pimelautide 11 (Fig. 2), 7-(oxoacyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamines, carbocyclic MDP analogues (Fig. 13) [3, 13] in which a more lipophilic cyclohexane ring is present instead of the polyhydroxy pyranose ring of D-glucosamine, and the adamantyl-substituted MDP analogue LK-415 (Fig. 8) [54]. The FK-156 isolated from Streptomyces olivaceogriseus [21, 22] and its synthetic analogue of FK-565 10 (Fig. 2) have been reported to be a potent stimulant of antibody production and free of pyrogenicity. These compounds with close structural resemblance to bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan peptides, exhibit very interesting biological activities. Both FK-156 10 and FK-565 11 (Fig. 3) enhance host defense ability against microbial infections, exhibit strong antiviral activity and remarkable antitumor potency [2, 13, 14, 18]. Also other acyl-DMPs were obtained and their activity described (Table 1). The most promising DMPs analogues were series of phthalimido-DMPs 46-53 (Fig. 7). In these compounds N-acetylmuramic acid residue was replaced by various N-phthaloylated amino acids [42–49] or phthalimido substituted aminoethoxyacetic acid to give immunologically active acyclic MDP analogues like LK-423 46 (LK-413 47, LK-511 48, LK-512 49, LK-508 50) (Fig. 7) [42, 47–49]. LK-423 has been selected for further studies to develop an anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical agent. In 2001 Gobec et al. [54] reported the synthesis of new adamantyl-DMPs LK-415 55 and LK-517 56 (Fig. 8) with 1-adamantyl-carboxamido moiety replacing N-acetylglucosamine fragment in MDP. Their efficiency in modulating the production of cytokines IL-12, TNFá, IFNă, IL-4, and IL-10 was measured in vitro in ionomycin and PMA activated cultures of PBMC, co-incubated with the analogues tested. The results were compared with the activity of MDP. All substances were strong regulators of IL-12 synthesis and IFNă synthesis as well. Introduction of diethyl phosphonate moiety into LK-517 was of great importance for augmented T-cell cytokine production. Dzierzbicka et al. [55] described synthesis of three analogues of DMPs 57a,b, 58 modified with an amino-acridine/acridone residue. The screening data indicate that the analogues 57a,b and 58 (Fig. 9) exhibit low cytotoxic activity. Uehara et al. [59] reported MDP and DAP-containing desmuramylpeptides in combination with chemically synthesized Toll-like receptor agonists (Fig. 10) synergistically induced production of IL-8 in a NOD2- and NOD1-dependent manner, respectively, in human monocytic cells in culture. In 2008 Kawasaki et al. [33] designed synthesis of DAP containing PGN fragments and tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) (Fig. 5) and investigated their biological activity. Recently, N-acetylglucosamine- 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide (Fig. 12) and evaluation of its turnover by AmpD from Escherichia coli has been reported [61]. The synergism of MDP and DMPs with other chemotherapeutics is also promising in the therapy of many infectious and anticancer diseases. This paper reviews the most important approaches to desmuramylpeptides (DMPs), their derivatives and displays structure-reactivity relationships of these compounds.

5

Synthesis of 2,6-Diaminopimelic Acid (DAP) and Its Analogues

Dzierzbicka K.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2007

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Vol. 81, nr 4

455-473

EN

This article reviews synthesis of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid, an important amino acid biosynthesized by bacteria and higher plants. Anumber of peptidoglycan fragments containing the diaminopimelic acid (DAP) residue exhibit antitumor and/or immunostimulant activity. DAP is a versatile building block of many natural and synthetic compounds with a number of potentialmedicinal applications. The synthesis of immunostimulants FK-156 and FK-565 is also presented.