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1

Maritime resource management: current training approaches and potential improvements

Praetorius G., Hult C., Österman C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

573--584

EN

Shipping can be regarded as a high-risk domain with a large complexity in operations. Accidents and incidents may involve serious danger for seafarers and passengers, as well as for the environment and society at large. Education and training play a crucial role for the safe conduct of ships. While technical skills have been at the core of a mariner’s skillset, non-technical skills (NTS) have become increasingly important for the safe conduct of merchant vessels. Therefore, knowledge in NTS has become a mandatory requirement for officers serving on board. This knowledge is normally taught in courses labelled Bridge Resource Management, Engine room Resource Management, or Maritime Resource Management. While the number of courses in the industry is steadily increasing, research focused on NTS training and its relation to safety in operation seems sparse. This review article aims to provide an overview of scientific literature focused on training NTS for maritime operations published between 2000 and 2018. Based on the reviewed literature the article identifies and discusses current research gaps, trends and potential future directions to improve maritime resource management training.

2

Selected aspects of shaping the competence of civil and military air transport crew using Crew Resource Management (CRM) training

Kułakowski G., Nowakowski H.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 102

85--97

EN

In this article, the Crew Resource Management (CRM) is described as an important element of the flight safety system aimed at preparing and supplying the aircraft crews with the necessary knowledge and competencies in the area of personal and group performances and limitations (Human Factor – HF). It also presents the CRM training requirements for both flight and cabin personnel in commercial aviation, as well as selected issues regarding the training of the military aviation personnel in the field of human factors and CRM. This paper identifies the common CRM training areas in the field of civil and military, and also presents the fundamental differences and challenges faced by the military aviation in the area of CRM training, based on one of the five key factors of the “5M model” by James Reason influencing the aviation incidents – “Media” (Environment).

3

The Impact of Family and Job Content on Swedish Seafarers’ Occupational Commitment – A Gendered Issue?

Hult C., Österman C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

27--34

EN

Ongoing research has indicated important effects on seafarers’ occupational commitment due to gender and family situation. In this study, these findings have been elaborated further by controlling for the effect of perceived work content. Statistical analyses were employed, using a survey material of Swedish seafarers collected from a national register in 2010. The results showed that the effect on occupational commitment of having children at home is strongly positive and statistically significant for women. However, the significance was dependent on the level of satisfaction with the job content. It was suggested that the seafaring occupation could be viewed as a cooping strategy, although only appropriate if the job content is agreeable. Another important family effect was, as expected, the positive effect of having a relative working, or having worked, at sea. This effect was, however, only significant for male seafarers in the age group below the early 40’s. It was concluded that this effect is mainly emotionally driven and not particularly influenced by the actual job content. The results further showed that working in the catering department comes with a strong negative effect on commitment to the seafaring occupation for women. This effect, however, lost its significance after control for job content. It was concluded that the effect of satisfaction with job content on occupational commitment is generally important, with the exception of women, without children, working in the catering department.

4

Enhancing Safety through Generic Competencies

Möckel S., Brenker M., Strohschneider S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 1

97--102

EN

This article provides insights into proactive safety management and mitigation. An analysis of accident reports reveals categories of supervening causes of accidents which can be directly linked to the concept of generic competencies (information management, communication and coordination, problem solving, and effect control). These findings strongly suggest adding the human element as another safety-constituting pillar to the concept of ship safety next to technology and regulation. We argue that the human element has unique abilities in dealing with critical and highly dynamic situations which can contribute to the system’s recovery from non-routine or critical situations. By educating seafarers in generic competencies we claim to enable the people onboard to successfully deal with critical situations.

5

Women Seafarers: Solution to Shortage of Competent Officers?

Magramo M., Eler G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 3

397--400

EN

This study aimed to determine the participation of women in the seafaring profession. It also looked into the hiring practices of the different manning and shipping companies in the country. It also tack-led the hindrances or obstacles a woman seafarer faces in a male dominated world like seafaring. This research utilized the interview approach in data-gathering among the crew managers, and an in-depth interview with a lone woman seafarer participant.

6

Crew Resource Management: The Role of Human Factors and Bridge Resource Management in Reducing Maritime Casualties

Yousefi H., Seyedjavdin R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 3

391--396

EN

This paper presents the Crew Resource Management which has now been in the existence for more than two decades as a foundation of maritime transport in order to improve the operational efficiency of shipping. The impact of human errors on collisions and grounding of ocean going vessels have been taken place due to the human or team errors which need to be analyzed by various maritime casualties in depth. The first section of this article is devoted to investigate the role of Human Resource Management, Crew Resource Management and Maritime Crew Resource Management; it is because of minimizing ship accidents at sea. The next part of this paper is designated to evaluate the Bridge Resource Management, Bridge Team Man-agement and Human factors in depth. It should be noted that the necessary techniques in bridge team man-agement should be clarified based on the consideration of the issues that why bridge team management is ar-ranged. The next segment of this paper is dedicated to consider the ways of minimizing ship accidents by offering optimum training methods for the future seafarers. The last part of this paper is designated to assess the qualification of maritime lecturers based on STCW95 Convention and the MARCON project for teaching the Bridge Resource Management.

7

The Role of the Maritime Institutions on the Shortage of Officers

Magramo M., Bernas L., Calambuhay J., Eler G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 4

449--451

EN

This study aimed to determine the role of the maritime institutions in the midst of the shortage of officers in the world manning industry. The quality of instruction and the competency of the professional instructors are seen as an important factor in producing quality graduates who will eventually become officers to man modern ships of today.

8

The Economical Emigration Aspect of East and Central European Seafarers: Motivation for Employment in Foreign Fleet

Sencila V., Bartuseviciene I., Rupsiene L., Kalvaitiene G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 3

337--342

EN

East and Central Europe countries practically experience advantages and disadvantages of sea-farers‘ employment in foreign shipping companies. There is a need to investigate this phenomenon in the aspect of economical emigration. Shortage of marine officers worldwide exaggerates the shortage of seafarers in the mentioned region because of the economical emigration of national seafarers to foreign fleet, which pro-vides more favorable conditions. These facts encouraged investigating several questions using case study method in one country (Lithuania), which social-economic conditions are similar to other countries of the re-gion: What shipping companies (national or foreign) marine officers give priority to be employed to? What is the motivation of such a decision? What personal characteristics mostly determine this decision? The study results show very strong seafarers’ attitude towards economical emigration, reveal the reasons of this phenomenon and relations with the personal characteristics of marine officers. Key words: economical emigration, seafarers, motivation.

9

Officers as Prostitutes: Myth or Reality? (A Study on Poaching of Officers in the Philippines)

Magramo M., Eler G., Calambuhay J., Bernas L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 3

333--335

EN

This descriptive-qualitative research looked into the reasons why a seafarer is likened to a pros-titute and in what aspects they are alike. It also aimed to determine from the key informants the practices and or procedures employed by shipping and manning companies in order to fill in the much needed position on board that has become a scarcity in the last years. Likewise it aimed to determine how these manning compa-nies keep their present pool of officers in their rooster. What are the strategies employed by the different manning companies in keeping their officers and crew loyal to their respective companies?

10

Mentoring and the Transfer of Experiential Knowledge in Today’s Merchant Fleet

Le-Goubin A. L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 1

95--101

EN

According to various statistics, the number of marine accidents is rising, and recent increases in the cost of P & I insurance cover provides further evidence that the cost of these accidents is also soaring. This paper establishes that a contributory factor to the increase in accidents is that experiential knowledge (knowledge gained from professional, ‘on the job’ experiences and reflected upon) is not being passed from senior to junior officers onboard many merchant vessels, in the traditional way that it used to be, by mentor-ing. Following worldwide research throughout the maritime community by questionnaire, and ethnographic research by the author, the paper will show what is considered to be the most significant lack of knowledge and causation of this lack of knowledge. It will offer some practical suggestions that may break down these barriers and re-establish the flow of experiential knowledge in the multi-national, multicultural merchant fleet of today.

11

Problem Behaviours Among Children of Filipino Seafarers in Iloilo City, Philippines

Jaleco V. B., Gayo M., Pador R., Alimen R. A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 2

221--224

EN

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the problem behaviours among children of Filipino seafarers in Iloilo City, Philippines. The researchers used random sampling technique to determine the 200 respondents of the study. This research employed the descriptive method of analysis. The statistical tools were frequency and rank to describe the children problem behaviours. When taken as an entire group, data showed that the problem behaviours were self-centeredness, substance use, delinquency, and physical aggression. When grouped according to program, the problem behaviours were self-centeredness, delinquency, physical aggression, and substance use as reference to high school program, while those who were in college, the problem behaviours were self-centeredness, substance use, delinquency, physical aggression. When grouped according to sibling rank, the results showed that out of the 76 eldest children, the problem behaviours were self-centeredness, substance use, delinquency, and physical aggression. While, the problem behaviours of the 66 middle children of Filipino seafarers were self-centeredness, substance use, physical aggression, and delinquency. The 58 youngest children of Filipino seafarers’ problem behaviours were self-centeredness, substance use, physical aggression, and delinquency. When grouped according to gender, male children problem behaviours were self-centeredness, delinquency, substance use, and physical aggression. And, 86 female children problem behaviours were self-centeredness, delinquency, substance use, and physical aggression. As to the marital status, children whose parents were living, the problem behaviour were self-centeredness, substance use, delinquency, and physical aggression. Children of Filipino seafarers who had separated parents, the problem behaviours were self-centeredness, substance use, physical aggression, and delinquency.

12

Predicting Emotional Intelligence in Maritime Management: Imperative, Yet Elusive

Potoker E. S., Corwin J. A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 2

225--229

EN

There is extensive literature addressing the subject of “emotional intelligence” (EI) and its importance to the profile of leaders and models of leadership. Despite what some have argued as the sine qua non of leadership, there are arguably few, if any, valid instruments available to predict demonstration of EI competencies. This paper focuses on EI and challenges to measurement as it relates to leadership development in maritime management —where EI competencies are deemed critical to effective performance. The authors review and evaluate current instruments that claim to measure EI, survey hiring practices in selected companies in the shipping industry, and make recommendations for further research.

13

Officers’ Shortage: Viewpoints from Stakeholders

Eler G., Calambuhay J., Bernas L., Magramo M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 4

471--474

EN

This qualitative research looked into the views and opinions of the different stakeholders in the shipping/manning on the shortage of qualified and competent officers to handle modern ships of today. This shortage poses the biggest challenge shipping companies are currently facing. An in-depth interview of the participants was utilized in the data gathering for this study. It also looked into what maritime schools can do to help solve this problem. Findings showed that there are many sectors involved and have contributed to the present shortage of officers, namely: the shipping companies, the manning companies, the maritime schools, government agencies and the attitude of the seafarers themselves, not to mention the continuing demand for new vessels brought about by globalization of trade and industry.

14

An Analysis of Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation by Iranian Women as Officer and Master Mariner

Yousefi H.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 4

463--467

EN

The author attempts to describe the safety factors which should be considered for the sea transportation through coastal waters and the International waterways. First segment of this paper is designated to investigate the role of females as crew and officer on board ships. Based on STCW95 Convention and from the professional point of view the author believes that the Iranian females can be able to take responsibility on board ship as officer or even master mariner. Boys and girls can learn the required theories at the college when they are Cadet and improve their skill on board ship; therefore, operation of the advanced equipment on board ship can be done by both sides easily. A section of this paper is devoted to elucidate the various aspects of Iranian culture for the sea jobs which are going to be carried out by Iranian women on board ships. Some technical suggestions will be described in this paper in order to be taken into account the cultural factors by the IMO representative and finally the Parliament of Islamic Republic of Iran. The existence of women especially Iranian women or the mixture of men and women officers on board Iranian ships in order to improve the safety factors of sea transportation will be discussed in depth.

15

A Noble Profession Called Seafaring: the Making of an Officer

Magramo M., Gellada L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 4

475--480

EN

This study aimed to determine the perceptions of the managers in the shipping and manning companies in the Philippines and the seafarers regarding the nobility of the seafaring profession in the light of the shortage of competent officers. It utilized the interview approach in gathering data. It was found out that in other countries especially in OECD or highly industrialized countries, the youth today are no longer interested in the seafaring profession. Working on board ships is becoming less attractive for students coming out of the schools and colleges. In the past, seafarers were paid better than their peers on shore, and they had the opportunity to travel across the world. In the Philippines, it is still preferred by some students whose fathers or relatives are seafarers. They have seen that the profession is financially rewarding and it is perhaps the best, if not the only way to improve their quality of life. This study also looked into the perceptions and opinions of the practitioners, the master mariners themselves who once also struggled in order to realize their dreams and aspirations in life. Most of the officers interviewed believed that it takes determination and focus in the job in order to be successful. Thus, students aspiring to become officers and ultimately captains or master mariners must study hard, persevere and be disciplined to be able to overcome any problem along the way.

16

What is Human Factors Compared to Crew Resource Management?

Fahlgren A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 1

109--112

EN

The expression Human Factors can be interpreted in two different ways. Firstly: Human Factors is theoretical knowledge based on psychology and CRM is the practical use of that knowledge. Secondly: Human Factors is a concept, which we all too often hear is to blame for an incident or accident. What we actually should say is Human Failure this is where a person is to blame, instead of using the impersonal expression Human Factors. Maybe I am a bit provocative when I state that Human Factors do not cause accidents. It is Human Failure that causes accidents not Human Factors. I regard our Human Factors as a fantastic construction and design contributing to a greater quality of life that makes our lives on Earth both safer and more positive. Thanks to the appreciation and understanding of Human Factors, the fatal accident rate within Commercial Airlines has been reduced by 97% during the last 30 years. As I see it, when our Human Factors stop functioning, accidents can occur. In other words, a Human Factors breakdown will result in Human Failure. This indicates that the most important thing to learn and be aware of is all the external factors that will have a profound and negative influence on our Human Factors. So let me suggest that the following factors are directly detrimental to our Human Factors. Stress; Fatigue; Illness; Insufficient Training; Drugs; Hunger & Thirst; Lack of oxygen (at high altitude) and an Unsuitable or Bad Attitudes.

17

Securitas Mare – Crowd and Crisis Management

Bergquist C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 1

113--118

EN

Shipping is by nature a genuinely international activity, with strict requirements for harmonized and equal training, regardless of where it is conducted. IMO’s model courses aims to give guidance in this respect. However, each signatory party to STCW-95 is free to set its own standards for the training. Around the world this has led to the unfortunate situation where there is not only variation in form, but also in content of the actual training that is being performed. The project Securitas Mare or “Safe Seas” was promoted through the EU’s Leonardo da Vinci program to address one aspect of this particular problem and aimed to create a common European standard for Crowd and Crisis Management training. The project had 15 partners, amongst them 10 MET institutions and the course concept thus created has today been accepted as an alternative standard in 6 of the participating countries. Presently a continuation has been started, in October 2006, to continue to spread the projects result through a so called Transfer of innovation-project. This presentation deals with the aims and results of the course and the project, describes the 15 project partners, the excellent results achieved as well as the projects future aims for specialized training also for shore side staff and other categories of seagoing personnel not covered by today’s requirements.