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Natural and anthropogenic factors that participate in the forming of the spring and benthic invertebrates in the karst area of Cracow–Częstochowa Upland (Poland)

Różkowski J., Dumnicka E.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2010

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nr 441 Hydrogeologia z. 10

139--143

EN

The authors have carried out their investigations at the karst carbonate massif of the Cracow–Częstochowa Upland (CCU) since the 1990s of the XX century. The Upper Jurassic aquifer, which is a Major Ground Water Basin (MGWB No 326), was delimited in this area. It is closely connected with surface waters including living biocenoses and other dependent from the state of water. At the area of the CCU exist several hundred springs. At the drainage areas of springs authors conducted interdisciplinary investigations, including hydrogeological, geochemical, geological studies performed in spring drainage areas. The communities of benthic invertebrates were determined as the biomarkers of the environmental state. In natural springs remarkable groups of species such as oligostenothermic, crenophilic or crenobiontic prevailed whereas in springs under anthropopression mainly eurybiontic species could be stated. Stygobiontic species were also found in a few springs. The study, done together with the recognition of regional land management and pollution sources, allow to estimate the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on water environment and its biotic elements within the karstic area of the CCU.

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Krajobrazy kulturowe Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej. Rozważania o przyrodzie, historii, wartościach i zagrożeniach

Myga-Piątek U.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 10

337--357

EN

The article points to several very up‐to‐date issues that occur in relation with the vanishing of traditional forms of land use and introduction of new, other than indigenous, management styles in the area of the Kraków‐Częstochowa Upland. Current processes of deterioration of the structure of the cultural landscapes of the Upland have been discussed with regard to natural values and the historical proces of land management by man. The article is a peculiar case study for quite common negative transformation of the Polish countryside caused by relatively free use of the space, legal negligence, low awareness and poor identification of residents with the landscape – the countryside which loses its peculiar and typical features as the result of “mass consumption”. The text also presents positive examples of care taken for the regional landscape and lists initiatives aimed at improving the image of the discussed area.

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Konkrecje hiatusowe z iłów rudonśnych Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej

Zatoń M., Marynowski L., Bzowska G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 2

131-138

EN

Hiatus concretions are arly-diagenetic sedimentary bodies, which in their history of formation, underwent exhumation during sedimentation break and/or erosion of sea-floor. Then they were colonized by various encrusters and borers, before they were buried again. Within Middle Jurassic (Bajocian through Bathonian) clays, hiatus concretions occur in four localities in the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland (south and central Poland): Ogrodzieniec, Bugaj, Mokrsko and Krzyworzeka. Preliminary data about their mineralogy, organic geochemistry and palaeoecology is given. Mineralogical analyses showed, that except dominant high Mg-calcite (up to 87.10% of total carbonates), concretions possess minor amounts of such compounds as quartz, clay minerals (kaolinite and illite), pyrite, siderite or Mg-kutnahorite. However, high differences are observed between total organic carbon contents of concretions (TOC=0.46%) and surrounded clays (TOC = 2.16%), but their molecular composition is similar. Most of identified biomarkers are of terrestrial origin. In clay lithology, the hiatus concretions are the only sedimentary bodies that clearly mark the sedimentation pauses (hiatuses). In the investigated area, they form more or less continuous horizons. The concretions are calcitic, possessing various encrusting fauna such as bryozoans, oysters and oyster-like bivalves, serpulids, solitary corals and foraminifers. They often post-date the borings, belonging to such ichnogenera as Gastrochaenolites, Trypanites and Entobia. Some of the nodules show distinct transition from firmground (characterized by the presence of Glossifungites ichnocoenosis) to hardground (presence of Trypanites ichnocoenosis), pointing to the fact, that they formed at, or very close to, the sediment-water interface. Some concretions, like those from Bugaj and Mokrsko, are characterized by their high diversity of hard bottom communities. Those concretions are also irregular in shape; others, like those from Ogrodzieniec and Krzyworzeka, possess lower diversity. The concretions from Krzyworzeka are especially dominated by the borers, while the encrusters are sparse and not diverse. Those nodules that are wide and flat tend to be more bored on one surface only, while those that are more roundish, are bored on both sides more evenly. The degree of diversity is probably correlated with physical disturbance, causing the rolling and overturning of the exhumed concretions in the littoral zone. On the other hand, the overall diversity could be lowered due to destructive abrasion either of the shallowest borings, echinoid/gastropod scratch marks and shells of nestling bivalves, as well as more delicate epilithozoans.

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Human impact on physical and chemical properties of springs from Cracow - Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland)

Galas J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 3

329-341

EN

The water chemistry, granulometric composition and organic matter content of the sediments in 25 springs of the Cracow-Częstochowa Uplands (Southern Poland) were studied. The springs (range of discharge: 0.01-1440 l s-1) were cool with almost constant temperature (7-10°C), and the content of calcium, SO4 and oxygen saturation were also fairly constant throughout the year. Springs from the northern region differed in pH and discharge from springs from the southern region of the Uplands. Average nutrient contents were high (4.1 mg NH4 dm-3, 7.5 mg NO3 dm-3, 1.04 mg PO4 dm-3) in those springs which are under the influence of human impact (i.e. local source pollution from farms and agriculture management). The sediments in the springs of the southern part of the Upland were mostly silt, containing 4% of organic matter (dry weight), while the sand fraction, with a low (0.9%) organic matter content dominated in substrates of the northern Upland springs.

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Geological value of Biśnik Cave sediments (Cracow-Częstochowa Upland)

Mirosław-Grabowska J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 52, nr 1

97-110

EN

The Biśnik Cave is located near the town of Pilica in the central part of the Smoleń-Niegowonice Range (Cracow-Częstochowa Upland). During archaeological excavations a section of clastic sediments above 7 m thick was exposed. Based on sedimentological, mineralogical and archaeological data, the lithology and stratigraphy of the deposits were ducumented. Series I (layers 18-8) accumulated in a dry cave environment in the Tertiary (layer 18), during the Middle Polish Glaciation (layers 17-14), the Eemian Interglacial (layers 13-12) and in the older part of the Vistulian (layers 11-8). Series II (layers 7-5) reflects accumulation under fluvial conditions during the Middle Vistulian. Series III (layers 4-2) consist of aeolian deposits accumulated during the Upper Vistulian. The humus layers (layers 1b-1a) were formed during the Holocene. The composition of the rich palaeontological material was used for reconstruction of the natural environment and the climatic conditions during the accumulations of the sediments. The existence of forest is documented during the time of the accumulation of layers 15, 13, 12. The presence of aquatic species of fauna testifies to the existence of a small river in the neighbourhood of the cave (e.g. layers 11, 6-7). The high proportion of remains of steppe-tundra fauna indicates environment (e.g. layers 14, 8, 2). The results of the investigations of the Biśnik Cave sediments helped in reconstructing the evolution of the relief of the surrounding area.