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Ecotoxicity of Pyrolytic Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Municipal and Industrial Waste

Cernecka J., Skrobankova H., Raclavska H., Heliova K., Bendova M.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2017

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R. 18, nr 1

119--124

EN

The samples of pyrolytic carbon from Burgau Waste Pyrolysis Plant (Germany) produced by pyrolysis of municipal, industrial and special waste were monitored in terms of ecotoxicity. Collembola (springtails) were selected for reproductive bioassay. After 28 days’ incubation of juveniles, the value of EC50 was determined for selected metals. The study indicates the lowest sensitivity of Folsomia candida to iron (1.689 mg/kg dry matter correspond to EC50). The relative sensitivity for other metals can be expressed in form of a series: Fe < Zn = Cu < Pb < Mn < Ni = Cd. The highest sensitivity was found for cadmium (1.2 mg/kg dry matter). Pyrolytic carbon from MPA Burgau contains high concentrations of chlorides, which cause inhibition of reproduction of Folsomia candida and therefore represent a limiting factor for determination of ecotoxicity of heavy metals in Folsomia candida. The index of acute toxicity EC50 was obtained for concentration of 500 mg/kg chlorides in dry matter.

PL

Próbki karbonizatu z Burgau Waste Pyrolysis Plant (Niemcy) wytwarzanego podczas pirolizy odpadów komunalnych, przemysłowych i specjalnych były badane pod kątem ekotoksyczności. Do badań biologicznych rozmnażania wybrano Collembola (skoczogonki). Po 28 dniach inkubacji młodych, ustalono wartość EC50 dla wybranych metali. Badanie wykazało najniższą wrażliwość Folsomia candida na żelazo (1,689 mg/kg suchej masy w stosunku do EC50). Relatywna wrażliwość na inne metale może zostać zaprezentowana jako Fe < Zn = Cu < Pb < Mn < Ni = Cd. Najwyższą wrażliwość stwierdzono dla kadmu (1,2 mg/kg suchej masy). Karbonizat z MPA Burgau zawiera wysokie stężenia chlorków, które powodują zahamowanie reprodukcji Folsomia candida a zatem jest ograniczonym wskaźnikiem ekotoksyczności metali ciężkich. Wskaźnik toksyczności ostrej EC50 otrzymano dla stężenia 500 mg/kg chlorków w suchej masie.

2

Ilościowa i ekologiczna charakterystyka zgrupowań skoczogonków (Hexapoda: Collembola) na plantacji żyta ozimego uprawianego w wieloletniej monokulturze i w pięciopolowym płodozmianie

Gruss I. A., Twardowski J. P.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 57, nr 3

129-132

PL

Celem badań było określenie liczebności i przynależności ekologicznej zgrupowań skoczogonków występujących na plantacji żyta ozimego uprawianego w wieloletniej monokulturze (89-letniej) w porównaniu do pięciopolowego płodozmianu. Badania przeprowadzono w Stacji Doświadczalnej SGGW w Skierniewicach, w latach 2010-2011. Collembola wypłaszano z gleby z wykorzystaniem aparatów Tullgrena. Skoczogonki liczniej występowały w płodozmianie pięciopolowym w porównaniu do monokultury. Stawonogi te okazały się wrażliwe na zmiany parametrów fizyko-chemicznych gleby i występowały w większych liczebnościach na poletkach o wyższej zawartości węgla organicznego i próchnicy. Skoczogonki hemiedaficzne były najliczniejszą grupą w porównaniu do form epigeicznych i euedaficznych w obu kombinacjach doświadczenia.

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the abundance of springtails and classify them to certain ecological groups on winter rye plantation in a long-term monoculture (89 years) in comparison with a 5-crop rotation. The research was conducted at Experimental Station SGGW in Skierniewice, in 2010-2011. Collembola were extracted from soil using Tullgren apparatus. Springtails were more numerous in 5-crop crop rotation compared with monoculture. These mesofauna was very sensitive to changes of soil physicochemical properties and occurred in larger number in plots with higher organic carbon and humus content. Hemiedaphic springtails were the most numerous group in comparison with euedaphic and epigeic groups in both treatments of the experiment.

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Soil mesofauna (Acarina and Collembola) along transects crossed shelterbelts of different age and adjacent fields

Olejniczak I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

637-646

EN

The communities of soil mesofauna were studied in the year 2004 along three transects crossed shelterbelts of different age (6, 11 and 170 years old) and adjacent wheat fields at a distance of 0.5, 15 and 50 m. Studies were carried out in the Gen. D. Chłapowski Landscape Park near Turew, Western Poland (16 [degrees] 45'E, 52 [degrees] 01'W). The age of shelterbelts vegetation affected soil mesofauna of adjacent fields in a diverse way. The mean density of mites amounts 7.4 x 10[^3] ind. m[^-2] and 2.6 x 10[^3] ind. m[^-2] respectively for the shelterbelts and fields. Densities of Acarina communities were affected not only by the presence of a shelterbelt (P = 0.000) but also its age (P = 0.02) and the distance from it (P = 0.000), and these effects were similar in spring and autumn (P = 0.08). The mean density of springtail noted in shelterbelts of different age was 2.0 x 10[^3] ind. m[^-2]. Although the effect of the the shelterbelts. age on the density of Collembola was not found (P= 0.3), the densities were different in shelterbelts and in adjacent fields (P = 0.006) but statistical significance was found only between spring and autumn (P = 0.000). The distance from the shelterbelt influenced (though less intensely) the density of Collembola on adjacent field (P = 0.01). Eighteen species of Collembola were found in studied shelterbelts and fields. Isotoma notabilis Schaff. usually dominated in shelterbelts. Its contribution to abundance of communities varied depending on the age of shelterbelts (in 6 years old shelterbelt it constituted as many as 71% of the whole community). In 11 years old shelterbelt Schoetella ununguiculata (Tullb.), was more common than Isotoma notabilis Schaff. and in the 170 years old shelterbelt the dominant species was Onychiurus armatus (Tullb.). Proisotoma minuta (Tullb.), Isotoma notabilis or Onychiurus armatus dominated in adjacent fields though their contribution was depended on shelterbelt.s age and on the distance from it.

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Collembola (Insecta) disperse the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil: pot experiment

Seres A., Bakonyi G., Posta K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 2

395-399

EN

Collembola often play an important controlling role in the interrelationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants. However there are little data to prove AMF dispersing ability of Collembola. In our experiment Folsomia candida (Willem) did not consume the spores of Glomus mossea (Nicol. and Gerd.) and G. intraradices )Schenck and Smith), but Sinella coeca (Schott) consumed 45% of the G. mossea spores and 71% of G. intraradices spores. Both species were able to disperse mycorrhiza in the soil, but the efficiency of dispersal was different. F. candida carried the infection more effectively than S. coeca, in spite of the fact that F. candida did not consume the spores in the food choice experiment. The total plant biomass was 23% higher in the presence of F. candida and 8.5% higher in the presence of S. coeca then in the control treatment without Collembola. The water content of the plants was also a little higher in the presence of both Collembola species (about 10%) than that of the control plants, but this difference was not statistically significant. Collembola improved the dispersion of the AM fungi, therefore enhanced the nutrient and water uptake of the plant.

5

Succession of selected soil invertebrates in conditions of soil polluted with oil derivatives

Jaworska M., Gospodarek J.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr 11

1249-1254

EN

The investigations were conducted to determine how long a negative effect of various oil-derivatives towards selected groups of soil invertebrates - arachnids (Arachnida) and springtails (Collembola) may last in soil. The fauna was trapped in 2003-2004. The experimental objects comprised: soil polluted with petrol, soil polluted with diesel oil, soil polluted with used engine oil and unpolluted soil (control). The polluting substances were dosed 2 dm3/m2. Soil contamination with engine oil and petrol dosed 2 dm3/m2 does not negatively affect the arachnid occurrence. The period of oil derivatives negative effect on springtail occurrence may range between c. a. 5 weeks and even 5 months. Prom among the analysed substances petrol revealed the least negative effect. Research has confirmed Collembola usability as potential bioindicators of soil contamination with oil derivatives.

PL

Celem podjętych badań było określenie, jak długo może utrzymywać się negatywne oddziaływanie różnych substancji ropopochodnych w stosunku do wybranych grup bezkręgowców glebowych - pajęczaków (Arachnida) i skoczogonów (Collembola). Odłowy fauny prowadzono w latach 2003-2004. Obiektami badawczymi były: gleba zanieczyszczona benzyną, gleba zanieczyszczona olejem napędowym, gleba zanieczyszczona przepracowanym olejem silnikowym oraz gleba nieskażona kontrola). Substancje zanieczyszczające zastosowano w ilości 2 dm3/m2. Skażenie gleby olejem silnikowym i benzyną w dawce 2 dm3/m2 nie wpływa ujemnie na występowanie pajęczaków. Długość okresu negatywnego oddziaływania ropopochodnych na występowanie skoczogonów może wahać się od ok. 5 tygodni nawet do 5 miesięcy. Spośród badanych substancji najmniej negatywny wpływ wykazuje benzyna. Badania potwierdzają przydatność Collembola jako potencjalnych bioindykatorów zanieczyszczenia gleby substancjami ropopochodnymi.

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Comparison of Collembola (Springtails) communities in meadows and forests on drained peat soils of different origin

Kaczmarek M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 4

431-437

EN

The results of the study carried out in areas that differed in soil moisture in two years differing in the amount of precipitation provide evidence that drained peatlands on segde-moss peat managed as meadows enhance a higher stabilization of Collembola communities than the adjacent areas subjected to spontaneous forest succession: changes in numbers are small, biomass is higher than in the forest, and the similarity of species composition from year to year is higher than in the forest. The dominance structure, the same species being dominant, is almost identical. In the alder peat, the most suitable conditions for the development of Collembola communities are created in the area subjected to spontaneous forest succession after drainage, rather than in drained meadows. Collembola community in the forest was characterized by a higher abundance and biomass and a higher index of species diversity than in the meadow, and by a higher species similarity from year to year.

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Long term changes (15 years) of Collembola communities on drained fens

Kaczmarek M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1998

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Vol. 46, no 3

237-242

EN

The species composition and abundance of Collembola communities in three drained fen sits of varying peat composition in north-east Poland were examined et interval of fifteen years. The dependence of biomass and abundance of the communities on abiotic conditions (precipitation, temperature, ground water level) were similar in all sits. It was found after fifteen years that in each site the proportion of different species, the domination of dominant species and mean individual weight became similar. It was explained by the increasing similarity of the peat substrates of the three sits over this period, itself connected with a decrease in fluctuation of the ground water level.