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Middle Palaeozoic chondrichthyans and the associated ichthyofauna from southern Poland : a review

Ginter Michał, Wilk Olga

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2021

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Vol. 91, No. 3

253--286

EN

During the last sixty years, large collections of ichthyofauna, mainly isolated, microscopic, skeletal remains (ichthyoliths), from the Middle–Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks of southern Poland have accumulated in the hands of Polish palaeontologists and in palaeontological institutions. Some parts of these collections were described in unpublished dissertations and others were published in dispersed papers, dealing mostly with selected regions or taxa. This review summarises the available data from the following regions: the Holy Cross Mountains, the Cracow Upland, the Sudetes and the Lublin Coal Basin (in the latter two cases, single localities). Altogether, 29 chondrichthyan species were identified and a few more still require classification. Of the Sarcopterygii, three species of onychodontiforms and one of the actinistians were found, in addition to a collection of dipnoans that was described much earlier. A few morphological types were distinguished among actinopterygian scales; otherwise the actinopterygian fossils are not referred to any lower-level taxon, and the same applies to the acanthodians. There were several attempts in the past to apply Polish ichthyoliths in biostratigraphy and palaeoecology, but after all these years, it appears that such propositions have only limited significance.

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Diversity of vertebrate remains from the Lower Gogolin Beds (Anisian) of southern Poland

Antczak Mateusz, Ruciński Maciej, Stachacz Michał, Matysik Michał, Król Jan J.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 4

419--433

EN

Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) limestones and dolostones of southern Poland contain vertebrate remains, which can be used for palaeoecological and palaeogeographical analyses. The results presented concern vertebrate remains uncovered at four localities in Upper Silesia and one on Opole Silesia, a region representing the south-eastern margin of the Germanic Basin in Middle Triassic times. The most abundant remains in this assemblage are fish remains, comprising mostly actinopterygian teeth and scales. Chondrichthyan and sauropsid remains are less common. Reptilian finds include vertebrae, teeth and fragments of long bones, belonging to aquatic or semi-aquatic reptiles, such as nothosaurids, pachypleusorosaurids, and ichthyosaurids. Also, coprolites of possibly durophagous and predacious reptiles occur. In the stratigraphic column of Mikołów, actinopterygian remains are the most numerous and no distinct changes of the taxonomic composition occur. Although this assemblage differs from those described at other localities (Ząbkowice with numerous chondrichthyans, Żyglin, and Płaza with common sauropsid fossils), sampling bias has to be considered.

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Chondrichthyan spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of Russia

Lebedev Oleg A., Ivanov Alexander O., Linkevich Valeriy V.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 3

339--362

EN

Very rare chondrichthyan spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of European Russia are referred here to ctenacanthiforms, euselachians and a chondrichthyan group of uncertain systematic position. Ctenacanthus Agassiz, 1837 is recorded from the lower and middle Famennian of the central and north-western parts of the area. Sculptospina makhlaevi Lebedev gen. et sp. nov. originates from the lower Famennian of the Lipetsk Region. The holotype of ‘Ctenacanthus’ jaekeli Gross, 1933 and a new specimen from the upper Famennian of the South Urals are shown to belong to the same taxon, which is transferred to Acondylacanthus St. John and Worthen, 1875. New specimens of Tuberospina nataliae Lebedev, 1995 from the upper Famennian of Central Russia are described in detail. The newly presented material increases our knowledge of the composition of Famennian marine assemblages from the East European Platform. It is suggested that these assemblages may be classified as chondrichthyan-dominated and dipnoan-dominated. Hypothetically, after the end- Devonian Hangenberg extinction event, which affected numerous secondary consumers in vertebrate communities, some chondrichthyan groups could have encroached to take advantage of previously occupied ecological niches. Ctenacanthus, as well as Acondylacanthus and Amelacanthus survived the end-Devonian mass extinction to continue into the Carboniferous.

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Orthacanthus platypternus (Cope, 1883) (Chondrichthyes: Xenacanthiformes) teeth and other isolated vertebrate remains from a single horizon in the early Permian (Artinskian) Craddock Bonebed, lower Clear Fork Group, Baylor County, Texas, USA

Johnson G. D.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

421--436

EN

An unusual 6–8 cm layer of prismatic cartilage and matrix containing some 8,800 teeth, coprolites, incomplete occipital spines, and denticles of Orthacanthus platypternus (Cope, 1883) occurs in the lower Permian (Artinskian) Craddock Bonebed in Texas, USA. It is the only species of shark present in the Clear Fork Group except for three worn Xenacanthus Beyrich, 1848 occipital spine fragments and two teeth of ?Lissodus (Polyacrodus) zideki (Johnson, 1981) (Hybodontoidei), both being the first occurrences in this unit. Analysis of measurements of teeth with complete bases randomly selected from 3,050 initially available teeth failed to reveal the presence of sexual dimorphism or the discrete presence of juveniles as expected, based on an independent study which identified the presence of Orthacanthus juvenile occipital spines. A few highly symmetrical small teeth are present, which had not been previously observed in the Texas lower Permian. They may be symphyseals and restricted only to juveniles. Other unusual teeth include germinal teeth and deformed teeth, both of which occur in the Clear Fork and underlying Wichita groups. One tooth displays an apparent example of the equivalent of an “enamel pearl” on one of its cusps. The most unusual teeth are those that appear to have undergone various stages of resorption. Only the lingual margin of the base is affected in which the apical button is resorbed to varying degrees until only the labial margin with the basal tubercle and the three cusps are all that remain. If the teeth were undergoing resorption, then the perplexing problem is why the apical button is resorbed and not the superjacent basal tubercle. Other vertebrate remains include palaeoniscoid scales and teeth and unidentified tetrapod bone fragments, jaw fragments, and teeth. Rare fragments of bones (scales?) bear a “comb edge” which have not been previously observed in the Texas lower Permian.

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A revision of Campyloprion Eastman, 1902 (Chondrichthyes, Helicoprionidae), including new occurrences from the Upper Pennsylvanian of New Mexico and Texas, USA

Itano W. M., Lucas S. G.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

403--419

EN

Campyloprion Eastman, 1902 is a chondrichthyan having an arched symphyseal tooth whorl similar to that of Helicoprion Karpinsky, 1899, but less tightly coiled. The holotype of Campyloprion annectans Eastman, 1902, the type species of Campyloprion, is of unknown provenance, but is presumed to be from the Pennsylvanian of North America. Campyloprion ivanovi (Karpinsky, 1922) has been described from the Gzhelian of Russia. A partial symphyseal tooth whorl, designated as Campyloprion cf. C. ivanovi, is reported from the Missourian Tinajas Member of the Atrasado Formation of Socorro County, New Mexico, USA. Partial tooth whorls from the Virgilian Finis Shale and Jacksboro Limestone Members of the Graham Formation of northern Texas, USA, are designated as Campyloprion sp. Two partial tooth whorls from the Gzhelian of Russia that were previously referred to C. ivanovi are designated as Campyloprion cf. C. annectans. The age of Toxoprion lecontei (Dean, 1898), from Nevada, USA, is corrected from the Carboniferous to the early Permian. An alternative interpretation of the holotype of T. lecontei is presented, resulting in a reversal of its anterior-to-posterior orientation. The genera Helicoprion, Campyloprion, and Shaktauites Tchuvashov, 2001 can be distinguished by their different spiral angles.

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A preliminary note of egg-case oviparity in a Devonian placoderm fish

Carr R. K., Jackson G.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

381--389

EN

Six enigmatic fossils from the Famennian (Devonian) Cleveland Shale in Ohio, U.S.A., are interpreted here as arthrodiran (Placodermi) egg cases. Recognition as egg cases is confirmed based on the observation of layered collagen fibers. The presence of a tuberculated bone fragment preserved within one case confirms a vertebrate source. The nature of the tubercles and the unique morphology of the egg cases supports the interpretation of an arthrodiran source. Reports of Devonian egg cases are limited to either assumed chondrichthyan producers or a putative ‘egg sac’ with a morphology atypical for any vertebrate. The Cleveland Shale egg cases thus represent the first record for a non-chondrichthyan producer. Among placoderms, behaviors of a pelagic life style with obligate nesting sites, reef fishes with live birth, and estuarine and fluvial nurseries, along with eggcase oviparity testifies to the diversity of reproductive strategies. As with modern fishes these strategies may be ecologically driven and the derived and variable reproductive biology of extant chondrichthyans is actually a primitive condition among gnathostomes. One consequence of the diversity of reproductive strategies (dependent on the topology of relationships) is the independent origin of internal fertilization within placoderms, possibly suggesting external fertilization as the primitive gnathostome reproductive mode.

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Upper Devonian microvertebrates from the Canning Basin, Western Australia

Roelofs B., Playton T., Barham M., Trinajstic K.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 1

69--100

EN

A diverse microvertebrate fauna is described from the Virgin Hills and Napier formations, Bugle Gap Limestone Canning Basin, Western Australia. Measured sections at Horse Spring and Casey Falls (Virgin Hills Formation) and South Oscar Range (Napier Formation) comprise proximal to distal slope carbonates ranging in age from the Late Devonian Frasnian to middle Famennian. A total of 18 chondrichthyan taxa are identified based on teeth, including the first record of Thrinacodus tranquillus, Cladoides wildungensis, Protacrodus serra and Lissodus lusavorichi from the Canning Basin. A new species, Diademodus dominicus sp. nov. is also described and provides the first record of this genus outside of Laurussia. In addition, the upper range of Australolepis seddoni has been extended to Late Devonian conodont Zone 11, making it the youngest known occurrence for this species. The Virgin Hills and Napier formations microvertebrate faunas show close affinities to faunas recovered from other areas of Gondwana, including eastern Australia, Iran, Morocco and South China, which is consistent with known conodont and trilobite faunas of the same age.

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Geology and taphonomy of the base of the Taquaral Member, Irati Formation (Permian, Paraná Basin), Brazil

Chahud A., Petri S.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 3

379--387

EN

The taphonomy of Early Permian vertebrates from a sandy facies at the base of the Taquaral Member, Irati Formation, was surveyed in order to acquire data for the interpretation of the sedimentary processes and paleoenvironment of deposition. Six outcrops from the Rio Claro municipality and surrounding areas, from the Brazilian State of São Paulo, were investigated. The vertebrate groups are Chondrichthyes (Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes and Petalodontiformes), Osteichthyes (Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii) and Tetrapodomorpha. They occur as loose teeth, scales, spines and bone remains. The sandy facies is characterized by fining upward deposition. The coarser sandstone immediately above the underlying Tatuí Formation is rich in Chondrichthyes. However, the fine sandstone above, immediately beneath the silty shale facies, is devoid of Chondrichthyes, though Osteichthyes scales, teeth and bones were present. The taphonomy is important for inferring sedimentary processes and then the paleoenvironments. The poor sorting of the sandstone and the presence of fossils that are mostly abraded or worn are indicative of a high energy environment. In contrast, the presence of fossils in a good state of preservation, some without abrasion and breakages are indicative of only limited transport. Differences of fossil spatial density, numbers of specimens and taxa may be explained by the dynamics of deposition, from details of the palaeoenvironment can be obtained.

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Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Mobarak Formation, Central Alborz Mountains, Iran

Habibi T., Ginter M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2011

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Vol. 61, no. 1

27-34

EN

Well exposed Tournaisian, mainly carbonate, rocks of the Mobarak Formation in the area of Shahmirzad village, Central Alborz, Iran, yielded almost 200 chondrichthyan teeth and scales, associated with numerous actinopterygian microremains. Ten different taxa were recognised among the chondrichthyan teeth, of which the most abundant are those representing Euselachii (Protacrodus and Lissodus), Symmoriiformes (Denaea), and Phoebodontiformes (Thrinacodus). The high relative abundance of protacrodont crushing teeth, but lack of holocephalian dental elements suggest that the sediments forming the Shahmirzad section were deposited in a shallow shelf environment, but probably not on a carbonate platform.

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Chondrichthyan microfossils from the Famennian and Tournaisian of Armenia

Ginter M., Hairapetian V., Grigoryan A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2011

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Vol. 61, no. 2

153-173

EN

The assemblages of chondrichthyan microremains from the Famennian of Armenia show great resemblances to those from central Iran. Particularly, the very rich sample (almost 200 teeth) from the lower Famennian of Ertych contains a fauna similar to that from the Iranian section of Hutk, and the sample from the upper Famennian of Khor Virap has its counterpart in the sample from Dalmeh, Iran. Only one chondrichthyan taxon definitely unknown from Iran, Ertychius intermedius gen. et sp. nov., was recorded. The other newly described species, Lissodus lusavorichi sp. nov., was noted earlier from Dalmeh, but at that time was left unnamed. It appears that the same type of relatively shallow marine environment predominated in the central and north-western parts of the Iranian Platform during the Famennian and that in a given time-interval the same type of ichthyofauna was distributed throughout the area. The single lower Tournaisian sample from the Sevakavan section yielded a peculiar form of thrinacodont teeth, possibly intermediate between Thrinacodus tranquillus and Th. ferox.

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Pelagic chondrichthyan microremains from the Upper Devonian of the Kale Sardar section, eastern Iran

Hairapetian V., Ginter M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 3

357-371

EN

An assemblage of fifteen taxa of chondrichthyan microremains from late Frasnian through late Famennian pelagic deposits of the Kale Sardar section, eastern Iran, is described. Several taxa (Phoebodus bifurcatus, Phoebodus sophiae and Protacrodus vetustus) are reported for the first time from Iran. The presence of Deihim mansureae and Ph. sophiae in the Late rhenana to linguiformis Zones and Phoebodus rayi in the early triangularis Zone of the Kale Sardar section, provides new biostratigraphic information. The late Frasnian part of the assemblage corresponds to the faunas from the intrashelf basins of central europe, and the middle.late Famennian part is comparable to that from the tafilalt Platform of Morocco.

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Famennian chondrichthyan remains from the Chahriseh section, central Iran

Hairapetian V., Ginter M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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Vol. 59, no. 2

173-200

EN

A diverse shallow water assemblage of chondrichthyan microremains is described from the Famennian of the Chahriseh section, central Iran. Twenty-two taxa are identified; of these two new taxa viz. Roongodus phijani gen. et sp. nov. (Hybodontoidea) and Arduodens flammeus gen. et sp. nov. (Ctenacanthiformes) have been erected. Two morphoecological subtypes of Ph. gothicus dentition, characteristic of deeper and shallower shelves, are proposed.

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Vertebrate remains from the Lower Muschelkalk of Raciborowice Górne (North-Sudetic Basin, SW Poland)

Chrząstek A.

Geological Quarterly

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2008

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Vol. 52, No 3

225-225

EN

Vertebrate remains, mostly fish teeth and scales, are described from the Lower Muschelkalk of Raciborowice Górne, North-Sudetic Basin, SW Poland. The assemblage occurs in dark grey organodetrital limestone of unit C. Vertebrate remains, represented mainly by vertebrate bones and coprolites, are also known from unit B. Five taxa of chondrichthyan teeth — Acrodus lateralis, Acrodus cf. lateralis, Acrodus sp., Palaeobates angustissimus, Palaeobates sp. and, for the first time from this region, two taxa of osteichthyan remains — teeth of Birgeria sp., scales from Gyrolepis sp. as well as scales from unclassified actinopterygians and enigmatic bones (fishes?) are described from the Lower Muschelkalk at Raciborowice Górne. Reptile teeth represent ing the Nothosauridae or Cymatosauridae have been found for the first time at this locality. They were discovered in the Bone Bed of unit C, that had previously only yielded fish teeth. The material collected has allowed reconstruction of the vertebrate as semblage of the Lower Muschelkalk of the North-Sudetic Basin. It has also helped to constrain reconstructions of the palaeoenvironment, sugesting that it represented a deepening lagoon. The assemblage has been correlated with age-equivalents from other regions of Europe, the faunas from the Holy Cross Mts. (Central Poland) being the closest analogy. The evidence indicates that, during the deposition of units Band C that, contain the vertebrate remains, connection with the Tethys Ocean was through the Silesian–Moravian and East Carpathian marine gateways.

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Some observations on Denaea fournieri (Chondrichthyes, Symmoriiformes) from the Lower Carboniferous of Belgium

Maisey J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2008

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Vol. 58, no. 2

185-190

EN

Preliminary observations are presented concerning endoskeletal morphology in the Lower Carboniferous symmoriiform shark Denaea fournieri, and some problems in the original description are highlighted. D. fournieri almost certainly possessed a tropibasic braincase and its cranial morphology agrees in most respects with that observed in other symmoriiforms, although it had an extremely narrow ethmoidal region and may have lacked supraorbital cartilages. Its pectoral fins were probably similar to those of other symmoriiforms, and the radialbearing margin of its metapterygium most closely resembles that of falcatids and Stethacanthulus. Using Cladoselache as an outgroup, several apomorphic characters are identified in symmoriiform pectoral fins.

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Early Frasnian sharks from central Iran

Hairapetian V., Ginter M., Yazdi M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2008

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Vol. 58, no. 2

173-179

EN

Two limestone bone-beds in the early Frasnian of the Chahriseh section, central Iran, yielded numerous chondrichthyan teeth and scales. The fauna includes, most probably, only two taxa: a hitherto unknown aztecodontid omalodontiform, Manberodus fortis gen. et sp. nov., and a multicuspid phoebodontiform, provisionally referred to as Phoebodus cf. latus GINTER & IVANOV, 1995.Anew omalodontiform family, Aztecodontidae, including Aztecodus LONG& YOUNG, 1995 and Manberodus gen. nov., is proposed.

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Devonian filter-feeding sharks

Ginter M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2008

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Vol. 58, no. 2

147-153

EN

Upper Frasnian rocks of Utah and Nevada yielded several multicuspid, low-crowned shark teeth. It is proposed that they were used mainly for filtering food from water. Two new chondrichthyan species bearing such teeth were distinguished: a phoebodontid Diademodus utahensis sp. nov., with up to 17 very delicate cusps in the tooth-crown; and a cladodont of uncertain systematic position, Lesnilomia sandbergi gen. et sp. nov., also known from the upper Frasnian of Moravia.

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Famennian chondrichthyans from the shelves of North Gondwana

Ginter M., Hairapetian V., Klug C.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 52, nr 2

169-215

EN

Ichthyoliths, mainly shark teeth, from the Famennian of Iran and Northwest Africa are described. Evolution of shallow-water chondrichthyan assemblages on the shelves of Central Iran and the Tafilalt Platform, Morocco, related to time and environmental changes, is discussed. Four new taxa, viz. Deihim mansureae gen. et sp. nov. Protacrodus serra sp.nov., Phoebodus depressus sp. nov., and Ph. gothicus transitans subsp. nov. are erected and provisional reconstructions of heterodonty in dentitions of several Famennian sharks are proposed.

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Late Famennian pelagic shark assemblages

Ginter M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2000

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Vol. 50, no. 3

369-386

EN

Chondrichthyan microremains from a section at Soureille d'Izarne (Montage Noire, southern France), with a new species,Thrinacodus tranquillus sp.n., are described and compared to several other late Famennian pelagic chondrichthyan assemblages.Three general chondrichthyan biofacies are distinguished: shallow water Protacrodus biofacie; intermediate Phoebodus-Thrinacodus biofacies, characteristic of moderately deep,open shelves; and deep water Jalodus biofacies The intermediate biofacies is the most widely distributed and usually yields the richest and most diverse assemblages

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The Early Famennian recovery of phoebodont sharks

Ginter M., Turner S.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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1999

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Vol. 49, no. 2

105-117

EN

Early Famennia microvertebrates from the Cape Fortune Member, Parry Islands Formation, of the Beverley Inlet area of Melville Island, Arctic Canada, comprise the teeth and possible scales of a new phoebodontid shark, Phoebodus rayi sp.n., of a protacrodont shark, Protacrodus aequalis IVANOV, and rare teeth of other sharks. The new phoebodont from the early Famennian crepida Zone is closely related to the Lazarus taxon, Ph. typicus GINTER & IVANOV. Ph. typicus emerges in the early Famennian Late triangularis Zone following the phoebodont shark hiatus subsequent to the Kellwasser Event which apparently caused extinction of most earlier phoebodonts.