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1

The use of algae as carbon dioxide absorber in heat production industry

Kupczak Paweł, Kulig Sylwester

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no 1

13--18

EN

There are approximately 15 million users of system heat in Poland, but unfortunately nearly 70% of the fuel used in heat production is fossil fuel. Therefore, the CO2 emission reduction in the heat production industry is becoming one of the key challenges. City Heat Distribution Enterprise Ltd. in Nowy Sącz (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej sp. z o.o.) has been conducting a self-financed research and development project entitled The use of algae as carbon dioxide absorbers at MPEC Nowy Sącz. The project deals with postcombustion CO2 capture using Chlorella vulgaris algae. As a result of tests conducted in a 1000 l hermetic container under optimal temperature and light conditions, the recovery of biomass can be performed in weekly cycles, yielding approximately 25 kilograms of biomass per year. Assuming that half of the dry mass of the algae is carbon, it can be said that 240 grams of carbon is bound in one cycle, which, converted to CO2 , gives 880 grams of this gas. Our results showed that around 45.8 kilograms of CO2 per year was absorbed. Additionally, it is possible to use waste materials and by-products of technological processes as a nutrient medium for algae.

PL

W Polsce z ciepła systemowego korzysta ok. 15 mln osób, lecz niestety blisko 70 proc. paliw zużywanych do produkcji ciepła to paliwa węglowe. Zatem redukcja emisji CO2 w ciepłownictwie staje się jednym z kluczowych wyzwań. Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej sp. z o.o. w Nowym Sączu realizuje projekt badawczo-rozwojowy finansowany ze środków własnych pn. Zastosowanie alg jako absorbera dwutlenku węgla w MPEC Nowy Sącz. Projekt związany jest z wychwytywaniem CO2 po spalaniu z wykorzystaniem alg Chlorella vulgaris. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań w szczelnym zbiorniku o pojemności 1000 l w optymalnych warunkach temperatury i oświetlenia odzysk biomasy można prowadzić w cyklach cotygodniowych, uzyskując ok. 25 kg biomasy rocznie. Przyjmując, że połowa suchej masy alg to węgiel, można przyjąć, że w jednym cyklu związane zostaje 240 g węgla, co w przełożeniu na CO2 daje 880 g tego gazu. W skali roku można zatem zaabsorbować ok. 45,8 kg CO2. Dodatkowo jako pożywkę dla alg można stosować materiały odpadowe i produkty uboczne z procesów technologicznych.

2

Utilization of Chlorella vulgaris after the Extraction Process in Wastewater Treatment as a Biosorption Material for Ciprofloxacin Removal

Al-Mashhadani Enass S. M., Al-Mashhadani Mahmood K. H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

1--15

EN

Potentially negative environmental and human health effects have led to pharmaceutical chemicals,which are labeled as a new class of environmental contaminants. Adsorption is one of the most appealing choices to remove that pharmaceutical waste in recent years. However, the environmental limitations of the adsorbent material are an obstacle to the development of this process. The current study suggested the remaining Chlorella vulgaris biomass, after the extraction process of the biomaterials, to be a bio-absorption material in removing the Ciprofloxacin from the hospital wastewater. The preparation and characterization of the suggested adsorbent through FTIR analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, were present in the current study. Several functional groups (such as carboxylic, amines, hydroxyls, and amides) were observed to aid the adsorption process. After the extraction process, the results showed a growth in the peaks, indicating an increase in functional groups, particularly the -O.H. and -N.H. groups, while having changed toward lower energy after binding with CIP atoms, as well as an increase in surface area from 2.3723 to 3.6224 m2/g. The XRD was shown to be compatible with the EDX test, which both demonstrated a decrease in carbon element concentration due to the deconstruction process. The effects of Ciprofloxacin bio-sorption variables, including contact time, initial Ciprofloxacin concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage, were adopted as a parametric study. The maximum adsorption capacity was recorded at pH 7 with an adsorbent dose of 2.75 g/L; after 120 minutes, the data show that 89.9% of Ciprofloxacin has been adsorption onto the extracted biomass.

3

Chlorella vulgaris auto-flocculation in wastewater treatment. Preface to granulation

Wang Chao, Wang Changwen, Sun Wenhui, Li Zixiang

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 1

45--56

EN

Microalgae wastewater treatment technology has not only the function of wastewater treatment but also biomass production, resource recovery, and biological carbon fixation with significant economic and environmental benefits. Good sedimentation of microalgae cells is the key to realize wastewater treatment and microalgae cell proliferation. In this study, short settling time in sequence batch reactors (SBRs) was utilizable as an environmental selection pressure to promote the auto-flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris treating synthetic domestic wastewater. After 60 days of operation, bacteria-microalgae consortia formed in the reactors, improving the settling efficiencies. Microalgae cultivation reactor with 30 min settling time had the largest flocs size and highest settling efficiency. Bacteria-microalgae granular sludge had a relatively high content of P, Fe, Mg, and Ca elements that both bacteria and microalgae coexisted and adhered to each other. The dominant bacteria distribution of bacteria-microalgae granular sludge was like that of aerobic granular sludge, which implied bacteria played a vital role in Chlorella vulgaris auto-flocculation. Lastly, the mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris auto-flocculation in wastewater treatment was interpreted.

4

Removal of Hydrocarbons from Wastewater by Chlorella vulgaris and Observation of the Biochemical Effects on the Algae

Al-Janabi Amerah Imran Hussein, Naje Ahmed Samir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

96--103

EN

The current study aimed to use the biological treatment (Phycoremediation) for sewage water, where the green alga Chlorella vulgaris was used in the treatment process and to improve water quality by removing some of the pollutants contained in the water, the most important of which are hydrocarbon pollutants, and to note the changes in the biochemical properties of the algae, such as the SOD enzyme and CAT enzyme and total chlorophyll before and after the treatment process. The treatment process took place between wastewater and green algae when the latter reached a stable stage to ensure its high treatment capacity and the best possible life span. Where the measurements were made for the characteristics of the treated water in addition to the biochemical measurements of the algae on the 4th and 8th day of the biological treatment. A study of the growth curve of C. vulgaris showed that the growth phase started on day 6, reached stability on day 12, then reached the death phase on day 19, and continued to decline until the death of the alga. The results of the study showed the value of what was contained in the wastewater before the treatment process, as it was as follows: total hydrocarbons (5.38 mg/l), as for the biochemical properties of algae before exposure to wastewater, they were as follows: superoxide dismutase enzyme (1.2197 U/mg), catalase enzyme (0.6023 U/mg), total chlorophyll (6.1503 mg/g). After the wastewater treatment process was completed, the high ability of green algae to remove hydrocarbon pollutants from the water was shown, at a rate of 72.3–64.5%, respectively. The results of the study showed the effect of sewage water on some physiological characteristics of algae, as it showed an increase in the activity of SOD after 4 days of treatment to reach 1.33 U/mg, while the activity decreased on the 8th day to reach 1.289 U/mg, as for the CAT enzyme It appeared in the same way as the previous enzyme, as its effectiveness increased after 4 days of treatment to reach 0.6916 U/mg, and decreased on the last day to reach 0.5476 U/mg, while with regard to the value of chlorophyll, the value of chlorophyll a decreased to reach 1.9473 mg/g in the last day, while on the contrary, the value of chlorophyll b increased to reach 4.5369 mg/g in the last day, while for total chlorophyll its value increased to reach 6.4842 mg/g in the last day.

5

Removal Efficiency of Synthetic Toxic Dye from Water and Waste Water Using Immobilized Green Algae – Bioremediation with Multi Environment Conditions

Juda Sarab A., Ali Ahed Mohammed, Omarin Alla R., Obaid Zahraa Hussein, Salman Jasim M.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

237--247

EN

The synthetic dye industry is a significant source of anthropogenic pollutants emitted into many water bodies across the world. Bioremoval is a substitute for industrial techniques for detoxifying dye-contaminated water. Green algae is an abundant microorganism processing to produce cost-effective, eco-friendly, and high-quality method to bioremediation by immobilization technique. In this present study, The effectiveness of the immobilized green alga Chlorella vulgaris to eliminate Congo red dye in both water and wastewater was assessed through the biodegradation Process under various conditions, including pH, concentration of dye, contact time, and NaCl. The results revealed that the removal increased with increasing contact duration, with the maximum bioremoval percentage occurring at 89.6% at a contact time of 13 days. The removal effectiveness of dye as the number of beads of immobilized C.vulgaris algae grew; the highest removal efficiency was achieved at 7–8 beads of immobilized C.vulgaris algae. There was also an inverse relationship between bioremoval and dye concentration; the maximum removal percentage was 90.1% at 0.1 M dye concentration. The highest removal efficiency was found in the range (91.3–86) at pH 6–7. The bioremoval of Congo red dye was similar in fresh and salinity water (87.2% and 85.3%, respectively). This study observed high removal efficiency for immobilized algae to Congo red under different concentrations of NaCl as an indicator of salinity, ranging between 85.3 and 87.2%.

6

Atrazine toxicity in marine algae Chlorella vulgaris, in E. coli lux and gfp biosensor tests

Matejczyk Marzena, Kondzior Paweł, Ofman Piotr, Juszczuk-Kubiak Edyta, Świsłocka Renata, Łaska Grażyna, Wiater Józefa, Lewandowski Włodzimierz

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 3

87--99

EN

Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used chlorinated herbicide from the s-triazine group. Due to the widespread use of ATR, it leaks into the environment and is detected in drinking water, exceeding the WHO-acceptable concentration of atrazine in drinking water, which is 2 μg/L. The aim of our study was to determine toxicity, protein degradation and genotoxicity of ATR at concentrations of 10; 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L on Chlorella vulgaris and with the application of E. coli bioluminescent biosensor strains. We measured the content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids in Chlorella vulgaris and the inhibition of this algae culture growth. E. coli RFM443 strains with gene constructs grpE:luxCDABE, lac:luxCDABE, recA:luxCDABE and E. coli strain MM294 trc:luxCDABE were used to determine toxicity, degradation of cellular proteins and genotoxicity. On the base of the obtained results, we concluded that ATR in the tested concentrations shows a toxic effect in relation to Chlorella vulgaris. ATR is toxic and genotoxic in E. coli RFM443 strains with grpE, lac, recA promoters and causes degradation of cellular proteins. Moreover, we have detected ATR toxicity toward the GFP protein in E. coli strain MM294-GFP. Taking into account the toxicity and genotoxicity of ATR documented in our research and in the experiments of other authors, we conclude that the presence of this herbicide in surface waters and drinking water is a serious threat to living organisms.

PL

Atrazyna (ATR) to szeroko stosowany na całym świecie chlorowany herbicyd z grupy s-triazyn. Ze względu na powszechne stosowanie, ATR przedostaje się do środowiska i jest wykrywana w wodzie pitnej, przekraczając dopuszczalne przez WHO stężenie, które wynosi 2 μg/L. W przedstawionych badaniach określono toksyczność ATR w stężeniach 10; 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L na glonach Chlorella vulgaris oraz z zastosowaniem E. coli mikrobiologicznych biosensorów z genami reporterowymi gfp i lux. Toksyczność oszacowano na podstawie zawartości chlorofilu a, b, karotenoidów w Chlorella vulgaris oraz zahamowania wzrostu tej kultury alg. Szczepy E. coli RFM443 z konstruktami genowymi grpE:luxCDABE, lac:luxCDABE, recA:luxCDABE i szczep E. coli MM294 trc:luxCDABE wykorzystano do określenia toksyczności, degradacji białek komórkowych i genotoksyczności. W przeprowadzonych badaniach wykryto, że ATR w analizowanych stężeniach wykazuje działanie toksyczne w stosunku do Chlorella vulgaris. W przypadku ATR stwierdzono właściwości toksyczne i genotoksyczne oraz potencjał degradacji białek w szczepach E. coli RFM443 z promotorami grpE, lac, recA. Ponadto wykryto toksyczność ATR w stosunku do białka GFP w szczepie E. coli MM294-GFP. Biorąc pod uwagę udokumentowaną w badaniach własnych oraz w doświadczeniach innych naukowców toksyczność i genotoksyczność ATR, obecność tego herbicydu w wodach powierzchniowych i wodzie pitnej stanowi poważne zagrożenie dla organizmów żywych.

7

The Biomethanization Gas Purification of Using Chlorophyll-Synthesizing Microalgae

Dyachok Vasil, Venher Liubov, Huhlych Sergij

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

259--264

EN

The paper shows the possibility of using chlorophyll-synthesizing microalgae of Chlorella vulgaris to purify biogas from carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). Experimental dependences of the dynamics of CO2 uptake by microalgae under the action of H2S inhibitor and NH3 activator were presented. A mathematical description of the growth of biomass of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, depending on the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, was obtained. The optimal values of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentration for the efficient process of carbon dioxide uptake by chlorophyll-synthesizing microalgae Chlorella vulgaris from biomethanization gas were established.

8

Comparison of Sensitivity of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Microorganisms to the Pollution of Natural Water with Rare Earth Elements (Lanthanum and Cerium)

Lozhkina Roza A., Olkova Anna S., Koval Ekaterina V., Tomilina Irina I., Sysolyatina Maria A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

58--63

EN

The purpose of the work was to compare the sensitivity of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms used in bioassay to lanthanum and cerium under the conditions of a model experiment with aqueous media. Using bioassay methods, the pre-lethal effects of La and Ce in heterotrophic Paramecium caudatum and Escherichia coli, as well as autotrophic Chlorella vulgaris and Nostoc linckia were determined. Model solutions of La2 (SO4)3∙8H2O and Ce2 (SO4)3∙8H2O were tested in the concentration range of 0.1–200 mg/l. As a result, it was shown that heterotrophic organisms are more sensitive to water pollution with La and Ce than autotrophic ones. According to the totality of experiments, cerium turned out to be more toxic than lanthanum. When planning the environmental studies of wastewater or reservoirs polluted with REE, it is recommended to focus on comparative sensitivity of bioassay methods, taking into account the test-functions used: bioassay for chemotaxis of P. caudatum > bioassay for changes in bioluminescence of E. coli (strain M-17) > bioassay for the content of chlorophyll а and intensity of lipid peroxidation in N. linckia > bioassay on the increase in the number of Cl. vulgaris.

9

Influence of Walls in a Container on the Growth of the Chlorella Vulgaris Algae

Kondzior Paweł, Butarewicz Andrzej

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

98--108

EN

Most of the algae are eukaryotic organisms commonly found in the aquatic environment. They are characterized by a great variety of species and the possibility of growing under various conditions. They photosynthesize, mainly needing light, water and carbon dioxide to grow. Algae can be used in various branches of the economy for the production of food, animal feed, bio-fertilizers, pigments, they can be used for sewage treatment or carbon dioxide sequestration. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of the material from which the walls of containers are made on the bioreactors for algae cultivation. Two wall materials were used in the research: shiny aluminium foil and matte black light-absorbing paper. The content of photosynthetic pigments in algae cells, optical density, temperature and pH were examined. The tests were performed in triplicate and the standard error was calculated with the 95% confidence interval. It was observed that the glossy aluminium foil wall significantly improved the growth of the Chlorella vulgaris algae at the lowest light intensities by more than 4 times chlorophyll a compared to the sample placed in a container with walls of matte black paper. This means that the use of walls in shiny aluminium foil containers can reduce the lighting costs and contribute to an increase in the produced biomass.

10

Green Algae as a Way to Utilize Phosphorus Waste

Tleukeyeva Assel, Pankiewicz Radoslaw, Issayeva Akmaral, Alibayev Nuradin, Tleukeyev Zhanbolat

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

235--240

EN

The possibility of using phosphorus-containing wastewater as a raw material for the cultivation of the green algae strain Chlorella vulgaris ASLI-1 can represent an effective processing of phosphorus-containing by-products. A laboratory experiment was made to study the effect of the concentration of phosphorus-containing wastewater on the biomass density of the green alga strain Chlorella vulgaris ASLI-1. Three weeks after sowing, we measured the biomass density of algae in various components of the phosphorus-containing wastewater. Compared to the control (distilled water), the addition of phosphorus-containing wastes did not adversely affect the culture of green algae, with the exception of a 20% medium where algal cells were discolored and had a low biomass density, 104 CFU. However, more research is needed to better study the response of green algae to phosphorus-containing waste, to determine the amount of phosphorus in cells and solution. In addition, evaluate the agronomic efficiency of the Chlorella vulgaris ASLI-1 strain, cultivated on phosphorus-containing waste, when applying fertilizers for growing vegetables.

11

Deconcentration of Chromium Contained in Wastewater Using a Bacteria and Microalgae Consortia with a High Rate Algal Reactor System

Tangahu Bieby Voijant, Berlianto Malik, Kartika Anak Agung Gde

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 8

272--284

EN

Heavy metal pollution has recently gained serious attention as an environmental issue. One example of heavy metal pollution in the natural water environment is chromium metal, which is released by several industries. Polyvalent chromium 6 is one of the most difficult environmental pollutants to remove due to its dissolvable and unstable properties. Bioremediation using a consortium of bacteria and microalgae in a High Rate Algal Reactor (HRAR) system can be expected to decrease the chromium concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of chromium removal by a bacteria and microalgae consortium and to determine the best ratio between these two kinds of microorganism in the context of pollutant reduction. The wastewater containing chromium that was used in this study was artificial wastewater with a chromium concentration of 17 mg/L. The species of microalgae and bacteria were Chlorella vulgaris and Azotobacter S8. The chromium concentration used in the main experiment was determined through a preliminary Range Finding Test (RFT) for the microalgae and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the bacteria. The chromium concentrations in RFT and MIC were 0, 17, 42, 85, 169 and 339 mg/L and the variables in the main study were the respective Azotobacter S8 and Chlorella vulgaris compositions (50:50, 75:25, 25:75 %v/v). This, in addition to the variation in the consortium composition, was compared to the polluted media in the reactor (5:95 and 10:90 %v/v). Such parameters as pH, temperature, total chromium concentration, microalgae cell count, and bacterial colonies were monitored during the experiments. The chromium deconcentration study was conducted over 7 (seven) days in a High Rate Algal Reactor (HRAR) with the microorganism inoculation conducted in the determined composition of artificial wastewater. The reactor was stirred for 24 hours per day and illuminated using artificial light at an intensity of 6000 – 7000 lux. The deconcentration of chromium was analyzed using an Atomic Adsrober Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest chromium removal was reached in the reactor where the ratio of microorganisms and bacteria was 50%:50%, the initial inoculum of polluted media was 5%: 95% and there was a chromium removal rate of 18.68%. The consortium of Azotobacter S8 bacteria and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae can thus reduce the chromium concentration through the mechanisms of biosorption, bioaugmentation, and bioaccumulation.

12

Phycoremediation of mercury in the aquatic environment

Musa Muhammad, Arsad Sulastri, Kilawati Yuni, Hartiono Robroy Freebela, Fajrin Ilyasa, Sari Luthfiana Aprilianita., Prasetiya Fiddy Semba

Environment Protection Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 46, nr 4

69--76

EN

Phycoremediation refers to the technology of using microalgae to reduce pollutants in the aquatic environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reduction of mercury heavy metal in the media by using several species of microalgae such as Spirulina maxima, Nannochloropsis oculata, Chlorella vulgaris, and Porphyridium cruentum. The algae were exposed to mercury during eight days of cultivation. A randomized design was set with three different concentrations of mercury, namely 1, 3, and 5 mg/dm3, with three replications for each concentration. The initial concentration of microalgae was set to 10 000 cells/cm3 for S. maxima and N. oculata, while the concentration for C. vulgaris and P. cruentum was set to 100 000 cells/cm3. The concentration of mercury was measured at the beginning (1st day), the middle (4th day), and the end of microalgae cultivation (8th day) by using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) tool. The result demonstrated a reduction of mercury concentration during the experiment in all experimental media, where the highest reduction was found at 1 mg/dm3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, microalgae have their limited ability to absorb and adsorb heavy metals. Therefore, the utilization of low-concentration microalgae on reducing heavy metal such mercury is recommended and merits further investigation.

13

The Effect of Light-Emitting Diodes Illumination Period and Light Intensity on High Rate Algal Reactor System in Laundry Wastewater Treatment

Tangahu B. V., Triatmojo A., Purwanti I. F., Kurniawan S. B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

170--175

EN

Wastewater that contains high concentration of nutrients can create instability in water ecosystem if left untreated. Laundry wastewater contains nutrients in high concentration. The nutrients that commonly found in laundry wastewater are nitrogen and phosphorus. This study had a purpose to determine the effect of illumination period and light intensity for the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrogen-ammonia (NH3-N), and phosphate (P) content using Chlorella vulgaris in High Rate Algal Reactor (HRAR) treatment. Variables that used were exposure period of 12 and 24 hours and light intensity of 2000–3000 Lux, 4000–5000 Lux, and 6000–7000 lux. The parameters tested to determine the efficiency of nutrient removal were COD, Nitrogen-ammonia, phosphate and Chlorophyll α to determine the condition of algae development. The results showed that the highest nutrient removal were obtained by the reactor with 24 hours illumination period with light intensity of 6000–7000 Lux that was capable of removing 54.63% of COD, and 22.15% of P. The 12-hour illumination period was better in terms of NH3-N removal, up to 50.07%. On the basis of the of statistic test result, the illumination period did not significantly influence the removal efficiency of COD, NH3-N and P indicated by P-value >0.05, while the light intensity significantly affect the removal of COD and NH3-N showed by P value <0.05.

14

Effect of Heavy Metals (Cu and Zn) on the Content of Photosynthetic Pigments in the Cells of Algae Chlorella vulgaris

Kondzior P., Butarewicz A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 3

18--28

EN

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of heavy metals on the photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll a, b and the carotenoids found in the cells of algae Chlorella vulgaris. In order to analyze the influence of heavy metals on Chlorella vulgaris algae, two heavy metals were chosen, i.e. copper and zinc. The samples for analysis were collected daily for 7 days. Copper(II) sulphate, which is widely regarded as an algicide, was used in the study. Chlorella vulgaris grows at the highest concentration tested, amounting to 0.15 mg CuSO4/dm3. In the trial with a concentration of 0.15 mg CuSO4/dm3, a decrease in the content of chlorophyll was observed, which was lower by 63% in comparison to the control sample, 7 days after incubation was observed. In the second study using zinc(II) sulphate at a concentration of 100 mg ZnSO4/dm3, the death of Chlorella vulgaris was observed after 5 days of incubation. In subsequent tests with lower concentrations of zinc(II) sulphate, Chlorella vulgaris is growing, but with lesser dynamics than in the case of the control sample. The increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments, along with the incubation time, indicates the development of algae breeding. The conducted research shows that the Chlorella vulgaris algae has a specific resistance to the presence of the elevated content of tested heavy metals in the breeding medium.

15

Use of the waste fraction from bioethanol production from sugar beets for the production of Chlorella Vulgaris species microalgae biomass

Dębowski M., Zieliński M., Dudek M., Rusanowska P.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2018

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nr 2

180--194

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of using a liquid waste fraction generated in the process of bioethanol production from sugar beets for biomass production from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae. The process of microalgae culture was conducted in three variants differing in the volume of the liquid phase fed to the technological system. The highest technological effects in biomass growth were noted in the experimental variants in which the distillery stillage constituted 5% and 7% of culture medium volume. Concentration of biomass achieved in these variants reached 1416±45.30 mgo.d.m./dm3 and 1458.3±54.52 mgo.d.m./dm3 , respectively. Increasing the content of the liquid waste fraction in the medium to 10% caused significant growth inhibition of biomass of algae from the species Chlorella Vulraris. The use of such a culture medium for microalgae biomass production requires its pre-treatment to remove organic compounds, color and turbidity.

16

The effect of biomass (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus armatus) concentrations on Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ biosorption from zinc smelting wastewater

Zabochnicka-Świątek M., Rygała A.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2017

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T. 20, nr 2

211--220

EN

Non-modified and chemically modified algal biomass of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus armatus were chosen to examine their Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ sorption activity. The dry biomass was chemically modified with 1M HNO3 in order to determine the influence of acid- -treatment on the heavy metal ions removal rate. The heavy metal uptake process was found to be rapid and very efficient. The sorption process of heavy metals is highly pH-dependent. It influences heavy metal forms in the solution, and functional groups located on the cell surface. The effectiveness of biosorption depends also on the biomass concentration and its modifications. The highest adsorption capacities of both, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus armatus towards zinc, lead and cadmium ions were found for the lowest sorbent concentrations. Batch experiments showed that the differences between uptake by non-modified and acid-modified biomass are relatively small. It can be due to the fact that non-modified algal biomass exhibits high sorption capacity.

PL

Celem badań była ocena wydajności biosorpcji Zn2+, Pb2+ i Cd2+ pochodzących z ocynkowni przez modyfikowaną i niemodyfikowaną biomasę glonów z rodzaju Chlorella vulgaris i Scenedesmus armatus. Powietrznie suchą biomasę glonów poddano chemicznej modyfikacji przy użyciu 1M HNO3 w celu oceny wpływu kwaśnej modyfikacji na szybkość usuwania wybranych jonów metali ciężkich. Stwierdzono, że proces usuwania jonów metali ciężkich zachodził z dużą wydajnością w krótkim czasie. Wydajność sorpcji jonów metali ciężkich zależała od odczynu środowiska, który miał wpływ na dostępność grup funkcyjnych na powierzchni sorbentu. Efektywność procesu biosorpcji zależała również od stężenia biomasy i jej modyfikacji. Najwyższą pojemność sorpcyjną odnotowano po użyciu sorbentu w najniższym stężeniu. Na podstawie uzyskanych rezultatów badań stwierdzono, że zastosowanie biomasy modyfikowanej i niemodyfikowanej nie wpłynęło znacząco na różnice w wydajności sorpcji jonów metali ciężkich. Mogło to być spowodowane tym, że biomasa niemodyfikowana posiadała wyjściowo dużą pojemność sorpcyjną.

17

Wykorzystanie zbilansowanego odcieku z reaktora beztlenowego do hodowli glonów Chlorella vulgaris na cele biomasowe

Szwarc K., Szwarc D., Rokicka M., Zieliński M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 2

159--166

PL

Przedmiotem podjętego zagadnienia badawczego było określenie możliwości wykorzystania odcieku, powstającego w procesie beztlenowego rozkładu substancji organicznych, jako pożywki w procesach namnażania biomasy glonów Chlorella vulgaris wraz z charakterystyką efektywności i szybkości ich wzrostu. Zakres badań obejmował zbilansowanie odcieku w taki sposób aby zapewnić glonom odpowiedni poziom składników pokarmowych potrzebnych do ich wzrostu. Testowano rozcieńczenia odcieku 25%, 50%, 75% oraz 100% wraz z suplementacją na wzór pożywki syntetycznej. Wykazano, iż testowane ścieki mogą zostać wykorzystane w procesie intensywnej hodowli biomasy mikroglonów z gatunku Chlorella vulgaris. Najlepsze wyniki uzyskano w wariancie z 75% udziałem odcieku.

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the possible use of the effluent, produced in the process of the anaerobic decomposition of organic substances, as a medium in the cultivation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The characteristics of efficiency and kinetic of algae growth rate was determined. The scope included balancing of the effluent so as to provide an adequate level of nutrients required for algae growth. The effluent dilutions of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was tested. The effluent was supplemented with nutrients to create the same conditions as in the synthetic medium. The tested effluent can be used in the intensive cultivation of biomass of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The best results were obtained with the effluent dilution of 75%.

18

Produktywność hodowli mikroglonów Chlorella vulgaris w warunkach laboratoryjnych

Patyna A., Biłos Ł., Płaczek M., Witczak S.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 3

99--105

PL

Biomasa glonów coraz częściej uważana jest za potencjalny surowiec mogący służyć do produkcji biopaliw oraz energii elektrycznej czy cieplnej. Dodatkowo algi zawierają całe bogactwo substancji odżywczych, mogą więc stanowić źródło pożywienia dla ludzi i zwierząt hodowlanych. Ich właściwości biosorpcyjne sprawiają, że działają oczyszczająco na organizm i dlatego są przyjmowane w celu detoksykacji lub jako suplementy zróżnicowanej diety. Hodowla alg nie wymaga dużych powierzchni, a ponadto wskaźnik produkcji ich biomasy jest dużo wyższy niż roślin naczyniowych. Wymaga to jednak prowadzenie jej w ściśle określonych warunkach procesowych, których zakres zmian określa się na drodze doświadczalnej. Uwzględniając konieczność ustalenia odpowiednich warunków procesowych dla ściśle określonych rodzajów mikroalg, w pracy dokonano przeglądu literatury z zakresu warunków hodowli mikroglonów z gatunku Chlorella oraz przedstawiono wyniki badań własnych przeprowadzonych w fotobioreaktorze laboratoryjnym.

EN

Algae biomass is increasingly regarded as a potential resource that could be used to produce biofuels, electricity and heat. Algae contain a lot of nutrients, so they can be used as food for humans and livestock. Because of their valuable composition (many nutrients) they are used as supplements of balanced diet, in turn taking into account their biosorption abbility they are used to detoxifcation of human body. Algae cultivation does not demand large areas of land to expose cells to sunlight, so their production rate is higher than vascular plants. Moreover algae cultivation lets to achieve high biomass concentration. Important cultivation factors are: illumination (light intensity is an important factor because it drives photosynthesis), CO2 supply, culture medium and mixing. The experimental research was conducted using Chlorella vulgaris BA 002 strain. The aim of this study was to determine the eﬀectiveness of biomass growth in laboratory condition.

19

Biotest z zastosowaniem synchronicznej hodowli glonów Chlorella vulgaris w kontroli jakości środowiska

Czaplicka A., Lodowska J.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2017

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Nr 3

78--81

PL

Wykorzystanie biotestów w ocenie toksyczności środowiska wodnego jest cennym uzupełnieniem badań fizykochemicznych zapewniających bezpieczeństwo systemów zaopatrzenia ludności w wodę i logistyki jej zapasów. Obecnie wykorzystuje się ponad sto krótkoterminowych biotestów, w literaturze światowej zwanych short-term bioassays. Jednym z nich jest synchroniczna hodowla glonów Chlorella vulgaris. Celem artykułu jest przegląd zastosowań tego biotestu jako taniej i szybkiej metody kontroli jakości wód oraz wskazanie kryteriów, jakie mogą być w tym celu przydatne. Jednym z nich mogą być zmiany absorbancji komórek (680 nm), odzwierciedlające ich aktywność biologiczną (pomiary spektrofotometryczne prowadzone co godzinę w pierwszych 10 godzinach cyklu życiowego komórek - faza jasna). W ocenie toksyczności środowiska wodnego mogą być również wykorzystane zmiany profilu barwników fotosyntetycznych wyizolowanych z komórek potomnych Chlorella (24 godz.) oraz współczynnik podziału komórek (obliczony na podstawie ich liczebności na początku i końcu cyklu hodowlanego - 0 godz. i 24 godz.). Synchroniczna hodowla glonów Chlorella vulgaris może znaleźć zastosowanie w ocenie nie tylko czystości wód zbiorników wody pitnej (zbiornik Goczałkowice) lub rzek (Odra), lecz również toksyczności ścieków pochodzących z zakładów przemysłowych, np. garbarni.

EN

Bioassays evaluating the toxicity of the aquatic environment are a valuable addition to tests that ensure the safety of water supply systems and logistics of water stocks. Currently more than one hundred short-term bioassays are used in the world. One of them is synchronous culture of Chlorella vulgaris algae. The aim of this study is to review applications of this bioassay as a cheap and fast method of water quality control and to show the criteria useful during the test. One of these criteria is the change of culture absorbance (680 nm), reflecting the biological activity of algae cells (spectrophotometric measurements are carried out every hour of the first 10 hours of the life cycle of cells - the light phase). The profile of changes of photosynthetic pigments, isolated from Chlorella cells (24 h), and the ratio of cell division (calculated on the basis of their number at the beginning and end of the culture cycle - 0 h and 24 h) may also be used to evaluate the toxicity of the aquatic environment. The synchronous culture of Chlorella vulgaris can be used to evaluate not only the water quality of potable water reservoirs (Goczałkowice) or of rivers (Oder), but also the toxicity of waste water from industrial plants, for example tanneries.

20

Stanowisko badawcze do namnażania mikroglonów chlorella vulgaris w systemie zamkniętym

Patyna A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Politechnika Opolska

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2016

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nr 359, z. 9

51--54

EN

The paper presents the concept of experimental stand to conduct a closed cultivation of microalgae. The main unit in this system, which is used for the culture mixing, is shaking apparatus (it contains an oscillating board with place for 16 flasks). In the laboratory conditions, the mixing process realize in this way provides good gas exchange and uniform concentration of substrate and cells necessary for the proper algae growth in the Erlenmeyer flasks.