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An Assessment of the Functioning of Shopping Centres in Central-Eastern Europe on the Example of “Posnania Mall” in Poznań (Poland) and “Grand Mall” in Varna (Bulgaria)

Palicki Sławomir, Stoyanov Stoyan, Kostov Ivo, Atanasova Tsvetelina, Ostrowski Patrycjusz

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 15, no. 3

99--113

EN

The article explores the issue of the function of shopping centres, in particular the analysis of the impact of their presence on society and the local development of cities and regions. Regarding the empirical aspect, the examples of Poznań (Poland) and Varna (Bulgaria) will be presented. As a result of similar socio economic conditions and joining the European Union at almost the same moment, all comparative studies reflecting preferences and market reactions seem both viable and interesting. In addition, the two cities chosen for the studies occupy a similar place in the hierarchy of the settlement network in their countries. They are large, well developed centres that attract the attention of investors from various segments of the real estate market. The research is part of the modelling of preferences of shopping centre customers areas, which in particular supports the investment decisions of developers operating in the analysed real estate market, and at the same time permits a diagnosis of social satisfaction. A derivative of the research is also the reconstruction of the effects of the functioning of largescale shopping malls in two Central Eastern European countries.

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Same threat, different answers? Comparing and assessing National Cyber Defence Strategies in Central-Eastern Europe

Niedermeier A.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 16, No. 3

52--74

EN

In the article, National Cyber Security Strategies (NCSS) of the Central and Eastern European states are compared and assessed. After it had become evident that a variety of crucial new threats to national security had emerged over recent years, virtually all states reacted with national strategies. Th ese strategies are aimed at securing national cyberspace from cyber threats through legal, operational, technical and policy-related measures. Th ey exist in addition to general national security strategies and are meant to support these. Even if most countries have National Cyber Security Strategies, the author demonstrates that these strategies show, at least in part, remarkable differences. The role national particularities play is explained, whether they are really this specifi c and whether they might be generalised and transferred to other national contexts and what approaches turned out best under what circumstances. Based on these results, existing strengths, weaknesses and best practices are explained to open avenues for improving existing strategies and generate a higher degree of strategy interoperability in an environment that maybe like no other requires international cooperation. It is evident that precise defi nitions of terms and concepts are essential. However, not all strategies provide those defi nitions, which might lead to misunderstandings and complicate cooperation both on domestic and international level. While some strategies off er clear cut responsibilities for the actors involved, others remain unclear. Even if laws are there to specify concrete procedures, the NCSS should not be too superficial. Th e NCSS itself should already make clear statements, particularly when it comes to the crucial aspect of coordinating the various cyber actors and stake holders. Th e author demonstrates that National Cyber Security Strategies ought 52to be detailed enough to clearly determine actors and responsibilities, but open and flexible enough for adaptability to fast developments.

3

Some factors determining the geothermal energy uses’ development in the Central and Eastern European countries in coming years

Pająk L., Kępińska B., Kasztelewicz A., Bujakowski W., Tomaszewska B., Hołojuch G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2016

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nr 92

337--357

EN

The paper presents the results of research on socio-economic aspects of the current state and prospects of wider geothermal resource development in the group of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (including Poland).The research was done by the team from the Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, PAS, Division of Renewable Energy Sources (in cooperation with partners from six countries)within the framework of the Project “Geothermal communities – demonstrating the cascaded use of geothermal energy for district heating with small scale RES integration and retrofitting measures”, GEOCOM). The project was part of the 7th Framework Programme and conducted in 2010–2015. The studies, with application of some foresight approach, allowed researchers to obtain the orientation of the types and groups of factors likely to influence the development of geothermal energy uses in theupcoming 10–20 years, as well as the actions that should betaken to create favorable development conditions for this energy sector.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wybrane wyniki badań dotyczących aspektów socjologiczno-ekonomicznych obecnego stanu i perspektyw szerszego rozwoju wykorzystania zasobów geotermalnych w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej (także m.in. w Polsce). Badania wykonał zespół z Pracowni Odnawialnych Źródeł Energii IGSMiE PAN (przy współudziale partnerów z sześciu krajów) w ramach projektu unijnego pt. „Społeczności geotermalne – demonstracja kaskadowego wykorzystania energii geotermalnej w ciepłownictwie w integracji na małą skalę z innymi OZE wraz z modernizacją i opomiarowaniem” (GEOCOM). Projekt należał do 7 Programu ramowego UE, był realizowany w latach 2010–2015. Badania, w których posłużono się elementami podejścia typu foresight, pozwoliły na uzyskanie orientacji co do rodzaju i grup czynników, które prawdopodobnie będą miały wpływ na rozwój wykorzystania geotermii w perspektywie nadchodzących 10–20 lat, a także działań i środków, jakie powinny być podjęte dla kreowania sprzyjających warunków dla tego sektora energii.

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The emergence of national mathematical research communities in Central-Eastern Europe

Duda R.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Nauki Podstawowe

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2015

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Y. 112, iss. 2-NP

153--163

EN

Since medieval times mathematics was being developed mainly in Central and Western Europe but in the 19th century it greatly expanded both to the United States and to some countries of Central-Eastern Europe. This expansion, accompanied by the rapid growth of mathematics as a whole, has recently become an object of interest and investigation. The interest, however, reflects the Western viewpoint, cf. [17], with the bibliography covering Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Moscow. The aim of this paper is to outline the history of emerging national mathematical research communities in Russia, Poland, Bohemia, Lithuania and some other countries of Central-Eastern Europe.

PL

Od czasów średniowiecza matematyka była rozwijana głównie w Europie Środkowej i Zachodniej, ale już w XIX wieku jej badanie zostało znacznie rozszerzone w Stanach Zjednoczonych i niektórych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Ekspansja ta, wraz z szybkim rozwojem matematyki jako całości, stała się ostatnio obiektem zainteresowania i analizy. Zainteresowanie jednak odzwierciedla punkt widzenia Zachodu (por. [17]) obejmujący Niemcy, Hiszpanię, Włochy, Francję, Moskwę. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie historii wschodzących krajowych matematycznych środowisk naukowych w Rosji, Polsce, Czechach, na Litwie i innych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej.

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Analiza rozwoju systemu finansowego w Polsce na tle państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w latach 2006-2009

Wójcik-Mazur A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2011

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z. 59

25-37

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza poziomu rozwoju polskiego systemu finansowego w latach 2006-2009 na tle wybranych państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Ocenę przeprowadzono na podstawie wykorzystania technik statystycznych i wybranych metod analizy finansowej. Analizie poddano relacje pomiędzy sumą aktywów systemu finansowego oraz jego poszczególnymi składowymi a poziomem PKB w 3 wybranych krajach. Ponadto, oceniono zależności pomiędzy wielkością udzielanych kredytów i pozyskiwanych depozytów od rezydentów przez sektor bankowy. Wyniki badań wskazują, że polski system finansowy jest bankowo zorientowany, niemniej jednak na tle krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej jego poziom rozwoju jest najniższy. Ponadto, analiza rozwoju polskiego systemu bankowego wskazuje, iż sektor ten nie odczuwał silnych konsekwencji kryzysu światowego. Pewnym niebezpieczeństwem - z punktu widzenia stabilności źródeł jego finansowania - może być zbyt wysoki poziom relacji pomiędzy kredytami a depozytami.

EN

The purpose of this article is to analyse the level of development of the Polish financial system in 2006-2009 compared to selected countries of Central-Eastern Europe. The evaluation was based on the use of statistical techniques and selected methods of financial analysis. The analyzed subject was the relationship between the total assets of the financial system and its individual components, and the level of GDP in the three selected countries. Moreover, the relationship between the size of loans and deposits obtained from the residents by the banking sector was assessed. The results indicate that the Polish financial system is bank-oriented but compared to other Central- Eastern Europe countries it has the lowest level of development. What is more, the analysis of the development of Polish banking system shows that this sector has not felt the consequences of global crisis. A threat to the stability of sources of funding may be too high level of relationship between loans and deposits.

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Analysis of possible climate change impacts on air pollution by sulfur species over Central-Eastern Europe

Juda-Rezler K., Reizer M., Trapp W.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 37, nr 2

109-121

EN

High resolution, complex modelling system built with regional climate model (RegCM3), original emission model (EMIL) and air quality model CAMx was employed for analysing projected climate change impacts on concentrations and depositions of sulfur compounds (SOx) over Central and Eastern Europe. With employment of constant emission rates, results show a slight increase of SO2 concentrations in the future, as well as increase of SOx deposition in the mountains and decrease in central and eastern parts of Poland. Projections indicate also slight changes in a number of days and hours during the calendar year with SO2 levels exceeding European limit values. The biggest changes are evident in the vicinity of large point emission sources.