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Game of Proxies – Towards a new model of warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria, and Ukraine

Kozera Cyprian Aleksander, Bernat Paweł, Gürer Cüneyt, Popławski Błażej, Sözer Mehmet Alper

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 31, No. 4

77--97

EN

The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similarities and differences of various conflict theatres where proxy forces were employed. The analyses of the discussed cases focused on different aspects of the conflict and nature of the proxy use. The analyses presented on the following pages were conducted on the basis of the literature on the subject, governmental research and reports, and supporting sources reporting recent developments that complemented academic sources. Various non-state actors such as ethnic militias, paramilitary units, and private military companies have become more and more visible on contemporary battlegrounds. Modern states employ those actors to further their objectives, as this limits their own political and financial costs. This increasingly visible phenomenon points to an emerging new model of warfare where state actors are relying ever more on proxies of various character and nature. It is highly likely that any future conflict will be characterised by a proxy-based model of warfare, which will consist of a limited footprint made by regular forces (or none at all) and, consequently, the extended use of proxies supported by special forces. Because such an approach is less costly, proxies will be more often employed by low-budget states, previously reluctant to carry out such costly military endeavours. Denying the actions and affiliations of these proxies will inevitably follow and, in turn, a lack of political accountability and responsibility for the conflict’s outcome.

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Operacja wojskowa Unii Europejskiej w Czadzie i Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 3(72)

269-284

EN

The article presents a wide spectrum of Information concerning the European Union’s military operation in Chad and the Central African Republic (CAR) - EUFOR/CHAD/RCA. It describes its legal basis, launching the operation, its respective stages, history, main tasks, logistic and medical support, communication, main threats and challenges. One part relates to the Polish participation in this operation. The author draws attention to the role of France as a lead nation, as well as Poland and Ireland as two biggest partners of the operation. A detailed analysis of respective operation stages based on a specific character of countries located in the heart of Africa enables presenting clearly the characteristics of the operation in Chad and the CAR. A description of threats in both these countries and neighbouring ones is presented and complemented with a wide range of challenges and problems that become conclusions to implement in future military operations in Africa. In the final part of the article, the author describes a forecasted way of finishing the operation and poses some rhetoric questions concerning a UN peace operation which is supposed to follow the EU military operation.

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Misja Unii Europejskiej : EUFOR Tchad/RCA w Republice Czadu i Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej

Wysota B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 2(71)

302-322

EN

In January 2008 the European Union launched a peace operation - EUFOR Tchad/RCA in the Republic of Chad and Central African Republic. Acting in accordance with the mandate set out in United Nations Security Council and the EU Council’s decision, the European Forces started their one-year long mission. The EUFOR was tasked to protect and assist all aspects of presence of the African Union’s and nited Nations’ forces which provide humanitarian assistance to thousands of Sudanese refugees from neigh bouring Darfur. The article as the result of operational capabilities research of conducting independent military and policing operations within the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is an analysis of EU actions in the Republic of Chad and Central African Republic. The aim of the article is to present legal basis to deploy the armed forces of EU countries in the Republic of Chad and Central African Republic, the Polish Armed Forces including, to analyse tasks imposed on the European military contingent, to present a current political situation in Chad which implies the EUFOR Tchad/RCA mission, to sum up the present state of the mission engagement in the theatre of operations. The author also wanted to draw conclusions from the first months of the mission in the context of challenges that the EU forces have to face on location (instable internal situation of the countries, lack of local administration infrastructure, transport and logistic challenges, specific climate conditions, lack of electricity or running water). The most important conclusions refer to defining the effectiveness sources and the effectiveness of the EU operations of this type in the future (capability of long distance airlift of forces, effective system of mission support, coalition forces’ interoperability, fast decision making process and information advantage).

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Wojna domowa w Czadzie : aspekty wewnętrzne i międzynarodowe

Niedziela Szymon

Wiedza Obronna

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2008

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nr 1

33--45