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1

Prognozowanie deformacji konstrukcji oporowej w ramach budowy drogi ekspresowej S1 na terenie zachodnich Karpat fliszowych

Sołtys Grzegorz, Tomków Emanuela

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

|

R. 94, nr 7-8

177--181

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązanie wzmocnienia skarpy głębokiego wykopu w postaci ściany oporowej z pali CCFA (Cased Continous Flight Auger), realizowanej na terenie położonym w części zewnętrznej zachodnich Karpat, w ramach budowy drogi ekspresowej S1. Opisano rozwiązanie projektowe ściany oporowej kotwionej kotwami gruntowymi w rejonie fliszu karpackiego. Prognozowane przemieszczenia konstrukcji oporowej porównano z wynikami prowadzonego monitoringu geodezyjnego. Wykonano wstępną analizę wsteczną w ramach obliczeń MES.

EN

The article presents a solution for strengthening the slope of a deep excavation in the form of a retaining wall made of CCFA piles (Cased Continuous Flight Auger), implemented in the area located in the outer part of the Western Carpathians, as part of the construction of the S1 expressway. The design solution of the retaining wall anchored with ground anchors in the area of the Carpathian flysch has been described. The projected displacements of the retaining structure were compared with the results of geodetic monitoring. An initial back analysis was performed as part of the FEM calculation.

2

Recognition of the flysch substrate using the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to assess the effectiveness of the injection process

Ćwiklik Michał, Pasierb Bernadetta, Porzucek Slawomir

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

|

Vol. 49, no. 2

197--202

EN

During the construction of a section of the S-7 Lubień – Rabka-Zdrój dual expressway, located in the area of the Carpathian flysch (Carpathian Flysch Belt, South Poland), damage to the embankment was observed, as well as cracks and depressions in the new pavement. An analysis of the geological and engineering conditions in the area of the road section under construction showed the existence of a complex tectonic structure of the flysch formations, a shallow groundwater table, and numerous landslides. In order to stabilize the road substrate, it was decided to carry out injections, and the locations of these injections were initially geotechnically tested. However, due to the high variability of the geological structure, the target method employed was electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which performed the survey in two stages. In Stage I, the geoelectrical/geochemical structure of the near-surface zone was identified, and the probable causes of road damage were indicated. This stage was completed by performing the stabilization and sealing process of the ground with an injection mixture. In Stage II, studies were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the injection process. The ERT method effectively identified the shallow geological structure and, in particular, delineated the zone of strong fractures in the flysch and areas associated with faults. Using the electrical resistivity tomography method, it was also possible to determine the injection mixture’s approximate penetration depth and the loosening zone’s degree of filling.

3

Contrasting styles of siliciclastic flysch sedimentation in the Upper Cretaceous of the Silesian Unit, Outer Western Carpathians : sedimentology and genetic implications

Strzeboński Piotr

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 2

159--180

EN

This study reports on a new set of sedimentological data and related interpretations of the Santonian–Campanian siliciclastic deposits in the Western Flysch Carpathians based on natural outcrops in the uppermost Godula Formation and lowermost Istebna Formation. The rationale was to confront the characteristics of this flysch succession with current controversies and state of knowledge on deep-water clastic sedimentation. The sedimentological analysis of the field data allowed for multi-scale synthetic classifications of the depositional components in the investigated flysch. The hierarchical and practical nature of the suggested classification schemes allows for their application to similar deposits in other regions. The siliciclastic deposits are products of gravity-driven terrigenous sediment redeposition via submarine slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents. Sediment reworking by tractional bottom currents is considered as an accompanying factor. Point-sourced turbiditic fan lobe fringes from the submarine piedmont ramp and linearly supplied debritic covers along the slope apron are proposed as dominant. The innovative linking between the textural-structural descriptive features of the deposits and the critical determinants of specific sediment gravity-flow processes and architectural elements of the deepwater clastic depositional systems is a significant contribution to this research field.

4

Dokumentowanie geologiczno-inżynierskie osuwisk na terenie fliszu karpackiego

Kos Jarosław, Wójcik Antoni

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 12

825--834

EN

When conducting geological surveys in landslide areas, it is important to define the scope of the planned geological works. The most important issue in the study of landslides is the recognition of the depth and shape of the slip surface. This requires the correct type of drilling and a good core quality. Most often, within a single landslide, several slip surfaces are documented, which occur at different depths, which is associated with a complex manner of motion and shear. Proper determination of the deepest sliding surfaces allows for the construction of a calculation model and selection of the optimal method of securing the landslide area. The course of the slip surface is often not determined by the depth of the bedrock under the cover formations. Geological diagnosis should depend on the size of the examined landslide and the impact of its activation on potential damage / destruction of existing buildings and technical infrastructure. The method of documenting and carrying out calculations is presented as recommended in landslide areas. In the first step, calculations should be made on the basis of data obtained from field work and parameters obtained from laboratory tests. Monitoring should complement field research and assess the scale of displacements. Conducting stability calculations should be a standard for the preparation of geological and engineering documentation of landslides and areas at risk of mass movements. It allows you to assess the risk and threats to the planned investment or protective structure. This is to provide permanent safeguards to prevent damage to buildings that have been designed on the basis of uncertain geological data. It is postulated to modify the ordinance on the implementation of geological and engineering documentation by adding a point concerning the documentation of landslides. If there is such an area, special requirements must be met when conducting geological surveys.

5

Residual rocky forms in the landscape of the Outer Carpathians (Silesian Beskid Mts, Poland) – geotourist and sedimentological case study

Strzeboński Piotr

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2021

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nr 1-2 (64-65)

3--22

EN

This study investigated residual landforms developed within of the flysch bedrock in the Outer Western Carpathians as sand-stone-to-conglomeratic tors. The studied relic rocky forms are locally exposed on the valley slopes in the top and plateau parts of the Sile-sian Beskid Mts. The cognitive values of such relic landforms, especially in the context of their morphogenetic traits and shaping of their macro- and microrelief, are well known and described. In contrast to epigenetic processes, the sedimentological aspect of the origin of such siliciclastic rocky deposits is still subject to different approaches in terms of terminology and interpretation. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the conditions of environmental settings and character of the sediment transport and deposition processes from gravity flows, and to present a depositional system model for such a variety of flysch deposits. This study also attempts to present geotourist and geoed-ucational attractiveness of the tors against the background of regional geodiversity, geoheritage, and geoprotection. The results yielded a synthetic morpho-litho-sedimentological and geotouristic specification of the rocky forms analysed. The residual rocky landforms are polygenic geomorphological elements developed as a consequence of multistage and different scale of morph-forming activity operating on the basis of litho-sedimentological and tectonic assumptions under the influence of denudation processes.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu są ostańcowe formy terenu rozwinięte na bazie fliszowego podłoża skalnego w zachodnich Karpatach ze-wnętrznych jako skałki od piaskowcowych do zlepieńcowych. Omówione ostańcowe formy skałkowe lokalnie eksponowane są na stokach dolinnych w przyszczytowych i wierzchowinowych partiach Beskidu Śląskiego. Walory poznawcze, jakie ze sobą niosą, w szczególności w kontekście morfogenetycznym oraz kształtowania ich makro- i mikroreliefu, są dobrze poznane i opisane. W przeciwieństwie do procesów epigenetycznych aspekt sedymentologiczny pochodzenia takich silikoklastycznych utworów skałkowych jest natomiast nadal przedmiotem dociekań zarówno w kwestii terminologicznej, jak i interpretacyjnej. Celem badawczym artykułu jest zatem próba przybliżenia warunków środowiskowych ustawień, natury procesów transportu i depozycji osadów ze spływów grawitacyjnych oraz modelu systemu depozycyjnego takiej odmiany utworów fliszowych. Zamierzeniem autora było także przedstawienie geoturystycznej i geoedukacyjnej atrakcyjności ska-łek na tle regionalnej georóżnorodności, geodziedzictwa i ich geoochrony. W rezultacie przedstawiono w ujęciu syntetycznym specyfikację morfologiczną, litologiczną, sedymentologiczną i geoturystyczną badanych form skałkowych. Ostańcowe skałkowe formy terenu stanowią poligeniczne elementy geomorfologiczne rozwinięte w następstwie wieloetapowej i różnoskalowej działalności rzeźbotwórczej zachodzącej w utworach o określonych uwarunkowaniach litologiczno-sedymentologicznych i tektonicznych za pośrednictwem procesów denudacji.

6

Dobór obudowy tunelu drogowego w Lalikach

Kurleto Urszula

Przegląd Górniczy

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2019

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T. 75, nr 6

58--69

PL

W artykule przedstawiono sposób doboru obudowy tunelu drogowego na przykładzie istniejącego tunelu drogowego w Lalikach. Przedstawiono dokładny tok postępowania podczas doboru obudowy wzmacniającej, obudowy wstępnej oraz obudowy ostatecznej tunelu. Obliczono zasięg strefy zniszczenia masywu skalnego wokół tunelu. Efekty wykonanych obliczeń porównano z faktycznie zastosowaną przez wykonawcę tunelu obudową. Scharakteryzowano masyw skalny jakim jest flisz karpacki, w którym drążony był tunel oraz opisano metodę NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) zastosowaną przy budowie tunelu. Opisano również zastosowanie metody NATM w przypadku drążenia tunelu drogowego w Lalikach.

EN

The article presents the method of selecting the road tunnel housing on the example of an existing road tunnel in Laliki. The exact course of conduct during the selection of the reinforcing lining, the pre-housing and the supporting of the final tunnel is presented. The extent of the destruction zone of the rock mass around the tunnel was calculated. The effects of the performed calculations were compared with the casing used by the tunnel contractor. The rock massif which is the Carpathian flysch in which the tunnel was drilled and the NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) method used in tunnel construction was characterized. The application of the NATM method in the case of tunneling the road in Laliki was also described.

7

Rozpoznanie masywu fliszowego i klasyfikacja jego jakości

Blajer Mateusz, Cała Marek, Kolano Malwina, Stopkowicz Agnieszka, Tajduś Antoni

Mosty

|

2019

|

nr 3/4

89--92

PL

Projektowanie obiektów inżynierskich, w tym szczególnie tuneli, wymaga zrozumienia charakterystyki fliszu karpackiego. Kluczowym elementem jest określenie miarodajnych właściwości wytrzymałościowych i odkształceniowych masywu skalnego. Stanowią one podstawę obliczeń na bazie rozwiązań zamkniętych lub są wykorzystywane jako dane do modelowania numerycznego.

EN

Designing engineering structures, including in particular tunells, requires the understanding of the Carpathian flysch characteristics. A key element is to define the accountable strength and deformation properties of a rock mass. They are the foundation of calculations based on closed-form solutions or are used as data for numerical modeling.

8

Pore pressure profiling in Siercza landslide colluvium in the Carpathian flysch using a Cone Penetration Test (CPTU)

Stanisz Jacek, Pilecki Zenon

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 4

839--848

EN

This study identifies zones with significant changes in pore water pressure influenced by landslide processes. Measurements were taken in the near-surface strata of the Carpathian flysch, in colluvium of the Siercza landslide, near Kraków. Measurement of pore water pressure in flysch deposits is complicated due to the strongly heterogeneous properties of the medium and by variable water conditions, which are strongly influenced by rainfall intensity. Pore pressure profiling was performed in six series using a cone penetration test with a NOVA Acoustic cone. The tests were carried out in the colluvium to a depth of ~6.0 m under varying water conditions. The cone pore pressure results were compared to results of inclinometer measurements in the research area. Five zones with significant differences in pore pressure have been identified. Changes in both cone pore pressure and inclinometer displacement are evident at a depth range from 1.5 to 2.5 m. Two slip surfaces are likely present in this section. Such information can be used in engineering practice for more reliable assessment of slope stability in the Carpathian flysch.

9

Three-Dimensional Analysis of a Landslide Process on a Slope in Carpathian Flysch

Zabuski Lesław

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2019

|

Vol. 66, nr 1-2

27--45

EN

The paper presents a 3D (spatial) analysis of deformation processes in the landslide slope Bystrzyca in Szymbark near Gorlice (Low Beskid – Carpathians; N 49°37′ 09″, E 21°05′ 49″) carried out by the computer code FLAC3D based on the finite difference method. The numerical analysis was performed to determine the influence of the orientation of layers and discontinuities and of hydrogeological conditions on slope deformations and the failure mechanism during sliding processes. The massif is modeled as an elasto-plastic medium obeying the Coulomb-Mohr criterion. Two variants of hydrogeological conditions are analyzed, namely the “dry slope” (without water) and the “wet slope” (entirely saturated). The influence of the orientation of discontinuities (modeled as “ubiquitous”) on the landslide mechanism is investigated as well. Few orientations of discontinuities with respect to the dip direction of the slope surface are considered, namely consequent, insequent, and subsequent (two variants in each case). The results show a clear impact of the pattern of discontinuities and hydrogeological conditions on the deformational behavior of the landslide and the shape of the slip surface. The 3D approach and results of the numerical simulation of the landslide movement prove the necessity of 3D modeling in some cases.

10

Construction of Pressure Tunnels

Zabuski Lesław

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2019

|

Vol. 66, nr 3-4

77--100

EN

The paper focuses on two pressure tunnels in the design of “Katy-Myscowa” water reservoir. One of them serves as a discharge conduit, whereas the other plays an energetic role. Their depths range between 0 and 75 metres and their diameters equal 5 m. Tunnels are located in the rock mass of Carpathian flysch which is anisotropic and heterogeneous, composed of layers of sandstone and clay shales and intersected with interbedding fissures and numerous joints. The paper is divided in two parts. The first part focuses on methods of excavating and supporting, as well as injecting and sealing (i.e. waterproofing) the tunnel. In the second part, a numerical analysis using the FLAC2D code based on the finite difference method was carried for calculating displacements and internal forces in the preliminary support and in permanent lining. Results of the analysis allow for the assessment of conditions in the tunnel during its excavation and exploitation stages.

11

Modelowanie numeryczne deformacji górotworu w rejonie drążonego tunelu

Dudek M., Tajduś K., Misa R., Sroka A.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

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2018

|

nr 9

3--13

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest szereg symulacji numerycznych dotyczących zachowania się górotworu fliszowego w rejonie drążonego tunelu. Analizie poddano zmianę stanu naprężenia i odkształcenia fliszowego masywu skalnego wokół tunelu. Do symulacji wykorzystano programy ABAQUS i RS2. Analizę wielowariantową przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem modelu sprężysto-plastycznego Coulomba-Mohra. Uzyskane wyniki przedstawiono w formie wykresów oraz map naprężeń i przemieszczeń.

EN

Prediction of the rock masses deformations is very important element while designing tunnels. The paper presents a series of numerical simulations of flysch rock mass behaviour in the tunnel excavation region. The change of state of stress and displacement as a result of the excavation has been analysed. The Abaqus software and educational RS2 software uses the Finite Element Method was used for the calculations. Multi-variant analysis was performed using the Coulomb-Mohr hypothesis. The obtained results have been presented in the form of graphs and maps of stresses and displacements. The presented results of numerical calculations shows the influence of the change in the angle of the discontinuity inclination of the rock mass and their mechanical properties (i.e. normal and tangential stiffness) on the state of stress and strain in the tunnel area. Presented simulations allow engineers to visualize the potentially greatest threats and provide a quick protective response.

12

Load bearing capacity of lateral loaded piles in watered Carpathian flysch

Kozubal J. W., Bhat D. R., Pradhan P. M.

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2018

|

Vol. 63, no. 4

947--962

EN

In this paper, flysch is presented as a representative material of a wide section of the Carpathian Mountains, with some areas in Poland highlighted. The geological structure of this area is complex due to the alternating layers of blocky rock masses and soil (Vessia et al., 2017). Such a complex pattern is seen in some Alpine flysch slopes, such as the Ingelsberg landslide area (Romeo et al., 2015). Many authors are monitored, predicted landslides (Allasia et al., 2013; Bertacchini et al., 2009; Casagli et al., 2010) by sophisticated sensors. The rock-soil flysch successions have become intensively fissured as a result of their geological history, weathering (precipitation and snowmelt), and long-term water retention, especially on the surface layers. These complex materials are characterised by heterogeneous lithologies, whose mechanical properties are largely uncertain. These geological structures have also been confirmed by monitoring and control studies performed on a large number of landslides (Bednarczyk, 2014). One of the most striking phenomena is the sudden decrease in the strength parameters in the studied rocks in the direction parallel to the layers due to watering. The process is made possible by heterogeneous fractured strong rock layers with high permeability coefficients for water. This study precisely describes the phenomena occurring at the contact area between the component layers of flysch under the wet conditions of a weak plane. An elastic-plastic analysis method that considers the developed strength model at the surfaces of the contact areas (Biernatowski & Pula, 1988; Pula, 1997) has been used to estimate the load capacity for piles working under a horizontal load. The piles are part of a reliability chain (Pula, 1997) in a given construction and are the first element of concern for monitoring (Muszynski & Rybak, 2017). A particular device intended to study the dependence of the shear stress on a fixed failure surface in a controlled consolidation condition was utilized. The study was conducted for a wide range of displacements and for different values of stabilized vertical stresses of consolidation. The complexity of the processes occurring in the shear zone, presented as a detailed study of the material crack mechanics, is highlighted. The laboratory results were used to construct the mechanical model of the slip surface between the soil and rock with the description supported by a neural network (NN) approximation. The artificial NN was created as a multi-layered, easy to use approach for interpreting results and for quick reconstruction of approximated values useful for the calculations presented in laterally loaded piles. For the calculations, long, sheared strips of material were considered in a semi-analytical procedure to solve a differential equation of stability. The calculations are intended to reveal the safety indexes for a wide range of boundary tasks as the most significant indicator for design decisions.

PL

Flisz karpacki jest formacją występującą na znacznym obszarze Europy Środkowej, stwarza znaczne zagrożenie podczas nawodnienia np. przez infiltrację wody deszczowej lub awarię drenażu. Dla opisu zniszczenia tego materiału o regularnej strukturze z naprzemiennie ułożonych warstw słabych i mocnych, przedstawiono model. Jest to dogodna do zastosowania koncepcja, zaprezentowana w zadaniu stateczności poziomo obciążonych pali. Model można stosować dla szerokiego zakresu skłonu warstw jak i sposobu powiązania głowic pali z oczepem. Ważnym elementem pracy jest opis powierzchni poślizgu między warstwami z zastosowaniem wyników badań laboratoryjnych na próbkach gruntów zarówno sztucznie wytworzonych, jak i pobranych z osuwisk. Badania przeprowadzono w zmodyfikowanym obrotowym aparacie bezpośredniego ścinania. Przykłady obliczeniowe ilustrują procedury modelowania dla słabych skał wraz z ich interpretacją.

13

Badania geofizyczne i klasyfikacje geotechniczne w ocenie stateczności karpackich zboczy fliszowych

Bestyński Z., Pacanowski G., Sieinski E.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 10/2

717--724

EN

The paper presents the possibility of using complex geophysical investigations and geotechnical classification to identify geological structure and assess the stability of Carpathian landslides. The possibility of using seismic surveys to determine the landslide slope geometry necessary to analyze the computational stability has been indicated. In the paper authors present the possibility of geotechnical classification of the flysch KFG basis on the geophysical parameters in connection with the SMR classification proposed by M. Romana, for a rapid quantitative assessment of flysch slope stability. Examples of geophysical investigation of landslides and their stability are described on the basis of the KFG and SMR classification. The proper slope stability assessment has been pointed out as a major factor contributing to safe foundation and operation of engineering structures, especially hydrotechnical structure.

14

Wpływ wilgotności początkowej na zdolność pęcznienia gruntów ilastych fliszu karpackiego

Gaszyńska-Freiwald G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2015

|

Vol. 63, nr 10/1

727--731

EN

The paper presents results of research associated with expanding clay slate from Carpathian flysh, near water reservoir in Świnna Poręba. Examination were associated with influence of inclination laminae this soils. The laminae constitute peculiar texture which is affecting on size of expanding and water also much easier penetrates deep layers between the laminae. This property coming into new landslides.

15

Zbigniew Sujkowski – uczony i żołnierz

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2014

|

Vol. 62, nr 5

234--239

EN

Zbigniew Sujkowski was a co-founder of Polish sedimentary petrography and a pioneer of sedimentology. After studying geology at the University of Warsaw (1921–1925), he worked in 1927–1929 with Prof. Lucien Cayeux at Collège de France in Paris. He specialized in petrographic-sedimentological studies of Cretaceous deposits in Poland, but especially of siliceous rocks. His treatise on diagenesis, published posthumously in 1958, is among the classics of world geological literature. Zbigniew Sujkowski was a Polish patriot. In the period 1914–1920, he participated in the armed struggle for the independence of Poland, and during World War II – in the armed resistance movement against German occupation as the organizer of subversion. At the end of the war, he was in London; his return to Poland was impossible from political reasons. Sujkowski immigrated to Canada and took a job at MacMaster University in Hamilton. He died tragically in an accident.

16

Karpackie osuwiska fliszowe i metody ich stabilizacji

Dąbska A., Pisarczyk S.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Inżynieria Środowiska

|

2013

|

z. 66

21--55

PL

W referacie przedstawiono podstawowe informacje dotyczące osuwisk fliszowych występujących w Polskich Karpatach oraz podano metody ich stabilizacji. W artykule omówiono budowę geologiczną Polskich Karpat, typy osuwisk występujące we fliszu karpackim oraz warunki ich występowania. Przedstawiono przykłady osuwisk zaobserwowanych we fliszu karpackim oraz metody ich stabilizacji. Dodatkowo omówiono sposoby fundamentowania na terenie fliszu karpackiego.

EN

The article presents main information concerning flysch landslides occurring in the Polish Carpathians and methods of their stabilization. The paper discusses the geological structure of the Polish Carpathians, the types of landslides occurring in the Carpathian flysch and conditions of their formation. The paper presents some examples of flysch landslides and methods of their stabilization. Furthermore, the article gives a method of building foundations in flysch landslide areas.

17

Influence of seismic wave frequency on the quality of the landslide surface exploration in the light of numerical modeling

Pilecki R.

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2013

|

T. 12

73--84

EN

The paper summarizes results of numerical analysis of source frequency influence on the quality of seismic recognition of the landslide failure surface. Numerical simulation was carried out for the seismic refraction method in two-dimensional model of landslide. The analyzed model was constructed on the basis of geological engineering model of typical landslide conditions in the Carpathian flysch located in the Mucharz village area. Numerical analysis allowed us to obtain the optimal frequency for recognition of surface failure location. It was shown that frequency above 50 Hz is the most promising in measurements conditions. It was proved that seismic measurements allowed us to get more adequate results in detecting discontinuity borders in comparison with theoretical resolution. Numerical computations were realized by finite difference method using FLAC 5.0 software and their interpretations using Plotrefa software.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki numerycznej analizy wpływu częstotliwości fali sejsmicznej na dokładność sejsmicznego rozpoznania powierzchni poślizgu osuwiska. W tym celu opracowano metodykę numerycznej symulacji sej-smicznych pomiarów refrakcyjnych. Metodykę tą zweryfikowano dla budowy i właściwości osuwiska w miejscowości Mucharz w Karpatach fliszowych. Analiza numeryczna pozwoliła na ustalenie optymalnej częstotliwości dla uzyskania możliwie dobrego rozpoznania położenia powierzchni poślizgu osuwiska w przyjętych warunkach geologiczno-inżynierskich. Wykazano, że najkorzystniejsze są częstotliwości powyżej 50 Hz w analizowanym zakresie do 120 Hz. Pokazano, że pomiary sejsmiczne pozwalają na dokładniejsze wyznaczenie granic nieciągłości, niż to wynika z teoretycznej rozdzielczości. Obliczenia numeryczne sejsmogramów wykonano programem FLAC w wersji 5.0 (prod. Itasca, USA), a ich interpretację programem Plotrefa (prod. Geometrix, USA).

18

Wybrane zagadnienia przewozu przesyłek w transporcie lotniczym

Kwasiborska A.

Logistyka

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2011

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nr 4

PL

W artykule przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę wybranych zagadnień dotyczących przewozu, pakowania i zabezpieczenia przesyłek przewożonych transportem lotniczym. Jest to bardzo istotny dział, który podlega wielu restrykcjom, przepisom i spełnieniu szczególnych standardów. Do celów przewozowych zastosowania mają specjalne opakowania.

EN

In the paper is presented short description of chosen of problem about packing, transported and protection of air freight. It is very important part of aircraft transportation with many restriction and legal recipes. Air freight can be transported only in special packaging.

19

Zabezpieczanie skarp i korpusów drogowych w rejonach osuwiskowych przy pomocy palisad z pali DFF kotwionych mikropalami TITAN

Sołtysik R.

Zeszyty Naukowo-Techniczne Stowarzyszenia Inżynierów i Techników Komunikacji w Krakowie. Seria: Materiały Konferencyjne

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2009

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Nr 88, z. 144

317-327

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problemy dotyczące zabezpieczeń wykopów i nasypów drogowych w rejonach osuwiskowych wykonywanych metodami wiertniczymi w postaci palisad oraz palisad kotwionych. Przedstawiono nową technologię wykonywania pali nazwanych palami DFF umożliwiającą realizowanie palisad w utrudnionych warunkach fliszu karpackiego. Technologia ta pozwala na szybkie i wydajne prowadzenie wierceń zarówno w gruntach zalegającymi nad spągiem warstw skalistych jak również w samych skałach miękkich oraz twardych.

EN

This article presents problems concerning the stability problems of road excavations and embankments in the areas of landslides, performed in the form of palisade and anchored palisade. The new technology of performance of piles called DFF, allowing for paling in the sophisticated conditions of Carpathian flysch have been discussed. This technology allows for fast and efficient conduct of drilling both on soils as well as in the soft and hard rocks.

20

Moduł deformacji utworów fliszu karpackiego na trasie tunelu "Emilia" w Beskidzie Żywieckim

Kudyk M., Pilecki Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2009

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nr 76

45-63

PL

Praca omawia wyniki pomiarów terenowych modułu deformacji utworów fliszu karpackiego na trasie tunelu "Emilia" w miejscowości Laliki w Beskidzie Żywieckim. Pomiary modułu deformacji wykonano na etapie projektowania i realizacji tunelu. Pomiary te przeprowadzono różnymi metodami: dylatometryczną, presjometryczną, klasyfikacji geomechanicznej oraz sejsmiczną. Wyniki pomiarów były podobne dla metod punktowych dylatometrycznej i presjometrycznej. Moduł deformacji określony metodą sejsmiczną za pomocą empirycznej zależności Bartona (1996) oraz metodą klasyfikacji geomechanicznej RMR z wykorzystaniem empirycznej zależności Serafima i Pereiry (1983) był kilkakrotnie większy. Na podstawie wyników pomiarów punktowych oszacowano przedziały zmienności modułu deformacji dla górotworów łupkowo-piaskowcowego i piaskowcowo-łupkowego fliszu karpackiego. Podkreślono zalety i ograniczenia metod wyznaczania modułu deformacji. Wskazano na konieczność realizacji pomiarów w strefach nienaruszonych wykonaniem wyrobiska lub procesem wietrzenia. Wskazano na potrzebę opracowania bardziej porównywalnych zależności empirycznych dla metody sejsmicznej i klasyfikacji geomechanicznej w warunkach ośrodka słabego, silnie zniszczonego tektonicznie o strukturze fliszu.

EN

The work describes the results of deformation modulus tests in Carpathian flysch in the route of Emilia tunnel in Laliki located in Beskid Żywiecki mountains. Deformation modulus tests were completed in the stage of planning and constructing of the tunnel. Tests were carried on by different methods: dilatometer, pressuremeter, geomechanical classification and seismic. Tests results were close to similar for point methods: dilatometer and pressumeter. Deformation modulus determined by seismic method and empirical Barton relation and also empirical Serafim and Pereira relation was several times greater. Based on point methods deformation modulus changes were estimated for sandstone-shale and shale-sandstone rock masses of Carpathian flysch. Limitations and advantages of deformation modulus determine were underlined. It was pointed on test realization necessity in zones undisturbed by excavation influence and in unweathered zones. It is also needed to collaborate more reliable empirical relations for seismic method and geomechanical classification method in the conditions of weak rock mass, tectonically strong disturbed and flysch structured.