Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Skuteczność koagulantów w usuwaniu wybranych zanieczyszczeń mikrobiologicznych i fizykochemicznych ze ścieków z przemysłu owocowo-warzywnego

Makara Agnieszka, Kmiecik Dominika, Kowalski Zygmunt

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2024

|

T. 103, nr 7

799--804

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań oczyszczania ścieków z przemysłu owo cowo-warzywnego metodą koagulacji, za pomocą zmiennych dawek koagulantów: glinowego PAX 18 i żelazowego PIX 113 (2–10 mL/L), oraz neutralizacji 10-proc. roztworem mleka wapiennego. Koagulant glinowy PAX 18 był bardziej skuteczny w usuwaniu zanieczyszczeń mi krobiologicznych. W oczyszczonych frakcjach ciekłych w całym zakresie stosowanych dawek nie stwierdzono obecności enterokoków i bakterii Escherichia coli, a ogólna liczba mikroorganizmów została obniżona o ponad 99%. Wartość ChZT została maksymalnie obniżona o 67% za pomocą koagulantu glinowego (dawka 2 mL/L) oraz o 72% za pomocą koagulantu żelazowego (dawka 6 mL/L). Barwę oczyszczonych ścieków obniżono o 88–97%, a mętność niemalże całkowicie (< 1 NTU)

EN

Wastewater from the fruit and vegetable industry was treated by co agulation, using variable doses of Al PAX 18 and Fe PIX 113 coagulants (2–10 mL/L) and neutralized with a 10% soln. of lime milk. The PAX 18 was more effective in removing microbiol. contaminants in the entire range of doses used. No enterococci or Escherichia coli were detected, and the total no. of microorganisms was reduced by more than 99%. The COD value was reduced by a max. of 67% using an Al coagulant (dose 2 mL/L) and by 72% using an Fe coagulant (dose 6 mL/L). The color of the treated sewage was reduced from 88 to 97%, and the tur bidity was almost completely reduced (< 1 NTU).

2

Reducing Tannery Wastewater Pollutants through a Magnetic-Field and Ozone-Treatment Electrocoagulation System using Response Surface Methodology

Aguilar Ascon Edwar, Marrufo Saldaña Liliana, Neyra Ascón Walter

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

74--83

EN

This study assessed the effectiveness of integrating electrocoagulation, magnetic fields, and ozonation technologies to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) from tannery wastewater. Furthermore, the effects of their key operating factors were determined. To achieve this goal, an electrocoagulation reactor coupled with a magnetic-field generator was used and the response surface methodology was applied through a Box-Behnken experimental design. Here, current intensity (I), treatment time (T), and ozone concentration (O3) are considered the influencing factors. Likewise, the removal percentages of COD and TSS serve as response indicators. The results indicate that T, I, and O3 are significant for the removal of COD and TSS at a confidence level of p-value < 0.05. For COD, the optimal operating conditions are I = 6.8 A, T = 30 min, and O3 = 10 mg/l; and for TSS, the optimal conditions are I = 5.72 A, T = 28 min, and O3 = 7.8 mg/l. These conditions yield removal efficiencies of 41.8% for COD and 97.9% for TSS. The findings suggest that integrating these technologies is a viable alternative for mitigating the pollution issues caused by the tannery industry.

3

Field Measurements and Machine Learning Algorithms to Monitor Water Quality in Lakes Located in Landscape Parks – A Case Study

Walczak Natalia, Walczak Zbigniew, Laks Ireneusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

49--64

EN

One of the greatest threats to many lakes is their accelerated eutrophication resulting from anthropogenic pressure, agricultural intensification, and climate change. A very important element of surface water protection in environmentally conserved areas is the proper monitoring of water quality and detection of potential threats by examining the physicochemical properties of water and performing statistical analyses that enable possible exposure of unfavourable trends. The article presents the analyses of the results of measurements made in three lakes located in the Sierakowski Landscape Park. As part of the measurements, water quality indicators i.e., phosphorus, nitrogen, BOD5 and COD, were determined monthly for a year at the inflows and outflows of the studied lakes. The test results of selected water quality indicators were analysed using machine learning algorithms i.e., PCA and k-means. The conducted tests enabled statistical estimation of changes in water quality indicators in the reservoirs and evaluation of their correlation.

4

The Application of Membrane Bioreactor for Greywater Treatment

Fikri Elanda, Zulkarnain Oryza Filial, Azizah R., Latif Mohd Talib, Firmansyah Yura Witsqa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

207--213

EN

Urban planning management should consider wastewater as a challenge. Wastewater, in this case, grey water, is full of dangerous contaminants and, at specific concentrations, can turn into a substance that affects the environment. The effluent of the released waste must therefore be managed to ensure that it complies with the government’s quality standard criteria. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology process produced waste effluents with low concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC), proving its higher efficiency as a biological processing stage. Total coliforms and E. coli are not present in processed products, detergents and total suspended solid (TSS) are effectively degraded. This is made possible by the considerably lower organic load; as a result, biomass accumulation slows and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), which have low value, are produced. With the assistance of continuous airflow, and without the use of chemicals or backwashing, an ultrafiltration module (UF) with a membrane cut-off size small enough to be able to create a constant permeate flux during the grey water treatment process is necessary. Although processed grey water does not pass denitrification, all parameters linked to the quality of the effluent water exceed environmental quality criteria.

5

Organic Removal in the Water Body as the Effect of Mineral Wool Installation

Fathuna Inat Shani, Soewondo Prayatni, Prayogo Wisnu, Awfa Dion

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

345--354

EN

In previous studies, the use of mineral wools as an onsite-supporting media in water bodies showed satisfactory results in removing organic pollutants. However, the analytical method chosen is still very conventional. This study aimed to model the removal of organic pollutants represented by the COD value to determine the mineral performance. The data used in this study included field scale data using two types of mineral wools, namely type I (density 80 kg/m3 and water retention 95%) and type II (density 120 kg/m3 and water retention 92%). There are form variations of mineral wool namely cubes and blocks on each type, which are placed in segments 2, 4, 8, and 9, respectively, on the Cikapayang River. The modeling results show that the most optimal type of mineral wool to remove COD is type II mineral wool-cube form at segment 4 using the first order kinetics equation. The reaction coefficient (k) obtained is 0.5378/s, standard deviation value is 14.532 mg/L COD, and the coefficient of determination is 0.1025. The kinetics value of the reaction removal and equations obtained were used to perform modeling in Matlab R2020b application to determine the dimensions of the mineral wool required to remove pollutants.

6

Contaminants Removal from Real Refinery Wastewater Associated with Energy Generation in Microbial Fuel Cell

Jabbar Noor Mohsen, Alardhi Saja Mohsen, Al-Jadir Thaer, Dhahad Hayder Abed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

107--114

EN

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) pertain to a kind of modern technology for the direct conversion of chemical energy in organic matter from wastewaters into electricity during the oxidation of organic substrates. A system of continuous MFC was constructed for the treatment of real petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The treatment of real PRW, operational performance of the MFC system, biodegradation of furfural, and energy output were investigated in this study. The MFC was inoculated by mixed anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillus sp. as the dominant type, and continuously operated for 30 days. The biodegradation of furfural and phenol, which are the most prevalent toxicants in refinery wastewater, was investigated. The MFC system reached maximum energy outputs of 552.25 mW/m3 and 235 mV. In the anodic chamber, the maximum removal of furfural and phenol was higher than 99%, with biodegradation of organic content reaching up to 95%. This study demonstrated the viability of a continuous-flow MFC system as a green technology for the treatment of furfural-rich real refinery effluents while generating electricity.

7

Ocena efektywności Komunalnej Oczyszczalni Ścieków w Ciechanowie

Świtkowska Małgorzata, Dalecka Weronika

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2023

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Nr 7-8

38--43

PL

W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę jednej z Komunalnej Oczyszczalni Ścieków w województwie mazowieckim - Komunalną Oczyszczalnię Ścieków w Ciechanowie. W ramach części badawczej wykonano pomiary jakościowe ścieków surowych i oczyszczonych na zawartość biogenów między innymi: fosforu ogólnego, azotu ogólnego oraz materii organicznych wyrażonych wskaźnikami: ChZTCr, oraz BZT5. Przeanalizowano ocenę jej efektywności, w której uwzględniono zależność między Równoważną Liczbą Mieszkańców (RLM), a ilością wytworzonych komunalnych osadów ściekowych.

EN

The article presents the characterization of one of the Communal Sewage Treatment Plants in the Masovian Voivodeship - the Communal Sewage Treatment Plant in Ciechanów. As part of the research section, qualitative measurements of raw and treated sewage were conducted to assess the content of biogens, including total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic matter ex-pressed by indicators such as CODCr and BOD5. The evaluation of its effectiveness was analyzed, taking into account the relationship between the Equivalent Number of Inhabitants (ENI) and the quantity of generated municipal sewage sludge.

8

Reduction of Contaminants from Municipal Wastewater of Salori Sewage Treatment Plant Using Electrochemical Membrane Bioreactor and Bioelectricity Generation

Yadav Saurabh, Kamsonlian Suantak, Gola Deepak, Pal Shubham

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

264--271

EN

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is stable and rising wastewater treatment reactor though membrane fouling and energy expenditure remain operational impediments and challenges for the wider deployment of the MBR technology. The majority of municipal wastewater contains low quantities of suspended, dissolved inorganic and organic particles. Proteins, carbohydrates, synthetic detergents, lignin, soaps, lipids and their decomposition products, along with many natural and synthetic organic chemicals from industrial processes, are also examples of impurities present in water. In addition, municipal wastewater contains a variety of inorganic chemicals, such as heavy metals, which might have phytotoxic and health consequences, limiting its usage in agriculture. In this study, an electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) has been developed to reduce several impurities from real municipal wastewater; moreover bioelectricity was also generated simultaneously. The maximum removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solid (TDS) were 35.57%, 31.55%, and 32.84 %, respectively, after a 5-day experimental run.

9

Characteristics of Tofu Wastewater From Different Soybeans and Wastewater at Each Stage of Tofu Production

Hardyanti Nurandani, Susanto Heru, Budihardjo Mochamad Arief, Purwono, Saputra Angga Tri

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

54--63

EN

Tofu wastewater is a liquid by-product of the tofu production process that typically contains high levels of organic matter, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, as well as other compounds, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and COD. Tofu wastewater COD levels can vary depending on the type of soybeans used in the production process and the stages of the production process. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of tofu wastewater from various types of soybeans and the characteristics of wastewater at each stage of the production process. The research methods used were field research and laboratory tests. Field research was conducted by collecting samples from different types of soybeans and analyzing them in the laboratory. Meanwhile, laboratory tests were run by analyzing samples for various parameters such as Soybeans Protein, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), ammonia, and fat oil. The results showed that Wonogiri Soybeans had the highest protein parameter, 19%. As far as the wastewater of seed samples, the Wonogiri Seed sample had the highest parameter results for TSS, COD, ammonia, and BOD, which are 444 mg/L, 4583.33 mg/L; 13.86 mg/L; and 3.481 mg/L, respectively. As for the fat oil parameter, the Red Seed sample achieved the highest result of 6264 mg/L. In the case of the samples from each washing stage, it is known that the washing sample parameter results are lower than the seed samples. The Red 1st Washing sample had the highest TSS, COD, fat oil, and BOD values, amounting to 316 mg/L, 4666.67 mg/L, 356 mg/L, and 2053.71 mg/L, respectively. In comparison, the highest fat oil parameter corresponded to the Wonogiri 1st Washing sample with a value of 11.78 mg/L. The B/C ratio of all samples is > 0.1 and is in the biodegradable zone. Thus, the samples are not only able to be treated through biological processes, but also able to be treated through physical and chemical processes to avoid the length of time for biological decomposition due to the acclimatization process of microorganisms to the samples.

10

Mineral Pumice Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment in Dairy Industries

Vanani Hamid Raeisi, Ostad-Ali-Askari Kaveh

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2023

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Vol. 70, nr 1

129--139

EN

In this study, the effectiveness of mineral pumice application in sewage treatment in the dairy industries was investigated, with various factors such as adsorbent dose, mixing speed, pH and contact time being studied in detail. The results obtained showed that mineral pumice in a granular form, with a contact time of 20 hours and a volume fraction of one third and pH of 8 has the ability to COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) decreasing up to 56.9%. However, by using mineral pumice in powder form, in three cases considered, higher efficiency than for pumice granules has been observed. It seems that acidity conditions do not have a positive effect on this efficiency. As the contact time increased, the adsorption rate increased, mostly due to increased probability of collision with the adsorbent surface. With an increasing adsorbent dose, the absorption rate also increased, especially in the range of 15 g/l. Regarding the mixing speed, no definite conclusion can be drawn, because in some cases, with increasing mixing speed, the COD reduction efficiency decreased. Considering the use of mineral pumice in reducing COD, in accordance with to the obtained results, it is better to use mineral pumice in granular, rather than in powder, form.

11

Impact of dissolved oxygen on hospital wastewater quality treated by SBBR in Basrah city, Iraq

Al-Rekabi Wisam S., Al-Khafaji Samar A., Janna Hussein

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2022

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Vol. 31, No. 1

14--25

EN

The hospitals close to the residences can make problems for the environment as a consequence of sewage drained into the water stream. Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) offers advantages for treating sewage; such as simple operation, flexible process, and cost-effective. The laboratory bench-scale experiments were carried out treating hospital wastewater (HWW) of one of Basrah hospital city by a fabricated SBBR reactor of 26 l working volume. The hospital wastewater has the following characteristics (average values): pH 7.3, BOD equal to 280 mg·l–1, COD equal to 550 mg·l–1, total phosphorus (TP) equal to 6.4 mg·l–1, ammonia (NH3-N) equal to 44 mg·l–1 and total suspended solid (TSS) equal to 272 mg·l–1. This research aims to estimate the performance of the SBBR system for treating hospital wastewater to enhance different effluent parameters such as COD, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia, and total phosphorous (TP) with various dissolved oxygen (DO) with range of 2.15–6.55 mg·l–1, the best DO values give these removal efficiencies for COD equal to 84.55%, NH3-N equal to 65.91% and TN between 78 and 18% for DO equal to 3.67 mg·l–1, while TP removal efficiency was 79.70% for DO equal to 6.55 mg·l–1. By comparison of the SBBR effluent with international standards for effluent sewage, it noticed COD concentration 85 mg·l–1, TN 12 mg·l–1 and TP 1.3 mg·l–1 met all standards (European, WHO, and China), while NH3-N 15 mg·l–1 was outside WHO and European standards, while satisfies only Chinese standard.

12

Charakterystyka e-commerce w krajach bałtyckich

Biernat Lech

Logistyka

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2022

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nr 5

40--42

PL

Litwa, Łotwa i Estonia to rozwijące się gospodarki, które aspirują do roli regionalnych e-hubów. Łącznie mają ponad 6 milionów mieszkańców, z których 70 % to ludność miejska, a 80% to użytkownicy internetu.

13

Effectiveness and Adaptability of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes) Mart. Solm in its Role in Reducing COD and BOD Levels in Petroleum Liquid Waste

Hardestyariki Dwi, Fitria Syarifa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

26--29

EN

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness and ability of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes Mart. Solm) in reducing the COD and BOD levels in petroleum liquid waste. Petroleum liquid waste is one type of waste that pollutes the environment if it is not treated first. In this study, the biological treatment techniques were carried out using the phytoremediation techniques. Phytoremediation is an effort to reduce and improve the quality of waste by using plant agents so that the levels of pollutants contained in the waste can be reduced. The phytoremediation techniques are carried out using a simple bioreactor with various concentrations of petroleum liquid waste, namely control (0% waste), 10% waste, 20% waste, and 30% waste. The results of this study showed that the water hyacinth plant was able to tolerate liquid petroleum waste, which was indicated by the water hyacinth plant being able to survive up to a concentration of 30% for approximately 2 months. On the basis of the measurement of BOD and COD of petroleum liquid waste before phytoremediation was carried out, it was 20 mg/l and 10.04 mg/l, respectively. At 10% effluent concentration, the BOD and COD values decreased to 4.11 mg/l and 14.7 mg/l, respectively. At 20% effluent concentration, the BOD and COD values also showed a decrease to 3.73 mg/l and 9.14 mg/l, respectively. At 30% effluent concentration, the BOD and COD values showed a decrease to 3.73 mg/l and 1.22 mg/l, respectively. The ability of the water hyacinth plant to reduce the BOD and COD values can show its effectiveness to be used as a phytoremediation agent for petroleum waste.

14

Treatment of swine wastewater in constructed wetlands cultivated with Tangola grass

Lo Monaco Paola Alfonsa Vieira, Vieira Gustavo Haddad Souza, Mattedi Lillya, Gasparini Jayni Zucoloto, Jani Arun Dilipkumar, Haddade Ismail Ramalho

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 3

13--24

EN

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of constructed wetlands (CWS) cultivated with Tangola grass (Urochloa purpuracens and Urochloa arrecta) in the treatment of wastewater from pig farming. The CWS were subjected to an organic loading rate of 300 kg of BOD/(ha·day) from swine wastewater. We analyzed total solids, turbidity, color, total Kjeldahl N, and total P in the influent and effluent to the CWS every 30 days for a duration of 4 months. The whole plot factor was vegetation (CWS with and without Tangola grass). The subplot factor was assessment time (15, 45, 75, and 105 days of CWS operation). There was no statistical difference between CWS with and without in terms of the removal efficiency. After 105 days, average removals of 90–95% turbidity, 79–80% total solids, 76–82% color, 42–70% total Kjeldahl N, and 51–63% total P were obtained in all CWS. While Tangola grass did not enhance the removal efficiency of the parameters assessed in this study, it may be harvested to provide fodder for animals, making it a valuable addition to CWS.

15

Performance evaluation of nanofiltration membranes for dye removal of synthetic hand-drawn batik industry wastewater

Desiriani Ria, Susanto Heru, Aryanti Nita

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 1

51--68

EN

This study evaluated the performance of nanofiltration (NF) membrane for the treatment of hand-drawn batik wastewater containing synthetic dyes as well as real batik wastewater. Three commercial NF membranes (NF270, TS40 and XN45) were used. The effect of transmembrane pressure, NF membrane types, synthetic dyes concentration, and solution types on flux and rejection were investigated. The results showed that the use of all NF membranes could reach dye removal of ca. 99%. NF270 membrane exhibited the highest flux, 2–3 times higher than that of TS40 and XN45 membranes. NF270 membrane was further used for treating real batik wastewater. The results showed high rejections in terms of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were obtained. The practical applicability of NF270 membrane for real handdrawn batik wastewater treatment fulfilled the quality standards in terms of TSS, COD, and BOD parameters. Overall, the NF270 membrane showed favorable performance for batik effluent treatment.

16

Investigation of the Physico-Chemical Quality of the Wastewater in Fez City (Morocco) Using a Multivariate Statistical Method

El Ouadrhiri Faiçal, Elyemni Majda, Adachi Abderrazzak, Hmamou Anouar, Bendaoud Ahmed, Chaouch Mehdi, Lahkimi Amal

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 6

15--25

EN

Similar to countries with arid and semi-arid climates, Morocco faces problems of degradation of the quality of its environment and more specifically the quality of groundwater. In this work, we approached the physico-chemical characterization of the raw effluents of three industrial units in Fez city, namely the textile industry (U1), the copperware industry (U2), olive oil industry (U3) chosen for their degree of pollution and their environmental impact,the aim of which is to highlight the degree and nature of the pollution generated by these effluents, and their biodegradability during the winter period January to February of 2018, when the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is malfunctioning. A set of samplings and measurements of different physico-chemical pollution parameters were carried out such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, salinity, chlorides, BOD5, COD, suspended solids (SS), Ca2+, K+, as well as heavy metals. The results show that the U3 effluent is highly loaded in organic matter with high COD (37600 mg O2/L) and BOD5 (13000 mg O2/L), while the U2 effluent contains very high concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd) 91,8, 71, 55,4, 53, 28 mg/L, respectively. on the other hand, the U1 effluent is characterized by high SS contents, and concentrations of Ca2+, K+ exceed Moroccan standards. The COD/BOD5 ratio shows that U1and U2 effluents are difficult to biodegrade even if their organic loads are low. In the light of these results, it is recommended that these discharges be pre-treated before they are discharged into the liquid sewer system.

17

Wastewater Pollutants Modeling Using Artificial Neural Networks

Al Saleh Hadeel Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 7

35--45

EN

In this study, the execution and assessment of the ANN approach towards the declaration of the pollution was used. The ANN-based models for prediction of Chemical and Biological Oxygen demands, (COD & BOD5) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations in the effluent were formed using a three-layered feed forward back propagation algorithm ANN towards assessing the performance of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Two types of configurations were used, MISO and MIMO. The study showed the superiority of MIMO according to the results of R and MSE, which were used as evaluation functions for the predicted models. The results also showed that the model built to predict the values of BOD5 concentrations demonstrate the best performance among the rest of the models by achieving the value of correlation coefficient up to 0.99. Among the input combinations tested in the study, the models the inputs of which did not contain BOD5 had the best performance, which demonstrates that the BOD5 has the largest influence on the values of R in the COD prediction models as well as other predicted models than TSS and other parameters; consequently, the performance of the WWTP was greatly affected. This study demonstrated the value of using artificial networks to represent the complex and non-linear relationship between raw influent and treated effluent water quality measurements.

18

Effectiveness of Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor Technology to Treat Domestic Wastewater in Basrah City

Al-Rekabi Wisam S., Al-Khafaji Samar A., Hassan Ayman H., Janna Hussein

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

|

Vol. 22, nr 8

234--242

EN

The efficiency of a Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR) for domestic wastewater treatment in Basrah was assessed. The experiments were carried out via a laboratory-scale SBBR cylindrical vessel used for this study, with geometric volume of 26 L, having an internal diameter of 15 cm, a height of 40 cm, and a working volume of 13 L. After a one-month start-up cycle for biofilm growth on the fibrous filler, the SBBR research test period lasted two months. The SBBR was run for three weeks to ensure that the biological treatment systems were mature and those steady-state requirements were reached, throughout the starting-up phase of operation, the removal efficiency for COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP were 95%, 89%, 85%, and 93% respectively. The impact of aeration time on the SBBR efficiency was also tested by removal of COD, ammonia, total nitrogen TN, and total phosphorous TP under different levels of dissolved oxygen DO (2.0 – 6.8) mg\L. The SBBR method proved to be an effective method for treating domestic wastewater in Basrah city. The COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP concentrations in the effluent were 42, 6.7, 9.0, and 1.0 mg/L, respectively, with the removal efficiency rates of 90.32 %, 86.24 %, 84.75 %, and 84.38 %. When comparing the SBBR effluent value to the WHO, European, Iraqi, and Chinese discharge standards, it was observed that the COD concentration (42 mg/L) met these standards. while ammonia (6.7 mg/L), TN (9.0 mg/L), and TP (1.0 mg/L) met the WHO, European, and Chinese standard only.

19

Methods of processing whey waste from dairies. A review

Poništ Juraj, Dubšíková Veronika, Schwarz Marián, Samešová Dagmar

Environment Protection Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 47, nr 4

67--84

EN

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the methods of processing whey. The valorization method is suitable for the use of cheese whey and whey permeate to produce beverages with or without microbial conversion. However, this method does not ensure microbial conversion of lactose. Therefore, the organic load will not be reduced. The main advantage of aerobic decomposition is the relatively rapid degradation of organic matter. However, the high organic load in the crude cheese whey makes aerobic decomposition unsuitable and restrictions on oxygen transport may occur. Anaerobic decomposition can be used in various areas for the treatment of waste with a high organic load. The disadvantage of anaerobic processes is a higher cost compared to aerobic treatment. The combination of individual technologies significantly reduces the hydraulic retention time of the aerobic process and improves waste treatment. At present, there is a lack of studies in this area.

20

Investigations on the effectiveness of wastewater purification in medium sand with assisting opoka rock layer

Kalenik Marek, Chalecki Marek

Environment Protection Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 47, nr 1

53--65

EN

The objective of the undertaken investigations was to examine in laboratory conditions whether an introduction of an assisting opoka rock layer with the granulation of 1–6 mm into the ground improves the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from domestic sewage. The performed investigations concerned the layer supporting the removal efficiency of domestic sewage in a home sewage treatment plant under infiltration drainage. The model investigations of wastewater purification were carried out in a medium sand bed with an assisting, 0.10 and 0.20 m thick opoka rock layer. The effectiveness of wastewater purification related to basic qualitative indicators (total suspended solids – TSS, BOD5, COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus) was in line with the Polish standards on sewage disposal into grounds and surface water. The medium sand soil bed with the 0.20 m thick assisting opoka rock layer showed higher effectiveness of wastewater purification than that 0.10 m thick. The application of the 0.20 m thick opoka rock layer increased the removal efficiency regarding TSS by 6.2%, total nitrogen by 20.4%, ammonium nitrogen by 8.3% and total phosphorus by 2.9%, and removal efficiency regarding BOD5 by 1.2% and COD by 1.9% with relation to the 0.10 m thick assisting layer (all percentages − in average). The results confirm that the natural opoka rock with the granulation of 1–6 mm can be used to assist in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewater with the application of infiltration drainage.