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1

Application of Coordinate Measuring Machines for Analysis of a Controlled Radius Based on Linear Regression

Magdziak Marek

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

|

Vol. 18, no 2

11--25

EN

The paper presents a new method of analysis of a controlled radius (CR). The presented method was verified based on simulations of coordinate measurements and during real measurements conducted on the selected coordinate measuring machine (CMM) – ACCURA II. In addition, the investigations were conducted by means of the Calypso metrology software and the Python programming environment. Computer simulations were performed for the selected dispersion of measurement points relating to nominal data of measured products. The actual coordinate measurements were conducted by using various measurement strategies. The created method takes into account the analysis of flattening of a considered curve, for which the measurement characteristic CR is determined. The analysis was conducted based on linear regression. The advantage of the presented method is the possibility of its implementation in software of a CMM and, consequently, the use of the above-mentioned method in industry. The new method detected flat fragments of measured objects regardless of the applied number of measurement points.

2

Hob’s optical and coordinating methods of measurement

Piotrowski Andrzej

Mechanik

|

2023

|

R. 96, nr 8-9

51--58

EN

The article presents selected issues of measurement and identification of hobs using optical and coordinates metrology methods. The outline of the hob is an indicator of the tool class and has a decisive influence on the accuracy of the gears made with it. The conducted research is the basis for drawing conclusions about the principles and methods of measuring hobs.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wybrane zagadnienia pomiaru i identyfikacji frezów ślimakowych z użyciem metod metrologii optycznej i współrzędnościowej. Zarys frezu ślimakowego jest wyznacznikiem klasy narzędzia i ma decydujący wpływ na dokładność wykonywanych z jego użyciem kół zębatych. Przeprowadzone badania są podstawą do wnioskowania o zasadach i metodach pomiaru frezów ślimakowych.

3

Computational investigation of vibration characteristics analysis for industrial rotor

Aimeur Noureddine, Menasri Noureddine

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 4

373--381

EN

During the operation of a rotor, various types of vibrations appear in this mechanical system and often limit the performance and endanger the safety of the operation. Therefore, dynamic analysis is essential because precise knowledge of the vibration behaviour is essential to ensure proper operation. This article presents a set of scientific techniques for the modelling and simulation of rotor vibrations. To work out the equations of the vibratory movement of the rotor, we used the energy approach of Lagrange. To achieve this, a model with one blading wheel carried by a shaft supported by two hydrodynamic bearings is chosen basedon the characteristics of the rotor studied (Fan 280 cement draft fan). It is an arduous task to manually ascertain the analytical resolution of the differential equations that characterise the vibratory behaviour of the rotor. The numerical approach employing the finite element method, programmed on the ANSYS software, made it possible to perform the vibration analysis of the rotor. First, the FAN 280 cement draft fan rotor is modelled using SolidWorks 3D software and reverse design using the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) for the design of the fins. Then, the modal characteristics of the fan rotor model were analysed using the finite element analysis (FEA) software ANSYS Workbench. Also, to study the effect of blade wear on critical speeds, the Campbell diagram was obtained. Finally, harmonic analysis was performed to determine the amplitude of the rotor vortex at critical speeds obtained with and without blade wear.

4

Wpływ długości trzpienia pomiarowego-na błędy pomiarów wykonywanych na maszynach współrzędnościowych. Cz. 1

Glazowski Przemysław, Michalski Roman

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2020

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nr 7-8

58--66

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę wpływu długości trzpienia pomiarowego na dopuszczalny błąd graniczny (MPE – Maximum Permissible Error) współrzędnościowej maszyny pomiarowej Zeiss MMZ M. Wyznaczono parametry EL, MPE oraz R0, MPE dla maszyny współrzędnościowej Zeiss MMZ M z użyciem trzpieni o wybranych długościach oraz przeanalizowano uzyskane wyniki w celu określenia wprowadzanych przezeń błędów. Proces pomiaru oparto na wytycznych zawartych w normie ISO 10360-2, a program przygotowano w środowisku programowym Zeiss Calypso. Wzorcem użytym w badaniach był stopniowy liniał pomiarowy certyfikowany świadectwem DKD.

EN

The article presents an analysis of the impact of the stylus length on the Maximum Permissible Error (MPE) of the Zeiss MMZ M coordinate measuring machine. The EL, MPE and R0, MPE parameters were determined on a Zeiss MMZ M coordinate measuring machine using selected mandrel lengths and the obtained results were analyzed to determine the errors it introduces. The measurement process was based on the ISO 10360-2 standard, and the program was prepared in the Zeiss Calypso programming environment. The standard used in the tests was a graded measuring ruler certified with a DKD certificate.

5

Określanie prędkości pojazdów na podstawie materiału wideo. Cz. 2

Kosendiak Tomasz

Paragraf na Drodze

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2020

|

Nr 1

41--50

PL

Filmy wykonywane przy użyciu automatycznych, stacjonarnych i mobilnych rejestratorów coraz częściej są materiałem służącym do rekonstrukcji wypadku drogowego. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie sposobu postępowania dla ustalenia prędkości pojazdu wymijającego się z pojazdem wyposażonym w kamerę wideo.

EN

Films made with automatic, stationary and mobile recorders are increasingly often used in road accident reconstruction. The aim of this article is to show how to accurately determine the speed of an oncoming vehicle equipped with a video recorder.

6

The use of Gage R&R in suitability analysis of a CMM used at FAMOT Pleszew

Michalski R., Wieczorowski M., Gapiński B., Glazowski P.

Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials

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2020

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Vol. 40

1--6

EN

The subject of the article is the suitability analysis of a measuring system, specifically the Zeiss MMZ T 20 30 16 coordinate-measuring machine utilizing an extended procedure. The article outlines the measurement preparation process and presents the research station as well as the procedure for determining Repeatability & Reproducibility (R&R).

7

Oprogramowanie metrologiczne współrzędnościowych maszyn pomiarowych w praktyce działalności IZTW

Gogól Jacek, Franczak Janusz

Mechanik

|

2019

|

R. 92, nr 1

24--26

PL

Opisano historię programów pomiarowych do obsługi współrzędnościowych maszyn pomiarowych (WMP), wdrożonych w trakcie kilkudziesięcioletniej działalności Instytutu Zaawansowanych Technologii Wytwarzania – IZTW (dawniej: Instytutu Obróbki Skrawaniem – IOS) w zakresie produkcji, użytkowania i modernizacji WMP.

EN

The history of the implemented measuring programs for the operation of coordinate measuring machines (CMM) during the decades-long activity of The Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (former: The Institute of Metal Cutting) in the field of production, use and modernization of CMMs has been described.

8

Analysis of the Influence of Support During Measurement Using Coordinate Measuring Techniques

Michalski Roman, Wieczorowski Michał, Glazowski Przemysław, Gapiński Bartosz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2019

|

Vol. 13, no 4

22--29

EN

The article presents the analysis of the influence of various fixtures of the Y-axis slide of the CMX 70U machining center measured in a coordinate measuring machine. As a result of a series of measurements of the designated geometric features, specific deviations were determined, and statistical calculations were performed on their basis. The further part of the article shows the analysis of the theoretical body deflection under the influence of the force of gravity performed using the MES method in CREO Simulate.

9

Wpływ błędu MPEE na dokładność pomiaru współrzędnościowej maszyny pomiarowej

Michalski R., Glazowski P.

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2018

|

nr 11-12

49--52

PL

W artykule przedstawiono proces sprawdzenia błędów MPEE maszyn współrzędnościowych oraz przeprowadzono analizę ich odchyłek w celu określenia, czy parametr ten powinien być wiodącym czynnikiem przy wyborze maszyny współrzędnościowej. Proces pomiaru oparto na normie ISO 10360-2, program przygotowano w środowisku ZEISS CALYPSO. Jako wzorzec zastosowano liniał stopniowy typu „ITS step” certyfikowany świadectwem DKD. Badania przeprowadzono na trzech WMP: • Zeiss MMZ T 20 30 16 S-ACC, • Zeiss Prismo Navigator 10 MASS S-ACC, • Zeiss Accura II 10 MASS.

EN

The topic of the article is the analysis of the influence of the MPEE error on the actual accuracy of measurements performed on the selected coordinate measuring machines (CMM). The process of MPEE error checking in coordinate measuring machines is described and the analysis of its deviations is conducted in order to determine whether this parameter should be a key factor in choosing a proper coordinate measuring machine. The measurement process was based on ISO 10360-2 and the programme was prepared in ZEISS CALYPSO. A straightedge „ITS step” certificated by DKD has been used as an example. The tests were performed on three CMM’s: • Zeiss MMZ T 20 30 16 S-ACC, • Zeiss Prismo Navigator 10 MASS S-ACC, • Zeiss Accura II 10 MASS.

10

Determination of influence of the parameters connected with the stabilization of the position on the 5-axis manipulators’ operation accuracy

Gaska A., Harmatys W., Gruza M., Gaska P., Sladek J.

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, No. 2

54--63

EN

The 5-axis systems, especially those that use in their kinematic chain both prismatic joints and revolute kinematic pairs are gaining popularity in many scientific disciplines with manufacturing, metrology and robotics at the forefront. This is therefore important to undertake research aiming in identification of sources of inaccuracies in their functioning and investigation on possibility of eliminating or compensating them. A significant impact on 5-axis kinematic structures accuracy may be assigned to parameters associated with the stabilization of the machine position and angular position, such as position stabilization time, position overshoot and drift of positioning accuracy. These parameters are well described in ISO 9283 standard related to performance criteria and test methods for industrial robots. The methodology presented in this standard is adapted for testing the impact of mentioned parameters for functioning of 5-axis kinematic structures other than industrial robots, which mainly include five-axis coordinate measuring systems and machine tools. A series of experiments performed on five-axis coordinate measuring system is presented in this paper, their results are assessed in a quantitative manner and basing on them a general algorithm for assessing the significance of impact of position stabilization parameters on functioning of the manipulator is proposed.

11

New construction of cooling unit dedicated to use in aerospace parts production

Babula W., Knap D., Mazur Ł., Mucha J.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2018

|

T. 23, nr 1

30--35

EN

Continuous development in aerospace industry puts increasingly higher challenges for manufacturers of aerospace parts. The production process of aerospace parts must meet strict requirements. One of them is inspection of part’s dimensions at the various stages of its production. It is important to proceed with the measurements when the part reaches desired temperature (usually 20°C). Temperature of the parts after machining process may be raised to approx. 60°C, hence they need to be cooled down. Cooling requires especially long time in case of large volume parts, which leads to prolongation of their delivery time. The research and development work in this field is therefore focused mainly on developing new solutions which may accelerate the cooling process. The present study describes the influence of temperature of workpiece on the result of dimensions measurement and a new design of refrigerator developed and patented by WALDREX Sp. z o.o. Refrigerator is equipped with an insulated container with cooling coil. The container is fixed in a stainless-steel frame. Provided solution enables fast and cost-effective cooling and keeping workpieces at a given temperature.

PL

Rozwój lotnictwa stawia coraz większe wyzwania dla producentów części lotniczych. Wytwarzanie tych części jest związane z koniecznością spełnienia rygorystycznych wymagań przez zakłady produkcyjne. Jednym z nich jest prowadzenie kontroli wymiarów detalu w poszczególnych etapach jego produkcji. Istotne w tym przypadku jest wykonywanie pomiarów w ustalonej temperaturze (zwykle 20°C). Elementy wytwarzane w procesach obróbki skrawaniem po jej wykonaniu mogą mieć temperaturę podwyższoną do ok. 60°C. Chłodzenie elementów o dużej objętości jest długotrwałe i zwiększa czas ich produkcji. Stąd prowadzone są prace badawczo-rozwojowe mające na celu opracowanie nowych rozwiązań przyspieszających chłodzenie detali. W pracy analizowano wpływ wartości temperatury detalu na wyniki pomiarów oraz przedstawiono nowe rozwiązanie konstrukcji chłodziarki opracowane i opatentowane w ramach prac prowadzonych przez przedsiębiorstwo WALDREX Sp. z o.o. Konstrukcja jest wyposażona w izolowany pojemnik osadzony w ramie ze stali odpornej na korozję, w którym znajduje się wężownica oraz ciecz chłodząca, co umożliwia szybkie i ekonomiczne chłodzenie detali i utrzymywanie ich w określonej temperaturze.

12

Hob identification methods

Piotrowski Andrzej

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2018

|

Vol. 12, no 1

150--161

EN

In industrial practice, hobs are manufactured and used. The problem boils down to the identification of a hob with defining its profile, which depends on many design and technological parameters (such as the grinding wheel size, profile, type and positioning during machining). This makes the basis for the correct execution and sharpening of the tool. The accuracy of the hob determines the quality of gear wheel teeth being shaped. The article presents hob identification methods that are possible to be used in industrial and laboratory practice.

13

Nowe rodzaje współrzędnościowych maszyn pomiarowych i oznaczenia ich parametrów. Część III. Przykłady maszyn o konstrukcji wspornikowej

Ratajczyk E.

Mechanik

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2017

|

R. 90, nr 7

571--573

PL

Współrzędnościowe maszyny pomiarowe o konstrukcji wspornikowej są z założenia przeznaczone do pomiaru części i elementów maszynowych, a zwłaszcza części motoryzacyjnych, w warunkach produkcyjnych. Zaprezentowano typowe rodzaje tych maszyn i omówiono ich własności, takie jak zakresy pomiarowe i dokładności.

EN

Coordinate measuring machines of cantilever type are specifically intended for use in production environment, for measurement of the produced parts and machine elements, especially automotive parts. Common types of these machines are presented with their properties, such as measuring range and accuracy explained.

14

Nowe rodzaje współrzędnościowych maszyn pomiarowych i oznaczenia ich parametrów. Część II. Przykłady maszyn o konstrukcji portalowej

Ratajczyk E.

Mechanik

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2017

|

R. 90, nr 5-6

462--467

PL

Współrzędnościowe maszyny portalowe należą do grupy maszyn o najwyższej dokładności i są najczęściej stosowane do pomiarów geometrycznych elementów maszynowych, a zwłaszcza motoryzacyjnych. Opisano parametry i funkcje maszyn różnych producentów.

EN

Gantry type coordinate measuring machines belong to a group of machines operating to the highest accuracy standards and they are most commonly used for geometric measurements of machine elements, especially in automotive industry. Description of characteristics and functions of the machines offered by different manufacturers is presented.

15

Assessment of the impact of probe head hysteresis on the accuracy of five-axis coordinate measuring systems

Gąska P., Gruza M., Gąska A., Harmatys W., Sładek J.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2017

|

Vol. 11, no 3

277-282

EN

One of the factors affecting the accuracy of Coordinate Measuring Systems is hysteresis of a probe head. It is important especially in case of touch trigger probes and should be taken into account during the determination of probing strategy. In this article, the authors try to assess how this phenomenon affects the accuracy of five axis coordinate systems which utilize articulating probe head. Such systems allow to measure point coordinates using rotary movements of the head what introduces changes to the probing process. The experiments presented in this paper are based on multiple measurements of the reference elements such as gauge blocks and standard ring.

16

Analysis of measured workpiece’s form errors influence on the accuracy of probe heads used on five-axis measuring systems

Harmatys W., Gąska A., Gruza M., Gąska P., Sładek J.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2017

|

Vol. 11, no 4

305--310

EN

The five-axis measuring systems are one of the most modern inventions in coordinate measuring technique. They are capable of performing measurements using only the rotary pairs present in their kinematic structure. This possibility is very useful because it may cause significant reduction of total measurement time and costs. However, it was noted that high values of measured workpiece’s form errors may cause significant reduction of the accuracy of a five-axis measuring system. The investigation on the relation between these two parameters was conducted in this paper and possible reasons of decrease in measurement accuracy was discussed on the example of measurements of workpieces with form errors ranging from 0,5 to 1,7 millimetre.

17

Ants Colony Optimisation of a Measuring Path of Prismatic Parts on a CMM

Stojadinovic S. M., Majstorovic V. D., Durakbasa N. M., Sibalija T. V.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

|

2016

|

Vol. 23, nr 1

119--132

EN

This paper presents optimisation of a measuring probe path in inspecting the prismatic parts on a CMM. The optimisation model is based on: (i) the mathematical model that establishes an initial collision-free path presented by a set of points, and (ii) the solution of Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) obtained with Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO). In order to solve TSP, an ACO algorithm that aims to find the shortest path of ant colony movement (i.e. the optimised path) is applied. Then, the optimised path is compared with the measuring path obtained with online programming on CMM ZEISS UMM500 and with the measuring path obtained in the CMM inspection module of Pro/ENGINEER® software. The results of comparing the optimised path with the other two generated paths show that the optimised path is at least 20% shorter than the path obtained by on-line programming on CMM ZEISS UMM500, and at least 10% shorter than the path obtained by using the CMM module in Pro/ENGINEER®.

18

Analiza termiczna szczeliny powietrznej między powierzchnią roboczą prowadnicy aerostatycznej i roboczą powierzchnią prowadzącą

Gogól J., Franczak J.

Mechanik

|

2016

|

R. 89, nr 5-6

558--559

PL

W trakcie prowadzonych w IZTW prac nad wpływem zjawisk termicznych na błędy geometrii maszyn pomiarowych z użyciem modelowania cyfrowego [1÷3] zaistniała potrzeba wyznaczenia parametru współczynnika przewodności cieplnej, umożliwiającego przeprowadzenie wiarygodnej analizy termicznej typu transient dla szczeliny powietrznej prowadnicy aerostatycznej.

EN

In the course of works carried out in the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology on the impact of thermal issues on geometry errors of CMM using computer modelling [1÷3] there was a need to designate the coefficient of thermal conductivity in a gap of air bearing (Thermal Conductance Value in ANSYS system) to enable a reliable transient thermal analysis.

19

A Comparison of the Accuracy of Bevel Gear Teeth Obtained by Means of Selected RP Techniques and the Removal Machining Method

Pisula J., Dziubek T., Przeszłowski Ł.

Machine Dynamics Research

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2016

|

Vol. 40, No. 3

147--161

EN

This article compares the accuracy of spiral bevel gear teeth obtained using the classical method and MEM as well as PolyJet methods. Gear models designed in a CAD software environment using hybrid modelling were used as the baseline. Steel gear teeth were performed by grinding. Measurements were taken on a P40 coordinate machine with the use of an Atos II Triple Scan optical scanner. On the basis of data from measurements, relevant accuracy analyses for the obtained geometry were performed and compared for each method of fabrication.

20

Analiza zjawisk termicznych we współrzędnościowych maszynach pomiarowych z użyciem systemów CAD

Gogól J., Franczak J., Kopeć M.

Mechanik

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2015

|

R. 88, nr 12

950--953

PL

Opisano kontynuację badań elementów oraz podzespołów maszyn pomiarowych przedstawionych w Mechaniku nr 3/2012 i nr 11/2015. Tym razem zajęto się bardziej złożonymi elementami i podzespołami. Przeprowadzono analizę komputerową konstrukcji maszyny pomiarowej. Badania wykonano na ręcznej maszynie pomiarowej produkcji IZTW Kraków typu NMP 5.5.4 (o zakresach ruchu w osiach X×Y×Z: 500×500×400 mm). W różnych konfiguracjach rozmieszczono zestawy czujników temperatury i przemieszczeń, które rejestrowały warunki panujące w maszynie. Rozpatrzono kilka przypadków zjawisk termicznych i porównano je z wirtualnym modelem komputerowym.

EN

Presented in the paper is how the research and analysis work is continued on the more sophisticated details and subassemblies of measuring machines referred to in Mechanik issues. In present stage the work is concentrated on examination and computer analysis of the entire measuring machine structure. Submitted to the examination was hand operated NMP 5.5.4 measuring machine produced in the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (IZTW), Cracow (displacement range: 500 mm in X axis, 500mm in Y axis, 400 mm in Z axis). Complete sets of temperature and displacement sensors to register conditions prevailing on the machine were installed in several different configurations. Several examples of thermal issues were reviewed and confronted with the computer generated model.