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1

The Influence of Using Biodiesel Prepared from Cresson Oil on Emissions and Performance of CI Engines

Imran Murtdha S., Saleh Fouad Alwan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 1

84--98

EN

The experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of using Cresson oil biodiesel on CI engine emissions and performance. This research aimed to examine how using innovative biodiesel blend formulations made from Cresson oil affected the performance and emissions of CI engines. The proportion of Cresson oil biodiesel added to conventional Iraqi diesel fuel into volume amounted to 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The engine compression ratio was set to 18, and the fuel injection timing was set at 23º bTDC. The experiments show that this biodiesel reduces the thermal efficiency, heat release, delay time, and cylinder pressure of the engine while increasing the exhaust temperature (EGT) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). There has been an increase in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2), in addition to a reduction in emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and unburned hydrocarbons (HC).

2

Allometry of nanoparticles in diesel-biodiesel blends for CI engine performance, combustion and emissions

Ahmed Mohd Mujtaba, Pali Harveer Singh, Khan Mohammad Mohsin

Archives of Thermodynamics

|

2024

|

Vol. 45, no 1

99--108

EN

Most countries in the world are facing two major challenges, one is the increase in the demand for energy consumption difficult to fulfill because of limited fossil fuel, and the second is the emission norms specified by many countries. Various methods are adopted to reduce emissions from engines but that leads to sacrificing the performance of CI engines. To eradicate this problem in the present study, the nanoparticles like (TiO2) are used with different particle sizes 1030 nm, 3050 nm and 5070 nm induced in B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) with the constant volume fraction of 100 ppm, and utilized in the diesel engine without any modifications. The results showed that the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles improves the combustion of hydrocarbons and reduces the emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbon concentration, NOx and soot. Moreover, among three sizes of the nanoparticles, those with size 3050 nm showed interesting results with the reduction in brake-specific energy consumption, NOx, smoke and HC by 2.9%, 16.2%, 35% and 10%, respectively, compared to other blends used in the study, and hence the blend with the nanoparticle of size 3050 nm is expected to be a more promising fuel for commercial application in CI engines.

3

Deposition effect of carbon deposits on charge flow in EGR valve equipped CI engine

Woźniak Marek, Siczek Krzysztof, Zakrzewski Sergiusz, Just Paweł, Ozuna Gustavo, Onescu Constantin

Combustion Engines

|

2023

|

R. 62, nr 1

26--35

EN

The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve regulates the exhaust gas flow between the engine exhaust manifold and the inlet one. This allows the inlet air to warm up, improving fuel evaporation and reducing the combustion temperature of the charge. Such a valve reduces the number of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. The valve tends to stick when too much sediment builds on the walls of the exhaust system, especially during driving in urban conditions or when leaks in the vacuum or exhaust pipes occur. A faulty valve causes the engine to run unevenly at idle speed and under light loads. The defective EGR valve weakens the inlet manifold capacity, increases combustion, causes clogging of the particulate filter and damage to the lambda probe. Blocked EGR valve may lead to engine immobilization as a result of its computerized control system operations. A model of an EGR valve for a selected diesel engine was developed to determine velocity distribution of the load flowing in it for different values of the degree of valve opening and the volume of deposits on the valve walls. The volume of accumulated carbon deposits on the walls of the EGR valve was measured using a real engine. Based on the recorded mileage of the vehicle, the assumed average speed of the car and the driving style of the driver and the intensity of deposition of carbon particles on the walls was estimated.

4

Analysis of jatropha oil-kerosene fuel mixtures on the performance of a variable-load direct injection CI engine

Ejilah Robinson I., Ogbaneme Abiodun A., Agboneni Osazoduwa O., Adekunle Sikiru O.

Combustion Engines

|

2023

|

R. 62, nr 1

11--18

EN

Jatropha oil was blended with kerosene in ratios; JOK0, JOK20, JOK30, JOK40 and JOK50 and benchmarked against conventional diesel fuel. The blended fuel samples was test-run on a TD110-TD115 TQ small CI engine test rig, and emission levels for the fuel samples were examined using an SQV automobile exhaust gas analyser. The JOK20 fuel sample offered a better performance in terms of higher BP, BTE, and EGT followed by; JOK30, JOK40 and JOK50 blends; and also exhibited lower SFC, BSEC and AFR, hence less fuel consuming than diesel fuel. A reduction in CO emission was recorded for JOK20, and a significant cut was also observed for JOK30, JOK40 blends with load increase.; while, JOK30, JOK40 and JOK50 samples exhibited higher CO2 and lower UHC emission levels than diesel. No traceable level of NOx emission was recorded for JOK20 fuel sample.

5

The use of neural network algorithms for modeling injection doses of modern fuel injectors

Abramek Karol Franciszek, Osipowicz Tomasz, Mozga Łukasz

Combustion Engines

|

2021

|

R. 60, nr 2

10--14

EN

The article presents the possibilities of using artificial intelligence methods to model the injection doses of a modern Common Rail (CR) fuel injector. The presented neural network solution belongs to the experimental models known as black boxes in mechatronics. The backpropagation algorithm and its Levenberg-Marquardt expansion were used for the simulation. The analysis showed that there is a good match between the measurements and the computational model. The proposed solution can be used in the processes of diagnosing not only elements of the injection equipment, but also the internal combustion engine.

6

Problems with glow plug - a review

Woźniak Marek, Ozuna Gustavo, Siczek Krzysztof

Combustion Engines

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2021

|

R. 60, nr 3

11--30

EN

Despite the development of hybrid and electric vehicles, a many-million population of cars with combustion engines, and particularly CI engines occurs on the roads. Also, many stationary CI engines are still utilized. Despite their improved technologies and characteristics the modern CI engines negatively affect an environment due to cold starting problems. Below 0°C, engine starts are problematic due to the decreased battery performance and the spray characteristics, the increased ignition delay time, and the engine oil viscosity. Therefore, various glow plugs are applied to facilitate this process. Types, features, and applications of glow plugs in various engines have been discussed in the paper. One case of failure of glow plug has been presented in the article, including the cause of it.

7

Pyrolysis oil combustion in the CI engine

Chwist Mariusz, Grab-Rogaliński Karol, Szwaja Stanisław

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

126--131

EN

Pyrolysis oil obtained from thermal biomass processing (torrefaction and pyrolysis) was used as an additional fuel for the compression-ignition engine equipped with a classic (non-common rail) injection system. The basic fuel used to the engine was regular diesel fuel. The tests were carried out with two content of pyrolysis oil in diesel fuel as follows: 10 and 20% by volume. In addition, the combustion process was investigated in the engine operating only on pyrolysis oil. The test results were based on a comparative analysis, where the diesel fuel was used as the reference fuel. The obtained results indicate that is a real possibility of co-combustion of pyrolysis oil with diesel fuel in the CI engine. On the other hand, a decrease in engine power resulting from the lower calorific value of pyrolysis oil and a greater unrepeatability of engine consecutive work cycles were observed.

8

Methodology of determining the input data of control algorithms for a compression-ignition engine

Pietras Dariusz, Praszkiewicz Marek, Czarniecki Konrad

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

283--288

EN

The engine control process is usually carried out based on array control algorithms with a fixed mesh size. Modification of control algorithms based on experimental test data requires the use of programs that make it possible to determine the control algorithm parameters. The article presents the methodology of determining the compression-ignition engine control algorithms. A custom computer program was presented, which was used to determine the control algorithm parameters. These control algorithms values were determined based on the results of experimental engine tests, and using the presented program. The parameters were introduced into the laboratory compression-ignition engine controller. The experimental tests performed on the engine, whose operation was managed by the programmed laboratory controller, confirmed the usefulness of the proposed methodology for determining input data of control algorithms.

9

Vibroacoustic diagnostics of defects of combustion engines valves

Dąbrowski Z., Górnicka D., Zawisza M.

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

|

2018

|

no. 4

67--76

EN

The problem of the diagnostics of mechanical defects of combustion engines, especially of exhaust valves damages, occurs in several papers. Authors of these papers apply various inference techniques and limit investigations to the one selected object under specific work conditions. The results of the active diagnostics experiment, in which it was shown that completely different signal processing algorithms allow obtaining reproducible diagnostics symptoms in SI (spark-ignition) and CI (compression-ignition) engines, when the threshold values are properly chosen, are presented in the paper.

PL

W wielu publikacjach pojawia się problem diagnozowania uszkodzeń mechanicznych silników spalinowych, a w szczególności problem diagnozowania uszkodzeń zaworów wylotowych. Autorzy tych prac stosują różne techniki wnioskowania i ograniczają badania wyłącznie do jednego wybranego obiektu w specyficznych warunkach pracy. W artykule opisano rezultaty czynnego eksperymentu diagnostycznego, w którym wykazano, że zupełnie różne algorytmy przetwarzania sygnałów pozwalają na uzyskanie powtarzalnych symptomów diagnostycznych zarówno w przypadku silników ZS, jak i ZI, pod warunkiem właściwego doboru wartości progowych.

10

Evaluating combustion, performance and emission characteristics of CI engine operating on diesel fuel enriched with HHO gas

Rimkus A., Pukalskas S., Juknelevičius R., Matijošius J., Kriaučiūnas D.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 2

303--311

EN

Research of efficient and ecological parameters was carried out with compression ignition (CI) engine using diesel fuel and additionally supplied hydrogen and oxygen (HHO) gas mixture. HHO gas is produced by electrolysis when the water was dissociating. At constant engine‘s brake torque and with increasing HHO gas volumetric concentration in taken air up to 0.2%, engine efficient indicators varies marginally, however, with bigger HHO concentration these parameters becomes worse. HHO increases smokiness, but it decreases NOx concentration in exhaust gas. Numerical analysis of combustion process using AVL BOOST software lets to conclude that hydrogen, which is found in HHO gas, ignites faster than diesel fuel and air mixture. Hydrogen combustion before TDC makes a negative work and it changes diesel fuel combustion process – diesel ignition delay phase becomes shorter, kinetic (premixed) combustion phase intensity gets smaller.

11

Combustion of RME – diesel and NExBTL – diesel blends with hydrogen in the compression ignition engine

Juknelevičius R., Szwaja S., Pyrc M., Gruca M., Pukalskas S.

Journal of KONES

|

2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 3

261--274

EN

The article presents the test results of the single cylinder compression ignition engine with common rail injection system operating on biofuels and conventional diesel blends with hydrogen. Two types of liquid fuels were tested: blend of the 7% Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) with conventional diesel fuel and Neste Pro Diesel – blend of the 15% Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), produced by Neste Oil Corporation with conventional diesel fuel. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of the hydrogen addition to biofuels and diesel blends on combustion phases, autoignition delay, engine performance efficiency and exhaust emissions. Hydrogen fraction was changed within the range from 0 to 43% by energy. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold, where it created homogeneous mixture with air. Tests were performed at both fixed and optimal injection timings at low, medium, and nominal engine load. After analysis of the engine bench tests and simulation with AVL BOOST software, it was observed that increasing hydrogen fraction shortened the fuel ignition delay phase and it affected the main combustion phase. Moreover, decrease of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and smoke opacity was observed with increase of hydrogen amounts to the engine. However, increase of the nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentration in the engine exhaust gases was observed.

12

Komputerowy model dydaktyczny elektronicznego układu sterowania silnikiem o zapłonie samoczynnym

Styła S.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 12

662--666

PL

W artykule omówiony został komputerowy model układu sterowania silnikiem o zapłonie samoczynnym opracowany i wykorzystywany jako stanowisko dydaktyczne. Odzwierciedla on algorytmy pracy silnika ZS i daje możliwość obserwacji, a także wyznaczenia podstawowych parametrów i zależności występujących w elektronicznym układzie sterowania EDC. Ponadto przejrzysta struktura modelu pozwala na łatwe wprowadzanie zmian parametrów sterowania oraz modyfikację poszczególnych map. Model został opracowany z wykorzystaniem środowiska graficznego LabView.

EN

The article presented a computer model of the control unit of compression ignition engine developed and used as a didactic stand. It reflects the operating algorithms of the CI engine and gives the possibility of observation as well as determining the basic parameters and relationships occurring in the electronic control system EDC. In addition, the transparent structure of the model allows for easy introduction of changes in control parameters and modification of individual maps. The model was developed using the LabView graphic environment.

13

Wykorzystanie biogazu do zasilania silników o zapłonie samoczynnym

Wierzbicki S.

Przegląd Mechaniczny

|

2017

|

nr 4

52--56

PL

Zwiększenie wykorzystania paliw alternatywnych to jeden z głównych kierunków rozwoju współczesnej energetyki. Jednym z paliw, o znaczeniu rosnącym w najbliższym czasie, jest biogaz, który powstaje na skutek naturalnych procesów zachodzących podczas rozkładu biomasy. W artykule opisano wyniki badań wykorzystania biogazu do zasilania silników o zapłonie samoczynnym. Z uwagi na wysoką temperaturę samozapłonu metanu, głównego palnego składnika biogazu, jego wykorzystanie w tych silnikach wymaga zastosowania dwupaliwowego układu zasilania. W takim rozwiązaniu niewielka dawka paliwa ciekłego wtryskiwana do komory spalania wywołuje zapłon metanu. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ udziału biogazu w dawce zasilającej oraz wpływ wybranych parametrów sterujących na osiągi współczesnego silnika spalinowego z układem zasilania typu Common Rail.

EN

Increase of the use of alternative fuels is the main objective for modern energy industry. Biogas, as a product of natural processes occurring during the decomposition of biomass, is gaining appreciation all over the world. The paper describes the results of research on the use of biogas as fuel for compression-ignition engines. Because of the high auto-ignition temperature of methane, which is the main combustible component of biogas, its use re-quires a dual-fuel supply system. In such approach, a small dose of conventional liquid fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber and causes the ignition of gaseous fuel. The paper also describes influence of the biogas quantity and selected control parameters on the performance of a modern internal combustion engine equipped with Common Rail injection system.

14

Studying a construction of pistons for the aircraft CI engine

Siadkowska K., Majczak A., Barański G.

Combustion Engines

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2017

|

R. 56, nr 1

161--167

EN

This paper examines the selected constructions of piston for aircraft CI engines and discusses tendencies in a development of piston designs. The paper addresses the question of using new materials and coatings to improve quality of pistons and the study of heat transfer and methods to absorb heat from a piston by means of cooling ducts. The selected materials were examined in terms of their advantages and drawbacks. The paper discusses different shapes of piston heads and their impact on combustion as well as indicates other factors behind parameters of combustion and toxic emission like injector shape types, lubrication types and clearances in the combustion chamber.

15

Diagnosing methods common rail fuel injectors

Osipowicz T., Abramek K. F.

Combustion Engines

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2017

|

R. 56, nr 1

56--61

EN

Article describes diagnose and research methods Common Rail system fuel injectors. Professional diagnose modern fuel injectors is very difficult procedure. Basic theirs work parameter influencing on correctly work parameters are magnitude injection and return dosages by definite pressures prevailing in system and injection times. Sometimes dosages during diagnose by coordinate task and actual fuel injector are correct but engine work is not proper. So that during diagnose should extend tests procedure in range varie work conditions. Fuel injectors work characteristics are one of method researching in whole range work. During researches has been used Continental fuel injector.

16

Combustion process in compression ignition engine with addition of ozone

Orliński P., Wojs M. K., Kruczyński P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2016

|

z. 1/105

13--22

EN

The article presents selected results of the impact of ozone on the combustion process the diesel engine Perkins 1104C-E44TA. Two ozone generators were supplied to the engine intake system in four doses of 17.5, 35, 52.5 and 70 g / h. The results include the waveforms of pressure of the working medium, the heat release and the degree of burning fuel dose for 100%, 50% and 10% of the maximum load.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wybrane wyniki wpływu ozonu na przebieg procesu spalania w silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym Perkins 1104C-E44TA. Ozon wytwarzany w dwóch generatorach dostarczany był do układu dolotowego silnika w czterech dawkach : 17,5, 35, 52,5 oraz 70 g/h. Wyniki obejmują przebiegi ciśnienia czynnika roboczego, wydzielania ciepła oraz stopień wypalania dawki paliwa dla 100%, 50% i 10% maksymalnego obciążenia.

17

Wskaźniki pracy silnika ZS z układem zasilania Common Rail zasilanego estrami FAME

Ambrozik A., Ambrozik T., Kurczyński D., Łagowski P.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 5

23--32, CD1

PL

Współczesne tłokowe silniki spalinowe o zapłonie samoczynnym, spełniające rygorystyczne wymagania w zakresie emisji toksycznych składników spalin, w większości wyposażone są w zaawansowane technologicznie układy zasilania Common Rail. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ estrów metylowych oleju rzepakowego FAME na podstawowe wskaźniki pracy silnika Fiat 1.3 Multijet wyposażonego w w/w układ zasilania Common Rail. Badania przeprowadzono na hamowni silnikowej. Podczas badań silnik pracował według zewnętrznej charakterystyki prędkościowej oraz charakterystyk obciążeniowych. Wykazano wpływ zastosowania czystych estrów metylowych oleju rzepakowego FAME na podstawowe wskaźniki pracy badanego silnika.

EN

Modern compression ignition internal combustion piston engines, which meet stringent requirements on the emission of the exhaust gas toxic components, are mostly equipped with technologically advanced Common Rail fuel systems. The paper presents the impact of rapeseed oil methyl esters (FAME) on the basic performance indicators of the Fiat 1.3 Multijet engine fitted with the Common Rail fuel system. The investigations were carried out on the test bench. In the tests, the engine operated under full load conditions and partial load conditions. The impact of the engine fuelling with neat rapeseed oil methyl esters FAME on the basic performance parameters was shown.

18

Analiza metod pomiarów emisji cząstek stałych w spalinach nowoczesnych samochodów

Bielaczyc P., Szczotka A., Woodburn J.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 3

365--376, CD 1

PL

Reducing emissions of particulate matter in the exhaust gas of modern vehicles has been one of the priorities in the fight against environmental pollution from automotive sources for many years. As a result of technological development and implementation of high pressure fuel injection into the combustion chamber, particles present in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines are of smaller and smaller size, able to penetrate not only the respiratory tract but also the circulatory systems of humans and animals. Such particles are especially dangerous because of the difficulty (or even impossibility) of their removal from living organisms, and the attendant carcinogenic impact. For this reason, it is extremely important to accurately measure particulate emissions in exhaust gas. The current regulations limit the emission of particulate matter specified in terms of mass and number. However, for practical reasons, it is necessary to continuously improve other methods for more accurate measurements of particulate emissions. These methods may include numerical measurement of the size distribution of the particles, as well as various continuous measurements of particle concentration. All of these measurements permit a clear understanding of the work areas of the engine - where the highest emissions are encountered and thus enable the development of a suitable calibration for the engine and exhaust aftertreatment system to minimize particulate emissions. This paper describes current methods of measurement of particulate emissions, both standardized and used only for research and development purposes.

EN

Ograniczenie emisji cząstek stałych w spalinach nowoczesnych samochodów już od wielu lat jest jednym z priorytetów w walce z zanieczyszczeniami środowiska ze źródeł motoryzacyjnych. W wyniku rozwoju technologicznego i wprowadzania wysokociśnieniowego wtrysku paliwa do komory spalania, w spalinach silników spalania wewnętrznego znajdują się cząstki stałe o coraz mniejszych wymiarach, zdolne do przenikania nie tylko do układu oddechowego, ale także do układu krwionośnego ludzi i zwierząt. Jest to szczególnie niebezpieczne z uwagi na trudność (czy wręcz niemożność) usuwania takich cząstek z organizmów żywych, a co za tym idzie kancerogenne oddziaływanie. Z tego powodu niezwykle ważne jest dokładne mierzenie emisji cząstek stałych w spalinach. Obecnie obowiązujące przepisy limitują emisję cząstek stałych określoną masowo i liczbowo. Jednakże ze względów praktycznych konieczne jest ciągłe doskonalenie innych metod pozwalających na dokładniejsze pomiary emisji cząstek stałych. Do metod tych można zaliczyć pomiar liczbowy cząstek stałych z rozkładem wielkości tychże cząstek, jak również wszelkie pomiary ciągłe stężenia cząstek. Wszystkie te pomiary pozwalają na dokładne poznanie obszarów pracy silnika, w których emisja ta jest najwyższa i dzięki temu umożliwiają opracowanie takich kalibracji silnika i układów oczyszczania spalin, aby emisję tą minimalizować. W niniejszym artykule opisano stosowane obecnie metody pomiarów emisji cząstek stałych, zarówno te znormalizowane, jak i wykorzystywane tylko do celów badań badawczo-rozwojowych.

19

The influence of oxygenates on lubricity of fuels for CI engines

Kulczycki A.

Journal of KONES

|

2015

|

Vol. 22, No. 2

121--128

EN

Lubricity of fuels for CI engines becomes one of very important parameter since the sulphur content was decreased to 50 and actually 10 ppm. To provide effective lubrication of fuel pumps and unit injectors elements, in case fuel does not contain organic sulphur compounds, the oxygen containing organic compounds are added as lubrication additives. Biocomponents are usually introduced into mineral diesel fuel containing additives package, which includes lubricating additive (organic acid). The aim of this paper is investigation of the influence of polar oxygenates added to petroleum diesel fuel in concentration between 5 and 20% (V/V) on lubricating additive effectiveness in protective layer creation. The results of HFRR tests obtained for blends of commercial diesel fuel containing lubricating additive with biobuthanol models (MB) leads to conclusion that: − generally the buthanol isomers addition increases wear of upper ball of HFRR apparatus, − wear of upper ball of HFRR apparatus depends on the average film thickness and does not depend on tested fuels viscosity at 40°C, − dilution of commercial diesel fuel by biobuthanol models and consequently decreasing of lubricating additive concentration cannot be the only reason of deterioration of tested blends lubricity. It was concluded, that the possible reason of lubricity deterioration by buthanol added to commercial diesel fuel in concentration between 5 and 20% (V/V) are antagonistic interactions between oxygenates (buthyl alcohol) and lubricating additive. These antagonistic interactions depend on the structure of buthanol isomers.

20

Discussion on the methodology of the lubricity determination of diesel fuels, containing non petroleum components

Dzięgielewski W.

Journal of KONES

|

2015

|

Vol. 22, No. 2

41--47

EN

The paper describes the usability of current test methods employed in fuels for CI engines testing for fuels containing non-petroleum components. The paper describes test results that justify the necessity for test method modification and for establishing new criteria for assessment of such fuels usability. The analysis covered typical courses of friction coefficient and electrical contact potential as film thickness during test. During standard test the wear stages were isolated, and then referenced to actual operation of friction pair in fuel supply system of diesel engine. Test results show that methodology used up to date is not useful. The restriction to standard corrected wear scar diameter (WS 1.4) is not enough for proper interpretation of course and effects of model wear. Moreover, it is impossible to reference to actual operation conditions, which is inconsistent with tribological testing rules. Such rules mean that testing conditions reflect the actual ones as much as possible. Characteristics of test technique using HFRR, discussion on test method usability for testing the modified fuels, lubricity change vs. the increase of concentration of hydrocarbons typical for biohydrocarbons from Fischer-Tropsch process, comparison of changes of friction coefficient and lubrication film thickness for samples are presented in the paper.