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1

Estimating the potential of a warning system preventing road accidents at pedestrian crossings

Ess Juri, Luppin Janek, Antov Dago

LogForum

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2021

|

Vol. 17, no. 3

441--452

EN

Background: The safety of pedestrians is one of the main traffic safety issues today and despite measures being applied, the number of pedestrian deaths in traffic is not changing. According to the Pareto Rule, 80% of consequences come from 20% of the causes and here the question arises whether we have already used these 20% of the most efficient measures. Today the European Union (EU) puts big hopes are on contemporary technologies, such as Advanced Emergency Braking Systems (AEB) and cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS). This decade, we can expect smarter vehicles with automatic brakes, and smarter infrastructure which can communicate with vehicles. Along this other profits technological development provides new opportunities for improving pedestrian safety. One of the most promising solutions is deployment of C-ITS systems at uncontrolled crossings. It would monitor the situation and warn the road users of potential dangers as well as make the vehicles brake automatically. However, before making large investments into this field, one has to be sure that this approach will work. The aim of this paper is to describe typical vehicle-pedestrian crash scenarios and to estimate whether a C-ITS warning system is able to prevent them. Research estimates the potential of this system and provides insights to its must-have features. Methods: To understand the situations in which the warning system should function, researchers carried out traffic conflict studies at uncontrolled crossings with traffic filmed in both winter and summer. They determined and described serious conflicts and, based on their scenarios, classified them into three types. Then, researchers selected the most critical conflict of each type and analysed whether warning signals can be provided to the vehicle and the driver early enough to prevent collisions. For these purposes, researchers used a modelling software for traffic accident investigation. To access the efficiency of the C-ITS warning system, researchers estimated the probability of preventing collisions and used the efficiency parameters of classical traffic calming measures. Results: The C-ITS warning system has good potential in preventing vehicle-pedestrian collisions at uncontrolled pedestrian crossings. It is remarkable and very promising that it would be able to prevent all types of conflicts analysed in the scope of this study by warning AEB-equipped vehicles. Warning the driver would be also effective, but the system work will largely depend on the quality of warning signals. An effective C-ITS warning system should be capable of predicting the trajectories and acceleration of road users as well as calculating the stopping distance of vehicles based on the coefficient of static friction. Study showed that in some cases, the system will have to give false positive alarms, but the fewer such alarms will be given, the more efficient the system will be. A disturbing or annoying C-ITS warning system cannot be considered effective. Conclusions: Road accident statistics contain general data about vehicle-pedestrian collisions at uncontrolled crossing, but there is few information about behavioral patterns leading to accidents. Based on large-scaled traffic studies, researchers were able to determine these patterns and described how road users act when being involved in a dangerous situation. This knowledge helped to model typical vehicle-pedestrian collisions as well as their possible scenarios. Researchers used the conflict models totest the C-ITS warning system and to understand its efficiency. The study results were implementedin a prototype that has been developed in Estonia and is being tested it in real traffic conditions of a smart city in the scope of the Finnish-Estonian project “FinEst Twins”. The next steps are to analyze the test results and to conduct research to understand how to warn drivers (and pedestrians) most effectively.

2

Kooperacyjne Inteligentne Systemy Transportowe (C-ITS) jako rozwiązania podnoszące bezpieczeństwo i efektywność transportu drogowego

Kamiński Tomasz

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

|

2020

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nr 6

10--18

PL

W artykule opisano rozwiązania z zakresu C-ITS, które były uwzględnione w analizach przeprowadzonych dla potrzeb projektu RID 4D, pt. „Wpływ stosowania usług Inteligentnych Systemów Transportowych na poziom bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego”, zrealizowanego na zlecenie Generalnej Dyrekcji Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad oraz Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju (umowa nr DZP/RID-I41/7/NCBR/2016). Rozwiązania z zakresu C-ITS stanowią kolejny etap rozwoju Inteligentnych Systemów Transportowych. Dane z tych systemów mogą być wykorzystywane w ramach tzw. lokalnych map dynamicznych, które stanowią narzędzie łączące statyczne informacje o drogach, infrastrukturze drogowej i przydrożnej, z dynamiczną informacją drogową. Zakres danych dynamicznych obejmuje przesyłane do pojazdów informacje m. in. o incydentach drogowych czy awaryjnym hamowaniu, a ich wykorzystanie może się przyczynić do wzrostu bezpieczeństwa drogowego. Ponadto zwiększenie liczby dostępnych danych umożliwi precyzyjniejsze reagowanie na zagrożenia przez systemy wspomagania kierowcy w sytuacjach awaryjnych, w tym przez systemy stosowane w pojazdach autonomicznych. W artykule opisano również możliwość wsparcia rozwoju elektromobilności przez rozwiązania z zakresu ITS, głównie dzięki sprawniejszemu informowaniu kierowców o możliwości ładowania akumulatora trakcyjnego samochodu i zastosowaniu inteligentnych plenerów podróży, uwzględniających poziom naładowania akumulatora, ale również rozmieszczenie i dostępność punktów ładowania.

EN

The article describes C-ITS solutions that were included in the analyzes carried out for the purposes of the RID 4D project, entitled "Impact of the use of Intelligent Transport Systems services on the level of road safety" implemented at the request of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways and the National Center for Research and Development (contract no. DZP/RID-I41/7/NCBR/2016). C-ITS solutions are the next stage in the development of Intelligent Transport Systems. Data from these systems can be used as part of the so-called Local Dynamic Maps, which are a tool combining static information about roads, road and roadside infrastructure with dynamic road information. The dynamic data range includes information sent to vehicles, including about road incidents or emergency braking, and their use can contribute to increasing road safety. In addition, increasing the amount of data available will enable more accurate response to threats by driver assistance systems in emergency situations, including systems used in autonomous vehicles. The article also describes the possibility of supporting the development of electromobility by ITS solutions, mainly due to more efficient information to drivers about the possibility of charging a car traction battery and the use of intelligent outdoor locations, taking into account the battery level, as well as the location and availability of charging points.

3

Komunikacja M2M i kooperacyjny inteligentny system transportowy

Gajewska M., Gajewski S.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

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2018

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nr 11

887--890

PL

Scharakteryzowano komunikację M2M w kontekście przyszłych systemów 5G. Ponadto przedstawiono przyjętą w marcu 2018 roku rezolucję Parlamentu Europejskiego w sprawie wdrażania kooperacyjnego inteligentnego systemu transportowego C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems). System ten umożliwi uruchomienie komunikacji typu V2X na obszarze całej Europy. W artykule zawarto zalecenia komisji do Parlamentu Europejskiego w sprawie wymagań technicznych związanych z systemem C-ITS. Wdrożenie tego systemu ma pomóc w zmniejszeniu liczby śmiertelnych ofiar wypadków.

EN

In the paper M2M communications in the context of future 5G systems are characterised. Also, the European Parliament resolution adopted in March 2018 on the implementation of the C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport System) was presented. This system will allow you to avoid V2X communication across Europe. The article contains recommendations of the commission to the European Parliament regarding technical requirements related to the C-ITS system. The implementation of this system is intended to help reduce the number of fatalities.

4

Założenia modelu decyzyjnego doboru usług ITS w celu eliminacji zakłóceń potoków ruchu

Karoń G., Żochowska R.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2018

|

z. 120

167--177

PL

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe założenia modelu decyzyjnego, dotyczącego doboru usług ITS, w celu łagodzenia i eliminacji negatywnych skutków zakłóceń potoków ruchu w sieciach transportowych. W pierwszej części przedstawiono strukturę systemów ITS, z uwzględnieniem usług systemów kooperujących C-ITS oraz wybranych strategii sterowania i zarządzania ruchem. W drugiej części sformułowano uogólniony opis formalny modelu decyzyjnego doboru konfiguracji funkcjonalno-użytkowej ITS dla określonych miar zakłóceń potoków ruchu.

EN

The article presents the basic assumptions of the decision-making model regarding the selection of ITS services in order to mitigate and eliminate the negative effects of disruptions to traffic flows in transport networks. The first part of article presents the structure of ITS systems, including cooperative systems C-ITS, and selected strategies for control and traffic management. The second part of article formulates a basic formal description of the decision-making model for the selection of ITS functional configuration for specific measures of traffic flow disturbances.

5

Evolution and selected implementation examples of ITS in the European Union

Kozlowski R., Jablonski J., Adamek R.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2017

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Vol. 10, iss. 3

16--20

EN

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are evolving in response to a range of factors, which are discussed in this paper in conjunction with major directions of future ITS development. The technology of cooperation between the various elements of infrastructure and vehicles will determine further evolution of telematic solutions, leading to synergies arising from both existing and new applications, as well as from the advent of the Internet of things in transportation. The next step in the development of such systems is Cooperative ITS. It already has a solid foundation in the European Union’s strategic documents on transportation, and the first implementations are under way.

6

Implementation of Standardized Cooperation Environment for Intelligent Transport Systems

Kowalewski M., Pękalski A.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2016

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nr 4

60--70

EN

Many of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) solutions are using components that dynamically change in time and space. Among these, there occur changes of location, movement parameters, components configuration, external environment influence, automation use, etc. Standard facilities in ITS communication model are useful base for implementation of the services in such variable environment. Such features have an influence on the implementation of the services and requirements for the lower communication layers.

7

ITS in the digital society

Kardaś K., Zmidzińska B.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2016

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Vol. 9, iss. 2

12--21

EN

Uniform for cars, smartphones, Road Side Units and Traffic Management Centers European Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) Architecture model opens the road to integrated design of mobility management systems where pedestrians and cars play an active role in shaping the traffic conditions and dedicated radio frequencies enable them to solve most of the ongoing cases. The new business models involve equally car makers, drivers, passengers, road and railway operators, financial sector (lease, insurance providers, banks), municipalities and governmental road and transport agencies, telecoms, ICT 800 pounds gorillas as well as startups in cooperative design, enhancement, delivery and consumption of mobility services. Will we manage to leverage the global experience, enrich European C-ITS output and avoid being marginalized as pure consumers on new services market?

8

Trakcyjna sieć światłowodowa z radiowymi punktami dostępu pracująca w technice RoF

Zakrzewski Z.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 4

6963--6972, CD2

PL

W ramach pracy przedstawiono podstawowe parametry interfejsu pierwszej i drugiej warstwy (802.11p), przeznaczonego do zastosowań w powstającym europejskim trakcyjnym systemie C-ITS. Wykonano obliczenia wskazujące na potrzebę odpowiedniej konfiguracji warstwy MAC, aby móc wprowadzić format RoF w dystrybucyjnej części sieci. Przeanalizowano oraz obliczono zmiany, jakie mogą zajść podczas transmisji radiowego symbolu OFDM w łączu światłowodowym, w odniesieniu do wybranych standardów włókien jednomodowych. Na podstawie wykonanych obliczeń określono możliwości wdrożenia techniki RoF w trakcyjnych sieciach C-ITS.

EN

In the paper, basic interface parameters of the first and second layers (802.11p) intended for use in the development of the European traction system C-ITS. Calculations demonstrating the need for configuring the MAC layer in order to introduce the RoF format to the distribution part of the network were performed. There were analyzed and calculated the changes that may occur during transmission of the radio OFDM symbol in the optical fiber link in relation to the selected standards of the single-mode fibers. On the basis of the calculations, the possibility of the implementation of the radio-over-fiber technology in C-ITS traction networks have been defined.

9

Standardization of cooperation of intelligent transport systems in vehicles

Kowalewski M., Pękalski A., Siergiejczyk M.

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2014

|

Vol. 13, no. 4

357--378

PL

Komunikacja pomiędzy pojazdami oraz pojazdów z ich otoczeniem (V2X) jest ważna dla realizacji współpracujących aplikacji ITS (C-ITS), a w tym takich, które zwiększają bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego (BRD). Faktyczne i formalne standardy komunikacji V2X są kluczem do rozwoju aplikacji wymagających współpracy ich rozproszonych komponentów z zachowaniem wszystkich warunków inter-operacyjności. Doświadczenia dowodzą, że rozwiązania ITS umożliwiająpoprawę bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego i dlatego ta tematyka jest w Unii Europejskiej traktowana priorytetowo o czym świadczy duża liczba działań badawczych, innowacyjnych i wdrożeniowych.

EN

Communications between road vehicles and with their environment (V2X) is importantfor cooperative ITS (C-ITS) application implementations including those which enhancing road traffic safety. Formal and de facto V2X communications standards are key to application development requiring cooperation of distributed components with maintenance of all interoperability conditions. Experiences proof that ITS solutions support road traffic safety enhancement and this is reasoning of European Union priorities of this subjects and thus many research, innovation and deployment actions.

10

National ITS architecture objectives

Chojnacki B., Kowalewski M., Pękalski A.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2014

|

Vol. 7, iss. 1

25--30

EN

Architecture of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is a set of general statements which let to plan unified implementation of applications and services, cooperating with each other. Due to formal and practical requirements it should be architecture fulfilling domestic conditions, including public language. The collected knowledge, experience and studies, particularly connected with European Frame ITS architecture, can be a useful start point both to drawing up Polish domestic ITS architecture, as well as to adopting institutional arrangements, allowing for her effective applications and wide approval.

11

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) interoperability assurance drivers

Chojnacki B., Kowalewski M., Pękalski A.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

|

2014

|

Vol. 7, iss. 1

19--24

EN

Interoperability is one of crucial problems in transport systems and it is touching especially the systems, when their complexity is growing with application of information and communications techniques. Directive of 2010/40/ EU on frameworks of the implementation of intelligent transport systems in the area of the road transport and interfaces with other types of transport has established measures to ensure ITS conformance, interoperability and continuity. Here there is review of the drivers to ITS interoperability achievement, as well as processes of their practical application. Special focus is on testing of the implementation of standards and the specifications.

12

Znaczenie krajowej architektury ITS

Chojnacki B., Kowalewski M., Pękalski A.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2013

|

z. 95

29--41

PL

Architektura inteligentnych systemów transportowych (ITS) jest zestawem stwierdzeń ogólnych, które pozwalają na planowanie realizacji współpracujących ze sobą aplikacji i usług. Ze względu na uwarunkowania formalne i praktyczne powinna to być architektura wypełniająca uwarunkowania krajowe. Nagromadzona wiedza, doświadczenia i opracowania, w szczególności związane z europejską ramową architekturą ITS, mogą być pożytecznym punktem wyjścia zarówno do opracowania polskiej krajowej architektury ITS, jak i przyjęcia rozwiązań instytucjonalnych, pozwalających na jej efektywne zastosowania.

EN

Architecture of intelligent transport systems (ITS) is a set of general statements which let to plan implementation of applications and services, cooperating with each other.. Due to formal and practical requirements it should be architecture fulfilling domestic conditions. The collected knowledge, experience and studies, particularly connected with European Frame ITS architecture, can be a useful point of departure both to drawing up Polish domestic ITS architecture, as well as adopting institutional arrangements, allowing for her effective applications.

13

Sposoby zapewnienia interoperacyjności inteligentnych systemów transportowych (ITS)

Chojnacki B., Kowalewski M., Pękalski A.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2013

|

z. 95

43--55

PL

Problem interoperacyjności jest jednym z kluczowych problemów systemów transportowych a dotyka zwłaszcza systemów, których złożoność znacznie wzrasta przez zastosowanie technik informacyjno-komunikacyjnych. Dyrektywa 2010/40/UE w sprawie ram wdrażania inteligentnych systemów transportowych w obszarze transportu drogowego oraz interfejsów z innymi rodzajami transportu ustala środki do zapewnienia zgodności, interoperacyjności i ciągłości ITS. Dokonano przeglądu możliwości osiągania interoperacyjności ITS oraz procesów ich praktycznego wykorzystania, zwłaszcza przez badania implementacji norm i specyfikacji.

EN

Interoperability is one of crucial problems in transport systems and it is touching especially the systems, when their complexity is growing through application of information and communications techniques. Directive of 2010/40/EU on frameworks of the implementation of intelligent transport systems in the area of the road transport and interfaces with other types of transport have established measures to ensure ITS conformance, interoperability and continuity. Here there is review of the possibilities how to achieve ITS interoperability as well as processes of their practical application. Special focus is on testing of the implementation of norms and the specifications.