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EN
Despite years of research, Lower Triassic deposits of the epicontinental Central European Basin still lack a detailed stratigraphy that would allow regional correlation of isochronous horizons. The best chronostratigraphic results have up to now been achieved by microspore-based biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy. Integrated palynostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic investigations, carried out on Buntsandstein cores from northeastern Poland representing the eastern margin of the basin, have made precise correlations with the better-explored basin centre. The Lidzbark and Malbork formations of the Bartoszyce IG 1 borehole were examined by means of palynology and palaeomagnetic studies. Further palaeomagnetic studies were applied to the Lidzbark, Malbork and Elbląg formations of the Nidzica IG 1 borehole and the Elbląg Fm. of the Pasłęk IG 1. Two spore-poll en assemblages were distinguished representing the Densoisporites nejburgii Subzone of the D. nejburgii Zone within the lower part of the Lidzbark Fm. and the lowermost part of the Malbork Fm. Mostly reversed polarity was detected within the lower part of the succession investigated, whereas normal polarity prevailed within its upper part. A normal polarity local zone was correlated with the undivided Tbn6-Tbn7 standard magnetozones of western Poland. The reversely polarized part of the succession corresponds most probably to the Tbr5 standard magnetozone. The base of the Tbn6-Tbn7 magnetozone can serve as a good correlation horizon for regional reconstructions.
EN
This paper presents a new sedimentological and palaeogeographic interpretation of the Early to Middle(?) Triassic continental deposits in the Wleń Graben and the Krzeszów Brachysyncline (Sudetes, SW Poland). These two tectonic subunits, located in the peripheral segments of the North Sudetic and Intra-Sudetic synclinoriums, respectively, represent the crucial elements for deciphering the post-Variscan palaeogeographic evolution of the NE termination of the Bohemian Massif. Sedimentological studies and facies analysis show that the Early Triassic siliciclastic deposition in both areas was dominated by fluvial sedimentation of the typical Buntsandstein facies within a gently sloping alluvial plain, locally followed by ephemeral lake environments in the late Early or Middle(?) Triassic. The lithofacies and the measured palaeocurrent directions indicate that the area was drained by braided streams flowing towards the northwest and north. Individual fluvial channels had depths not exceeding 1 m and widths of up to a few metres. Overbank deposits are poorly preserved due to the lateral shifting of channels. Based on available borehole data, an analysis of isopach maps was performed for the first time in the study areas. The study areas are presently separated by crystalline units devoid of sedimentary rocks, but the analysis indicate that they might have been in constant or periodical connection during the Triassic. It is concluded that the present-day extent of Triassic deposits is a result of the primary basin configuration combined with the Middle Triassic to Late Cretaceous erosion and post-Cretaceous tectonic uplift. The paper summarizes the present state of research on the continental Triassic preserved in the terminal parts of the North Sudetic and Intra-Sudetic synclinoriums, presents the first detailed sedimentological logs, and proposes new palaeogeographic interpretation. New findings include bioturbation structures, such as plant-root traces or tunnels formed by invertebrates and possible tetrapod footprints, which shed new light on the sedimentological interpretation of the continental Mesozoic deposits in the NE part of the Bohemian Massif.
EN
The aim of this study was to reconstruct the location mechanism of a Triassic sandstone wedge within folded Palaeozoic rocks. A vertically oriented Buntsandstein succession (Lower Triassic) from Józefka Quarry (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland), steeply wedged within folded Devonian carbonates, is recognised as an effect of normal faulting within a releasing stepover. The sandstone succession, corresponding to the Zagnańsk Formation in the local lithostratigraphic scheme, is represented by two complexes, interpreted as deposits of a sand-dominated alluvial plain (older complex), and coarse-grained sands and gravels of a braided river system (younger complex). The sandstone complex was primarily formed as the lowermost part of the several kilometres thick Mesozoic cover of the Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt (HCFB), later eroded as a result of the Late Cretaceous/Paleogene uplift of the area. Tectonic analysis of the present-day position of the deformed sandstone succession shows that it is fault-bounded by a system of strike-slip and normal faults, which we interpret as a releasing stepover. Accordingly, the formation of the stepover in the central part of the late Palaeozoic HCFB is evidence of a significant role of strike-slip faulting within this tectonic unit during Late Cretaceous/Paleogene times. The faulting was probably triggered by reactivation of the terminal Palaeozoic strike-slip fault pattern along the western border of the Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone.
EN
An excavation dug out in the glacially transported rock masses at Golaszyn near Łuków (eastern Poland), revealed the presence of deposits unknown so far in this area. These are older than the only known so far here glacially transported clays containing concretions with splendidly preserved ammonites of late Callovian at Łapiguz brickyard of Łuków. The succession exposed consists of sands and sandstones of Middle Callovian age which rest on red-brownish clays. The latter may be compared with the Triassic - Buntsandstein deposits of the northwestern Lithuania, that is the home area of glacially transported rock masses, commonly occurring in eastern Poland in the Łuków area. The new geological discoveries markedly increase a set of attractions for the promotion of the Łuków region for the education and geotourism purposes.
PL
Przystropowa seria klastyczna dolnego i środkowego pstrego piaskowca z obszaru synkliny grodzieckiej synklinorium północnosudeckiego charakteryzuje się dużym makroskopowym podobieństwem do klastycznych utworów cenomanu. Mogło to skutkować błędnym wyznaczaniem granicy między utworami triasu i kredy w otworach archiwalnych. Przeprowadzono szczegółowe obserwacje makroskopowe rdzeni wiertniczych oraz pobrano próbki do analiz mikroskopowych. Wyróżniono szereg cech charakteryzujących piaskowce serii stropowej. Są to przede wszystkim: podwyższona zawartość kaolinitu, spadek dojrzałości teksturalnej, zanik warstwowań, brak występowania otoczaków oraz intraklastów ilastych. Cechy te mogą wskazywać na transgresywny charakter osadu oraz przejściowe (z lądowego do morskiego) środowisko ich powstawania.
EN
The uppermost clastic succession of Lower–Middle Buntsandstein sediments of the Grodziec Syncline (North Sudetic Synclinorium) shows high macroscopic similarity to overlying Cenomanian deposits. That might have resulted in erroneous determination of the boundary between Triassic and Cretaceous sediments in historic drill holes. Detailed macroscopic observations were performed on cores and samples taken for microscopic analyses. A number of features characterizing sediments of the uppermost clastic succession have been identified. These are predominantly increased kaolinite content, decrease of textural maturity, decline of bedding, and lack of pebbles and argillaceous intraclasts. These features might indicate transgressive character of the sediments and deposition in a transitional, terrestrial to marine environment.
PL
Na obszarze synkliny grodzieckiej, wschodniej części synklinorium północnosudeckiego osady najwyższego cechsztynu są reprezentowane przez mułowce i bardzo drobnoziarniste piaskowce, które płynnie i w sposób ciągły przechodzą w typowe osady pstrego piaskowca. Utwory te należą do terygenicznej strefy przejściowej PZt, której najwyższą część budują heterolity falowe.Wheterolitach wyróżniono strefę licznych deformacji przed- i pokonsolidacyjnych. Deformacje przedkonsolidacyjne posiadają liczne cechy charakterystyczne dla sejsmitów, natomiast geneza deformacji pokonsolidacyjnych nie jest jednoznaczna i wymaga dalszych badań. Strefa deformacji stanowi ważny poziom korelacyjny na obszarze synkliny grodzieckiej, który jest także obserwowany w analogicznych osadach monokliny przedsudeckiej w rejonie Głogowa i Rudnej.
EN
In the Grodziec Syncline (Eastern part of the North-Sudetic Synclinorium) the uppermost Zechstein sediments are represented by mudstones and very fine grained sandstones, which smoothly continue into typical Buntsandstein deposits. These sediments belong to Transitional Terrigeneous Series (PZt), which uppermost part is developed as heterolithic tempestites. A zone abundant in pre- and post-consolidated sediment deformation structures was distinguished within heterolithic sediments. The pre-consolidated sediment deformation structures have numerous features of seismites, on the other hand post-consolidated deformation structures raise more doubts about their origin and require more future research.Azone of pre- and post-consolidated sediment deformation is an important correlation horizon for the Grodziec Syncline. Furthermore, such zone is also observed in the analogous deposits of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline in the Glogow–Rudna area.
EN
Palaeomagnetic research on the lower and middle Buntsandstein section of the Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole, located in middle western Poland, showed the possibility of existence of short reversed subzones within the first normal polarity zone of the lowermost Buntsandstein (magnetozone Tbn1). The earlier established magnetozones Tbn2 and Tbn4 were not detected. The stratigraphic gap between the middle and upper Buntsandstein included at least magnetozones Tbn6 and Tbr6. The magnetostratigraphic correlation between the investigated section and the Otyń IG1 section indicates a substantial diachronism of palynostratigraphic zones based on macrospores in the lowermost and middle Buntsandstein.
PL
Przeprowadzono badania (mikroskopia optyczna, SEM/EDS, XRD, IR) tzw. fasetowanych ziarn granatów, napotkanych we frakcjach minerałów ciężkich wydzielonych z piaskowców pstrego piaskowca monokliny przedsudeckiej. Stwierdzono, że reprezentują one człony szeregu almandyn-pirop o przewadze cząsteczki almandynowej i zawierają na ogół podrzędną domieszkę cząsteczki grossularowej, natomiast pozbawione są spessartynowej. Obszarem alimentacyjnym dla tych minerałów były zapewne Sudety, gdzie w obecnie odsłoniętych skałach metamorficznych facji eklogitowej i granulitowej stwierdzono granaty o zbliżonym chemizmie. Przyjęto, zgodnie z przeważającymi aktualnie poglądami, że "fasetowane" ziarna granatów (współwystępujące z obtoczonymi ziarnami cyrkonu, turmalinu, rutylu, apatytu, a nawet blaszkami mik), ukształtowały się w wyniku diagenetycznego wyługowania przez roztwory porowe. Proces ten przebiegał przypuszczalnie powoli, w alkalicznym lub ewentualnie obojętnym środowisku (świadectwem obecność niewyługowanego apatytu oraz dominacja smektytów w spoiwie piaskowców), w warunkach bliskich chemicznej równowagi między granatami a roztworami porowymi.
EN
The authors studied (optical microscopy, SEM/EDS, XRD, IR) the so-called faceted garnets found in heavy mineral fractions, separated out from the sandstones of the Buntsandstein on the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. The garnets represent almandine members of the almandine-pyrope series (almandine prevails over pyrope) and usually contain a subordinate admixture of the grossular member, whereas are devoid of the spessartine member. An alimentation area of these minerals was probably situated in the Sudetes, where garnets with a similar composition occur in some exposed rocks of the eclogite and granulite facies. The authors agree with currently prevailing opinions that the faceted garnets (co-occurring with rounded grains of zircon, tourmaline, rutile, apatite, and even mica flakes) were formed due to their selective diagenetic leaching by porous solutions. The process must have proceeded slowly in an alkaline or, possibly, neutral environment (it is proved by the presence of unleached apatite and domination of smectites in the bounding mass of the sandstones), under conditions approaching chemical equilibrium between garnets and the porous solutions.
EN
Very large chirotheriid tracks have been discovered in the Early Triassic Wióry Formation (=Labyrinthodontidae and Hieroglyphic Beds), middle part of the Middle Buntsandstein, exposed at Wióry in the northeastern part of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland). Hitherto, six small and medium-sized chirotheriid tracks from the Wióry locality have been described. In the present paper two ichnotaxa are proposed: Synaptichnium senkowiczowae ichnosp. nov. and Brachychirotherium kalkowensis ichnosp. nov. Their presumed trackmakers, large Early Triassic (Olenekian) Archosauriformes (Proterosuchidae, Erythrosuchidae), about 5-7 m long, are unknown from the osteological record of this age worldwide. The newly described ichnotaxa represent the oldest known record of large chirotheriid tracks in the Middle Buntsandstein of Poland. The presence of large chirotheriid tracks in the upper part of the Early Triassic deposits is very important for the understanding of the evolution and radiation of early Archosauromorpha, as well as for reconstructing Early Triassic terrestrial palaeoecosystems.
EN
The study was performed to attempt the lithostratigraphic correlation of the Buntsandstein in the margin of Holy Cross Mountains region with that of the Thuringian Basin, and simultaneously, to clarify its position in the chronostratigraphic scheme, basing on biostratigraphic data (microflora, conchostracans), and on the existence of regional discordances. The authors found strong analogies with other Buntsandstein sections of the Europe. On the other hand, because of the position of the studied area within the marginal part of the Central European Basin, Buntsandstein of the Holy Cross Mountains region is developed in different facies, more fluvial, instead of lacustrine ones. The common presence of Conchostraca representing the same species as in other parts of the Central European Basin (Thuringia), enables possible the correlation of the investigated area with the Thuringian Basin, and helps to locate stratigraphic gaps and discordances. The authors found that the lower boundary of the Buntsandstein and the boundary between the Lower and Middle Buntsandstein in the Polish study area are not equivalents of those in other areas. Also note worthy is the presence at the margin of the Holy Cross Mountains of youngest Permian terrigenous deposits not connected with the Zechstein salinar sedimentation, included to date to Zechstein or to Buntsandstein. The key for understanding the lithostratigraphic scheme of the Buntsandstein of Holy Cross Mountains region is an assumption, that the Zagnańsk Formation is mostly of fluvial, instead of lacustrine origin, consisting of equivalents of the whole Lower Buntsandstein, and that of the lower Volpriehausen Formation of the Middle Buntsandstein, with the Volpriehausen discordance present within. Authors also assume, that at least in this case, differences in the marginal part of the sedimentary basin, in comparison with its central part, depend on the presence of fluvial facies instead of lacustrine ones, and onthe presence of sedimentary gaps and discordances whose duration is progressively longer towards the basin margin enlarges in the direction to the basin margin.
11
Content available remote Nowe znaleziska tropów kręgowców z pstrego piaskowca Gór Świętokrzyskich
PL
W utworach dolnego pstrego piaskowca Gór Świętokrzyskich odkryto nowe stanowiska z tropami kręgowców. Występują one w utworach fluwialnych najniższego pstrego piaskowca w kamieniołomach Zachełmie i Jaworznia oraz w osadach międzywydmowych piaskowców tumlińskich na Górze Sosnowica. Łącznie w pstrym piaskowcu dolnym Gór Świętokrzyskich zidentyfikowano ichnorodzaje: Batrachichnus, Limnopus, Amphisauropus, Rhynchosauroides, Phalangichnus, Palmichnus, Paradoxichnium, Varanopus, Dimetropus i Chelichnus. Wszystkie te formy znane były dotychczas z utworów permu. Odkryte stanowiska z ichnocenozami kręgowców dostarczają nowych informacji o składzie, zmianach i rozprzestrzenieniu ichnofaun na przełomie permu i triasu na obszarze Gór Świętokrzyskich. Ich obecność potwierdza późnopermski wiek pstrego piaskowca dolnego odsłoniętego w Górach Świętokrzyskich.
EN
New vertebrate tracksites were discovered in the Lower Buntsandstein of the Holy Cross Mountains. Footprints occur in lowermost Buntsandstein fluvial deposits at Zachelmie and Jaworznia localities and in interdune deposits ofTumlin Sandstones at Sosnowica Hill. In the Lower Buntsandstein of the Holy Cross Mountains the ichnogenera: Batrachichnus, Limnopus, Amphisauropus, Rhynchosauroides, Phalangichnus, Palmichnus, Paradoxichnium, Varanopus, Dimetropus and Chelichnus have hitherto been recognized. All these forms have been known from Permian deposits. New tracksites provide additional information concerning temporal composition, changes and diversification of vertebrate ichnofauna near the Permian/Triassic boundary of Poland. Their presence allows to confirm Late Permian age of the Lower Buntsandstein that cropped out in the Holy Cross Mountains.
PL
Pomiary gammametryczne na rdzeniach są nową techniką wykorzystywaną w stratygrafii i sedymentologii, niestosowaną dotychczas szerzej w Polsce. W ramach kompleksowych badań basenu triasowego Niżu Polskiego pomiary takie przeprowadzono na rdzeniach dolnego i środkowego pstrego piaskowca otworów Września IG-1 oraz Gorzów Wielkopolski IG-1. Wykazały one, iż: 1. pomiary sondą ręczną dają podobne, ale dużo bardziej szczegółowe rezultaty niż geofizyczne pomiary otworowe; 2. w interpretacji pomiarów musi być uwzględniany stan zachowania rdzenia; 3. idealna korelacja pomiarów ręcznych ze skalą głębokościową rdzeni umożliwia korektę przesunięcia głębokościowego krzywej karotażowej; 4. pomiary promieniowania gamma na rdzeniach mogą być wykorzystywane do szczegółowej interpretacji sedymentologicznej osadów oraz do analizy basenowej opartej na integracji danych otworowych i sejsmicznych.
EN
GR core measurements using a hand-held scintillometer are a new technique of stratigraphical and sedimentological investigations, which have not been until! recently widely applied in Poland. Such measurements have been completed for cores of the Lower and Middle Buntsandstein of the Września 1G-1 and Gorzów Wielkopolski IG-1 research wells. Results of the measurements showed that: 1) GR core logs give similar but more detailed results in comparison with the GR well logs; 2) core preservation have to be considered during interpretation of the results; 3} detailed correlation of the GR core measurements with the core depth scale and their direct relationship to well measurements allows for precise definition of depth shift of the well log; 4) GR core measurements can be used for a very detailed sedimentological interpretation of the investigated sediments, and for basin analysis based on integration of well and seismic data.
13
PL
W utworach międzywydmowych piaskowców tumlińskich pstrego piaskowca, w kamieniołomie na Górze Grodowej, znaleziono bogaty zespół tropów kręgowców. Oznaczone dotychczas ichnotaksony: Amphisauropus cf. latus, Rhynchosauroides cf. pallini, Varanopus cf microdactylus, Palmichnus sp., Chelichnus ? sp., "Proterosuchia indet. " były dotychczas znane z utworów permu Europy i Ameryki Północnej. Zespół ten, niewiele starszy od zespołu tropów kręgowców z warstw łabiryntodontowych z Wiór koło Ostrowca Świętokrzyskiego zawierającego typową dla triasu ichnofaunę wskazuje, że wyraźna zmiana zespołu ichnofauny kręgowców w pobliżu granicy permu i triasu nastąpiła w Górach Świętokrzyskich dopiero we wczesnym triasie.
EN
Rich vertebrate track assemblage has been found in the interdune deposits of Tumlin sandstone of the Buntsandstein at the quarry of Grodowa Hill. The ichnotaxa which have been hitherto designated as Amphisauropus cf. latus, Rhynchosauroides cf. pallini Varanopus cf. microdactylus, Palmichnus sp., Chelichnus ? sp., "Proterosuchia indet. " have been hitherto known from the Permian of Europe and North America. This assemblage as only somewhat older than the vertebrate footprint assemblage from Labyrinthodontidae Beds from Wióry near the town of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski containing typical Triassic ichnogenera representafives shows, that a distinct change of terrestrial vertebrate ichnofauna near the Permian/Triassic boundary occurred in the Holy Cross Mts. area in the Early Triassic time.
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