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1

Chromatografia jonowa w badaniach wybranych anionów w glebach i w częściach drzewek Betula pendula

Karaś Katarzyna, Zioła-Frankowska Anetta, Frankowski Marcin

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2019

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nr 1

54--60

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki oznaczania stężeń nieorganicznych anionów w próbkach gleb i części Betula pendula (korzeń, łodyga, gałązki, liście) we frakcji rozpuszczalnej w wodzie (FH2O). Do badań wybrano próbki gleb i części drzewek Betula pendula z chronionego terenu Wielkopolskiego Parku Narodowego (WPN) oraz z zanieczyszczonego terenu Zakładów Chemicznych w Luboniu (LU). W celu oznaczenia stężeń F-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, PO4 3- i SO4 2- wykorzystano metodę chromatografii jonowej.

EN

The paper presents the results of the determination of the concentrations of inorganic anions in soil samples and parts of Betula pendula (root, stem, twigs, leaves) in the water soluble fraction, after extraction in H2O. The samples of soils and parts of Betula pendula from the protected area of the Wielkopolski National Park (WNP) and from the contaminated area of the Chemical Plant in Luboń (LU) were selected for the tests. To determine the concentrations of F-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, PO4 3- i SO4 2-, the ion chromatography method was used.

2

Arsenic, Cadmium, and Thallium Content in the Plants Growing in Close Proximity to a Zinc Works – Long-Term Observations

Kicińska Alicja

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

61--69

EN

The paper comprises an analysis of the As, Cd, and Tl content in two plant species (Agrostis capillaris and Betula pendula) commonly growing in the vicinity of the Miasteczko Śląskie Zinc Works, in the period of 1998–2018. In 2018, the As, Cd, and Tl content (in mg/kg) in the grasses was 1.10–1.68, 3.14–19.05, and 0.53–5.96, respectively, i.e. lower by 50–70%, compared to the year 1998. The As, Cd, and Tl content (in mg/kg) in birch leaves at the same time point was 0.74–1.54, 4.65–32.44, and 0.80–7.57, respectively, i.e. lower by 10–80%, compared to values found 20 years earlier. In all grass and birch leaf samples collected in 1998 and 2018, the content of the studied elements exceeded the so-called “natural levels”. The 1998 content of As, Cd, and Tl in the plants was due to the settling of dust containing industrial pollutants and reached 77–96%. After 20 years, the contribution of this source of pollution was considerably lower, reaching 63–79%. The performed analyses demonstrated the following mean contents of the analyzed elements in dust: 243 mg As/kg, 1113 mg Cd/kg, and 44 mg Tl/kg, which confirms the hypothesis on the major role of dust in the current soil and plant pollution. In all the habitats analyzed, a significant decrease of the transfer factor (TF) was found for As and Cd in 2018, compared to 1998. For Tl, a different observation was made. In three out of four analyzed habitats, TF decreased over the two decades studied, whereas in the remaining habitat, TF was higher in 2018 than in 1998 both for the grasses and for the birch leaves. Over the past 20 years, the most polluted area changed as well, from the land located closest to the zinc works, in the direction aligned with the most common winds, to the areas subject to the most intense settling of pollutants carried by the wind from unsecured heaps and industrial waste storage areas.

3

Bioindication of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Towns: Bedzin and Czeladz

Nadgórska-Socha A., Ciepał R., Kandziora-Ciupa M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 5-6

785-792

EN

The analysis of heavy metals in plant leaves is suggested as a method for the identification of polluted areas. We determinted the following heavy metals: Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations in birch Betula pendula leaves, a common species found in urban parks and postindustrial areas in Poland. Samples of soil and birch leaves were collected in September 2007 from more and less polluted sites in Bedzin and Czeladz (Silesian province, southern Poland, 8 stands for each town). Concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd in leaves and the upper layer of soil (0–10 cm) were determined. The heavy metal pollution of the investigated cities was on a comparable level. The obtained Cd and Pb concentrations in leaves were below the toxic range. Only Zn concentrations in some sites were higher than the level considered as toxic. Pb and Cd levels determined in the investigations exceed acceptable metal concentrations for soil in more stands in Bedzin.

PL

Jako jedną z metod identyfikacji zanieczyszczonych powierzchni podaje się analizę koncentracji metali ciężkich w liściach roślin. Oznaczano zawartość metali ciężkich Zn, Pb i Cd w liściach brzozy brodawkowatej Betula pendula Roth. pospolitego gatunku występującego w parkach i terenach poprzemysłowych w Polsce. Próbki gleby i liści brzozy pobierano we wrześniu 2007 r. z mniej i bardziej zanieczyszczonych miejsc miasta Czeladzi i Bedzina (województwo śląskie, Polska południowa, 8 stanowisk dla każdego miasta). Mierzono zawartość Zn, Pb, Cd w liściach oraz wierzchniej warstwie gleby (0-10 cm). Stwierdzono podobne zanieczyszczenie Zn, Pb i Cd dla badanych miast. Zawartość Cd i Pb w liściach brzozy była poniżej zakresu stężeń uznawanego za toksyczny dla roślin. Tylko koncentracje Zn na kilku stanowiskach były większe od uznawanych za toksyczne. Dla większości stanowisk badawczych Bedzina stwierdzona w glebie zawartość Pb i Cd była powyżej stężeń uznanych za dopuszczalne.

4

Response of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings to experimental variation in aluminum concentration

Bojarczuk Krystyna, Oleksyn Jacek, Karolewski Piotr, Żytkowiak Roma

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 2

189-200

EN

The process of soil degradation and destabilization of forest ecosystem by industrial pollution is frequently associated with mobilization of toxic. Al^3+ ions. Both these processes exert a negative influence on tree root systems and may even result in the decline of whole forest stands. One-year-old seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) grown in pots were treated with a range of aluminum sulfate concentrations in order to test the effects of Al on growth, root structure, content of phenolic compounds and mineral nutrition of roots and foliage. Plants exposed to Al concentrations exceeding 50 mg Al dm^-3 had reduced growth, root structure and a substantial increase of Al concentration occurred in foliafe and roots. Concentration of several elements in the foliage and roots declined with increasing Al concentration, including Mg and Ca , and to a lesser extent, P, K, and Na. Most root traits such as root mass or root growth rate were more strongly affected by Al than the foliage. Changes in root Ca, Al and Ca:Al ratio, and root morphology were detected at the lowest Al concentration (50 mg Al dm^-3) indicating usefulness of these traits as early indicators of adverse aluminum effects on plants.

5

Differences in defence strategies against herbivores between two pioneer tree pecies: Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and Betula pendula Roth.

Giertych Marian J., Karolewski Piotr, Żytkowiak Roma, Oleksyn Jacek

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 2

181-187

EN

The different defence strategies of trees against herbivores are very often connected with succession status, leaf life span and the level of secondary metabolites. We examined the effect of simulated leaf grazing on the differences in the leaf life span and defence chemistry of two pioneer tree species that belongs to the same family (Betulaceae), black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.). At the beginning of the growing season, mature leaves were perforated using a paper punch. The holes removed about 10% of the leaf surface. Each species was represented by six trees - one branch was chosen for perforation and one branch as a control. All leaves were counted every week until their abscission. Additional damages caused by grazing insects were also noted.Undamaged birch leaves were held much longer than those of alder. The average difference in half leaf life span between control and perforated leaves was 28 days in birch and 6 in alder. The control unperforated alder leaves were significantly (P <0.05) more often grazed by insects than those that were perforated. Leaf perforation in alder increase phenolic concentrations in the new, young leaves. In birch we did not observe these changes.The comparison of alder and birch indicate that the species with similar successional status can have different strategies of leaf defence. The birch leaves were characterized by a longer leaf life span, constitutive defence, a lack of induced defence accumulation of phenolics and earlier shedding of damaged leaves in comparison to the control. The black alder foliage had a shorter leaf life span, induced defence reaction (producedmore phenolics after perforation), and only slightly earlier shedding of damaged leaves than the control.

6

Evaluation of environmental contamination with lead in the region of battery producing plant in Piastów on the basis of bioindicative methods

Dmuchowski W., Sołtykiewicz E.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 10

1045-1050

EN

In 2004 investigations of environmental contamination with lead were carried out in the proximity of a battery producing plant in Piastów. The investigations were performed with bioindicative methods. The content of metal was analyzed in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth., leaves and roots of Taraxacum sp. and also a method of moss-bag was applied which made use of transplanted mass Sphagnum recurvum. The investigation also included the concentration of metals in the soil. The obtained results clearly point to the battery plant as the source of emission, significant concentration of lead in the environment and the decrease of pollution with the increased distance from the source of emission. A direct effect of the emitter was determined depending on the direction as 280--450 m. High lead content in the mass point to the fact that we deal not only with historical contamination of the region but a current emission to the air.

PL

W 2004 r. przeprowadzono badanie zanieczyszczenia środowiska ołowiem, w pobliżu fabryki akumulatorów w Piastowie. Badania prowadzono metodami bioindykacyjnymi. Analizowano zawartość metalu w liściach Betula pendula Roth., liściach i korzeniach Taraxacum sp. a także posłużono się metodą moss-bag z użyciem transplantowanego mchu Sphagnum recurvum sp. Zbadano również stężenie metali w glebie. Wyniki badań jednoznacznie wskazują na fabrykę jako źródło emisji, na znaczne stężenie ołowiu w środowisku oraz zmniejszenie się zanieczyszczenia wraz ze zwiększaniem się odległości od źródła emisji. Bezpośredni wpływ emitora określono w zależności od kierunku na 280-450 m. Duże zawartości ołowiu w mchu świadczą, że mamy do czynienia nie tylko z historycznym skażeniem terenu, ale również z bieżącą emisją do powietrza.

7

Enrichment ratios of elements in selected plant species from black coal mine dumps in Lower Silesia (Poland)

Samecka-Cymerman A., Kempers A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 3

377-383

EN

Concentration of the metals Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn and V as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and S were measured in soils and in two tree species (leaves of Betula pendula and Salix caprea) and two herbs (whole aboveground parts of Solidago canadensis and Ttanacetum vulgare) sampled from dumps in the Wałbrzych coal mine area (Lower Silesia, SW Poland). These plants, as used to evaluate the distribution of elements in the examined dumps, contained elevated levels of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Especially the highest levels of Mn in Betula pendula seriously exceed background values. Betula pendula characterized also the highest enrichment ratio for Mn, Salix caprea for Ni and Sr and Tanacetum vulgare for Cu. Test-t indicated that from both herbs Tanacetum vulgare accumulated much more K, N, S and Zn than Solidago canadensis and of both trees Salix caprea accumulated significantly more Cd, Cu, K and Ca than Betula pendula, while this last species accumulated significantly more Fe and Mn than Salix caprea. A post hoc LSD test indicated that all examined plants had similar enrichment ratios for Al, Pb, and V.

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Effect of Heavy Metals on the Chlorophyll Concentration in Some Plants Around Steelworks KH "Huta Katowice"

Łukasik I.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2003

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Vol. 10, nr 3-4

265-273

EN

Chlorophyll content (a + b) was measured to indicate the physiological effects of heavy metal deposition and heavy metal soil concentration on following plants species: Pinus sylvestris L, Betula pendula Roth, Fragaria vesca L. The leaves of investigated plants were collected at distances of 1000, 4500 and 6000 m from the steelworks KH "Huta Katowice" (Upper Silesia, Southern Poland). Generally, close to the steelworks chlorophyll contents in the leaves was about 10-13% lower. This result suggests that the smelter emissions have a negative effect on the physiology of investigated plants. However, a significant positive correlation was found between the chlorophyll (a + b) content and lead and cadmium content in leaves of Pinus sylvestris. That can explain a specific stress reaction - it means on increase of chlorophyll a and b synthesis in older needles (2-years old) under intensive heavy metaIs pollution.

PL

Zbadano oddziaływanie metali ciężkich pochodzących z emisji "Huty Katowice" na zawartość chlorofilu (a + b) w liściach wybranych gatunków roślin: Pinus sylvestris L, Betula pendula Roth i Fragaria vesca L, dominujących w ekosystemach wokół huty. Liście zbierano z powierzchni badawczych wyznaczonych w odległości 1000,4500 i 6000 m od emitora. Wykazano, że zawartość barwników asymilacyjnych była 010-13% mniejsza w liściach roślin występujących na powierzchni usytuowanej najbliżej źródła emisji. Jednocześnie w przypadku szpilek Pinus sylvestris stwierdzono istotną korelację dodatnią pomiędzy zawartością ołowiu i kadmu a koncentracją chlorofilu (a + b). Przypadek ten można tłumaczyć specyficzną reakcją na stres środowiskowy, która przejawia się wzmożoną syntezą barwników asymilacyjnych w starszych szpilkach (Z-letnich) pod wpływem intensywnej emisji pyłów zawierających metale ciężkie [18].

9

Differential Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tree Leaves from a Copper Industry Area

Bylińska E., Raduchowska O.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2003

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Vol. 10, nr 3-4

233-238

EN

Accumulation of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn in soil and in the leaves from 10 species of trees was investigated in a copper industry afea of the Głogów region, (SW Poland). Heavy metal levels in the leaves of Betula pendula. Robinia pseudoacacia. Populus serotina. P. tremula. P. canadensis, P. marilandica, P. alba, P. Hybrida 275, P. nigra and P. nigra 'Italica' were determinated by AAS method and the relationship of these to soiI levels (Bioaccumulation Index) was calculated. In general, the heavy metal content in soil, particularly Cu (max. 560 mg/kg) and Pb (max. 870), was higher than the mean level of these elements in unpolluted areas, but there were large differences between particular sites. Soil pH (5.9-7.4) was optimal for heavy metals uptake by plants. Heavy metal accumulation in leaves differed according to species, e.g. Robinia pseudoacacia (Pb), Populus seratina and P. nigra (Zn), Populus nigra 'Italica' (Cu) and Populus tremula (Mn); such species would, therefore, appear to be good bioindicators for these particular elements in industrial areas. In terms of mean intensity of heavy metal accumutalion by leaves, the sequence was: Zn > Mn > Cu > rb. The Bioaccumulation Index for Cu, Pb and Mn was within the range of typical values for the elements (0.1-1.0), but for Mn and Zn this figure was significantly higher than found usually the background.

PL

Na obszarach objętych wpływem przemysłu miedziowego okręgu Głogowa badano zawartość metali ciężkich - Cu, Pb, Zn i Mn w glebie i w liściach 10 gatunków drzew: Betula pendula. Robinia pseudoacacia, p_ pulus serotina. P. tremula, P. canadensis, P. marilandica. P. alba. P. Hybrida 275, P. nigra and P. nigro 'Italica' . Stwierdzono przekroczoną zawartość miedzi i ołowiu w glebie w stosunku do terenów niezanieczyszczonych, przeciętną zawartość cynku i manganu oraz nierównomiemy rozkład przestrzenny tych pierwiastków w terenie. W liściach drzew zawartość miedzi, ołowiu i cynku wyraźnie przewyższa poziom tych pierwiastków w roślinach z terenów niezanieczyszczonych. Na tle badanych gatunków wyższą akumulację wykazują: Robinia pseudoacacia (Pb), Populus serotina and P. nigra (Zn), Populus nigro 'Italica' (Cu) and Populus tremula (Mn). Wskaźnik bioakumulacji Cu, Pb, Mn zawiera się w granicach 0,1-1,0, co w przypadku manganu przekracza zakres typowy dla tego pierwiastka; dla Zn 1,0-10,0 i jest również wyższy niż typowy dla tego pierwiastka. Intensywność akumulacji pierwiastów w liściach drzew układa się w następującej kolejności: Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb.

10

Wstępne badania nad jakością pyłku, nasion i przeżywalnością siewek brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendula roth.) pochodzących z drzew rosnących na zwałowisku pocynkowym

Franiel I.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2003

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Vol. 29, no. 2

5--11

PL

Celem pracy było określenie jakości pyłku i orzeszków brzozy brodawkowatej oraz możliwości przeżycia jej siewek na materiale pochodzącym z dwóch stanowisk: hałdy pocynkowej i powierzchni kontrolnej nie narażonej na długotrwałe negatywne oddziaływanie czynników antropogenicznych. Materiał badawczy pochodził z hałdy pocynkowej ZM "Silesia" w Katowicach i z powierzchni kontrolnej zlokalizowanej w Mirowie. Badania dotyczyły: ź żywotności pyłku na pożywce sacharozowo-agarowej, ź zdolności kiełkowania nasion w warunkach laboratoryjnych na płytkach Petriego, ź przeżywalności siewek w doświadczeniu wazonowym na glebie z hałdy pocynkowej i z Mirowa oraz. na glebie inspektowej (w każdym wariancie użyto po 96 orzeszków po 8 sztuk na wazon). Można sądzić, że skumulowane w podłożu zanieczyszczenia wyraźnie zakłócają zawiązywanie się orzeszków brzozy brodawkowej oraz wpływają ba obniżenie wartości siewnej nasion.

EN

The paper presents the results of the research whose aim was to establish the sensitivity degree of Betula pendula pollen, seeds and seedlings in the adverse conditions of the zinc-lead waste from "Silesia" Steelworks in Katowice. The pollen and the seeds of the birch (from the dump and unpolluted region Mirów) were tested by taking into condition: pollen capacity and seeds germination capacity. For the pot cultures metallurgical wastes and the soil from Mirów were placed in plastic boxes. For each kind of seeds a different soil variant was applied: Dump soil, Soil from Mirów, Garden soil (control group), 8 seeds were put into each box (total number of seeds for each variant was 96). The seeds of Betula peudula growing on smelter waste dumps had been collected in the vicinity of the dumps. The results of the experiment showed that the soil pollution has a significant impact on generative phase of Betula peudula.