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1

The Evolution of Compost Phytotoxicity during Municipal Waste and Poultry Manure Composting

Aylaj Mina, Adani Fabrizio

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

281--293

EN

Composting is commonly used for waste management and the evaluation of its quality is important for successful application. Seed germination test is commonly adopted due to its capacity to examine the toxicity level of compost. The seed test is usually evaluated on the final product and the results can vary with the different methods and the type of seed utilized. In this study, the evolution of seed germination tests during the composting process of municipal waste (MSW) mixed with poultry manure (PM) of two species tomato and sugar beet was examined. The impact of compost water extracts on seed germination and plant primary root growth for each sampling was reported. The chemical parametrs were evaluated on the final product. Results show that mixture C1 with a higher amount of municipal waste gave less compost yield than mixture C2. After 35 days of composting, the compost was phytotoxic for tomato and sugar beet seeds. The seeds of the two cultures reacted differently to the same compost. The compost could stimulate sugar beet germination at days 110, 140, 180, 212 and 252. Seed germination of sugar beet was increased and delayed by one day by the compost stabilized and mature as compared with the control.

2

Influence of planting density of monogerm and multigerm red beet stecklings on the seed stalks characteristics

Jagosz B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr III/1

659--671

EN

The aim of this research was to study the effect of stecklings planting density on the seed stalk architecture, cluster yield and seed quality of 20 mono - and multigerm breeding lines and cultivars of red beet. The study included the new monogerm lines - AR79 A and AR79 B - breed in the Unit of Genetics Plant Breeding and Seed Science at the University of Agriculture in Kraków. The experiment was conducted in the years 2010 and 2011, in the open field conditions. Two planting densities of stecklings: 50×25 and 50×40 cm, were applied. Standard crop management practices, as recommended for red beet seed production under Polish conditions, were followed. The increase in plants interspacing from 50×25 to 50×40 cm led to the lower height, but twice higher number of shoots per plant, lower number of single, but higher number of bush and bush with main stem seed stalks, twice higher yield per plant as well higher thousand-seed weight and germination capacity. A large variation between genotypes in the features of seed-bearing plants, such as morphological structure, clusters yield and seed quality, were noted. Compared to other genotypes, the new monogerm breeding lines AR79 A and AR79 B formed very high, mostly bush or bush with main stem seed plants developing one of the largest numbers of unluckily, late-ripening shoots, yielded on the average level and producing the seeds of relatively low quality. The research has expanded the knowledge about the generative development of red beet. The results will facilitate Polish breeding programs aimed at the selection of monogerm red beet lines.

3

Improvement of red beet monogerm clusters germination using rubbing and water treatments

Jagosz B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

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nr II/1

599--609

EN

The aim of the research was to improve the germination parameters of red beet monogerm clusters using pre-sowing treatments. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) clusters of two monogerm breeding lines, AR79A and W411A, differed in the initial germination capacity, were studied. Five seed treatments including rubbing, leaching for 4, 8 and 24 hours, and soaking for 24 hours, were performed. Based on the germination test carried out at 15 and 20ºC, the germination traits, such as the mean germination time (MGT), coefficient of uniformity of germination (CUG), coefficient of velocity (COV), germination capacity (GC) and germination rate (GR), were measured. Compared to the control, treatments used in the study improved the most of measured germination features for both tested lines. The leaching of clusters for 24 hours yielded the best enhancement in most of the germination traits. The rubbing was the least effective technique in terms of improvement in the germination parameters. The germination of treated clusters at 15 and 20°C presented comparable, and better than the control, values of germination features. The interaction between treatment method and germination temperature showed that leaching of clusters for 24 hours and germination at 20°C was the technique that successfully influenced the majority of the germination characteristics. Finally, it was noted that each pre-sowing technique significantly improve germination parameters, however the line AR79A with lower initial GC (65%) presented better improvement of MGT, CUG and GC than the line W411A with higher initial GC (84%).

4

Separation of betalains by gradient high-speed counter-current chromatography

Spórna-Kucab A., Udziela D., Sobocińska M., Szot D., Wybraniec S.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2016

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Vol. 7, no. 1

23--28

EN

A study on separation of betalain mixture obtained from red beet juice (Beta vulgaris L.) by analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was performed. The extract was obtained by thermal treatment of acidified red beet juice for 30 min in 85 °C. The pigment mixture consisted of betanin/isobetanin as well as their decarboxy- and dehydro-derivatives. The HSCCC process was accomplished in the ‘tail to head’ mode with two polar solvent systems containing salt: BuOH-EtOH-NaClsolution-H2OH3PO4 (1300:700-1000:1300:700:2.5-5.5 (system I), 1300:200-400:1300:700:2.5-4.5 (system II); v/v/v/v/v). The retention of the stationary phase was 73% (system I) and 79% (system II). The mobile phase was pumped at 2 ml/min flow rate. HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analyses were performed in reversed phase mode for the obtained HSCCC fractions and crude extract. The solvent systems enabled separation of betanin and decarboxy-betanins (system I and II) as well as neobetanin (system II). Additionally, some pure fractions of 17-decarboxy-betanin and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betanin were obtained in system II.

5

Research on solvent systems with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide for counter-current chromatography of betalains

Spórna-Kucab A., Wysoczańska J., Bartel A., Świergosz T., Szot D., Wybraniec S.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2016

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Vol. 7, no. 1

12--16

EN

In this study, new two-phase solvent systems for counter-current chromatography (CCC) consisting of n-butanol and water as well as various amounts of acetic acid, acetonitrile, ethanol, acetone or ethyl acetate were tested. Additionally, tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) was introduced into the system in the form of aqueous solutions or phosphate-citrate buffer (pH 6.7) in order to form ion-pairs with betalains. The selection of buffer pH was based on their ability to create ion pairs by tetraalkylammonium salts, with selected betalains under these conditions. In this study, it is shown that the settling time of two phases is longer with the increase of acetic acid/acetonitrile/ethanol/acetone/ethyl acetate. For selected solvent systems with high amounts of acetonitrile, ethanol and acetone two phases were not observed. The systems with acetone have the largest increase of settling time. Ethyl acetate systems were characterized by a slow settling time increase. In systems containing additionally 2% aqueous TBAB, smaller changes in settling time than in similar systems without TBAB were observed. Addition of TBAB in the buffer resulted in a prolongation of settling time. Solvent systems in which the separation between the aqueous and organic phases was visually best, were selected from among all the tested systems and the betalain partition coefficients were measured by LC-DAD-ESI-MS. The best results were observed for systems: n-butanol-water-acetic acid (2:2.5:0.75, v/v/v), n-butanol-water-acetic acid (2:2.5:1, v/v/v) and n-butanol-TBAB in water-acetonitrile (2:2.5:0.5, v/v/v).

6

Effect of Cu (II) Cations on 2-Decarboxy-betanin Stability in Aqueous-Organic Solutions

Skopińska A., Szot D., Starzak K., Wybraniec S.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2015

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Vol. 6, no. 3

24--29

EN

Several important factors, such us pH, exposure to light, oxygen or temperature affect significantly the betalain stability. In particular, the heavy metal ions exert negative effect on stability of betalain colorants and accelerate pigment decomposition. Trace amounts of metal ions may be present in the food products, as well as in food packaging, leading to undesirable colour changes or even discoloration of betalainic foodstuffs. Decarboxylated betalains, such as 2-decarboxy-betanin, generated, e.g. during betalain thermal treatment, may exhibit greater stability than parent pigments. Moreover, obtained derivatives retain attractive color, making them the promising material for study of pigment stability. An effect of Cu2+ cations as the most degradative metal ions on 2-decarboxy-betanin stability was investigated in ethanolic and methanolic solutions. The increase of the concentration of copper cations has a negative impact on stability of 2-decarboxy-betanin. The cations of Cu (II) in the presence of organic solvents induce the pigment degradation, while the increase of the concentration of organic solvents enhances the pigment decomposition. The main degradation products of the 2-decarboxy-betanin are compounds possessing absorption maxima at λmax ca. 430 nm. These studies allow obtaining the information needed for proper isolation and treatment of pigments, as well as proper storage of products containing betalains.

7

The effect of citric acid on stabilization of betanin solutions

Skopińska A., Szot D., Tuwalska D., Starzak K., Osiadło M., Wybraniec S.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2014

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Vol. 5, no. 2

19--24

EN

Elevated temperature is known to be the most crucial factor influencing betanin integrity during food processing and storage. Nevertheless, certain chelating agents or antioxidants, such as acetic acid, may act as stabilizers. Therefore, the effect of citric acid on the stability of betanin – basic betacyanin – was investigated during the heating experiments in water as well as 50% and 95% (v/v) aqueous-organic solutions of methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile. The presence of citric acid in tested solutions affects betanin stability, especially in the 95 % solutions, in which the stabilizing effect of this compound is significantly higher than in aqueous solutions. However, some decrease of retention in 50% methanol was also observed. The main products of betanin thermal degradation in aqueous and aqueous-organic solutions were compounds characterized by absorption bands around the wavelength at 420 nm.

8

Spectrophotometric study on betanin photodegradation

Skopińska A., Tuwalska D., Wybraniec S., Starzak K., Mitka K., Kowalski P., Szaleniec M.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2012

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Vol. 3, no. 4

34--38

EN

The most commonly occurring betacyanin plant pigment in nature is betanin (5-O-glucoside of betanidin). Its main source is red beet root (Beta vulgaris L.), used for production of food colorants on a commercial scale [1]. Due to photo-lability of betacyanins, an eff ect of UV-irradiation on betanin degradation in various solutions containing organic solvents was investigated. Organic solvents are used frequently in many stages of pigment preparation or isolation, therefore, knowledge of betalain stability and degradation characteristics in these solutions is essential. Pigment solutions at a concentration of 1 mg/ml were prepared in diff erent solvents: water as well as aqueous solutions of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile, 50% (v/v) methanol or 50% (v/v) ethanol, at the pH range 3–8. Acetate, phosphate and citrate buff ers were used for the experiments. As a result of the pigment photo-decomposition, numerous decarboxylated and dehydrogenated derivatives were formed. Spectrophotometric studies enabled determination of the pigment retention (percentage of the pigment residue relative to its initial concentration after decomposition time). The studies demonstrated betanin high lability in all solvents, not only at extreme pH values, but also in the middle pH range which, in general, provides higher stability of betalains.

9

Influence of EDTA on stabilization of decarboxylated betalains

Skopińska A., Starzak K., Wybraniec S.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2012

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Vol. 3, no. 4

29--33

EN

Betalains are known to be very sensitive to several factors, including higher temperature, therefore, the studies on their stability are essential for the food industry. In order to determine the stability of betanin derivatives during thermal treatment, a set of degradation experiments was performed, including the protective infl uence of EDTA as a chelating agent. The pigments were dissolved in aqueous solutions of acetonitrile, methanol and ethanol. The studies on thermal degradation of the pigments confi rmed their high lability in all investigated solvents. Under the infl uence of protective activity of EDTA, the rate of the degradation of the decarboxylated betalains was substantially decreased. The analysis of obtained absorption spectra of the degradation products indicated that under the infl uence of EDTA, the products retained the basic chromophoric skeleton.

10

High salt-solvent systems in separation of betanin and its derivatives from red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC)

Spórna-Kucab A., Ignatova S, Garrard I., Wybraniec S.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2012

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Vol. 3, no. 1

57--61

EN

A study on a separation of betanin and its decarboxy- and dehydro-derivatives obtained from red beet roots (Beta vulgaris L.) using analytical high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC — Dynamic Extractions Ltd., UK) was performed. The HPCCC process was accomplished in the ‘tail to head’ mode with three highly polar solvent systems with high salt concentrations: 1-propanol-acetonitrile-saturated ammonium sulphate-water (v/v/v/v, 1:0.5:1.2:1); ethanol-acetonitrile-1- propanol-saturated ammonium sulphate-water (v/v/v/v/v, 0.5:0.5:0.5:1.2:1) and ethanol-1-butanol-acetonitrile-saturated ammonium sulphate-water (volume ratio), 0.5:0.5:0.5:1.2:1). HPLC analysis was performed in a conventional reversed phase mode with diode-array (DAD) detection to characterize the composition of obtained fractions. The applied solvent systems enabled the separation of the betalain pigments with high efficiency for the first time. In the mode of separation selected, the more hydrophobic compounds eluted first as expected. Moreover, for the first time, the applied HPCCC solvent systems generated a separation of 2-decarboxy-betanin from 17- and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betanin as well as from neobetanin and betanin.

11

Effect of soil contamination with heavy metals on growth and chemical composition of broad beans (Vicia faba L., ssp. maior) and fodder beets (Beta vulgaris L.)

Jaworska M., Filipek-Mazur B., Gospodarek J.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2004

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Vol. 11, nr 2-3

165--174

EN

The field experiment was carried out in 1998-2000 on an arable field at Zagaje Stradowskie in the Świętokrzyskie province in the area with unpolluted air. The experimental design comprised twa objects: Control - soil with natural heavy metal contents and soil contaminated with the following doses of heavy metals: 2 mg Cd, 15 mg Ni, 30 mg Cu, 70 mg Zn and 80 mg Pb · kg-1 soil dry mass. The studies were conducted on the following plants: broad beans (Vicia faba L. ssp. major), White Windsor cv. (in 1998-2000); fodder beets (Beta vulgaris), Goliat cv. for forage (1998) and fodder beets (Beta vulgaris L.), Goliat cv. cuitivated for seeds (1999). Chemical analysis of heavy metal and macrocomponents in individual studied plant parts was conducted and morphological measurements of individual plant parts. Heavy metaIs supplied to the soil in quantities not exceeding their allowable levels in arable soils strongly weakened growth of both broad bean and fodder beet plants. It also markedly diversified heavy metal concentrations in the studied plant parts. The contents of copper and lead were increasing in broad bean roots more than in its above-ground parts. The soil contamination with cadmium, nickeI and zinc led to an increase in their concentrations in both underground and above-ground parts. In fodder beet roots cultivated for forage and growing in the contaminated soil about 50% more lead and cadmium was found. Zinc concentrations in leaves sampled from the contaminated soil were by about 30% bigger than on the control. No significant differences in nickel and carrer contents were found among the plants from natural and contaminated soil. In fodder beets cultivated for seeds a notably higher contents of zinc, nickel and cadmium were noticed in all analysed plant parts from the contaminated soil. Among macroelements, soil contamination with heavy metals influenced onły sodium concentrations leading to an increase in its contents in broad bean roots and shoots and in the roots of fodder beets cultivated for forage.

PL

Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 1998-2000 na polu uprawnym w miejscowości Zagaje Stradowskie, gmina Czarnocin, województwo świętokrzyskie na terenie o niezanieczyszczonym powietrzu. Schemat doświadczenia obejmował dwa obiekty: Kontrola - gleba z naturalną zawartością metali ciężkich; Gleba skażona metalami ciężkimi w dawce: 2 mg Cd, 15 mg Ni, 30 mg Cu, 70 mg Zn i 80 mg Pb · kg -1 suchej masy gleby. Badania prowadzono na następujących roślinach: bób (Vicia faba L., ssp. maior) odmiany Windsor Biały (w latach 1998-2000); burak pastewny (Bela vulgaris L.) odmiany Goliat uprawiany na paszę (1998 r.); burak pastewny (Bela vulgaris L.) odmiany Goliat uprawiany na nasiona (1999 r.). Przeprowadzono analizę chemiczną zawartości metali ciężkich i makroskładników w poszczególnych częściach badanych roślin oraz pomiary morfologiczne poszczególnych części roślin. Wprowadzenie do gleby metali ciężkich w ilościach nie powodujących przekroczenia dopuszczalnego ich poziomu w glebach użytkowanych rolniczo silnie osłabiło wzrost roślin zarówno bobu, jak i buraka pastewnego. Istotnie różnicowało także zawartość metali w poszczególnych częściach badanych roślin. W przypadku miedzi i ołowiu, ich zawartość bardziej wzrastała w korzeniach bobu aniżeli w częściach nadziemnych. W przypadku kadmu, niklu i cynku skażenie gleby spowodowało wzrost ich zawartości zarówno w częściach podziemnych, jak i nadziemnych. W korzeniach roślin buraka pastewnego uprawianego na paszę rosnących w glebie zanieczyszczonej stwierdzono o około 50% więcej ołowiu i kadmu. Zawartość cynku w liściach roślin pobranych z gleby skażonej była większa o około 30% w porównaniu do kontroli. Nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic w zawartości niklu i miedzi pomiędzy roślinami z gleby naturalnej i skażonej. W buraku uprawianym na nasiona, w przypadku cynku, niklu i kadmu stwierdzono istotnie większą zawartość tych pierwiastków we wszystkich analizowanych częściach roślin z gleby zanieczyszczonej. Spośród makroskładników, skażenie gleby metalami ciężkimi wpłynęło tylko na zawartość sodu, powodując wzrost jego zawartości w korzeniach i pędach bobu oraz w korzeniach buraka pastewnego uprawianego na paszę.