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Role of land relief and structure in the formation of peat bogs in mountain areas, as exemplified by the Polish Carpathians

Łajczak A.

Landform Analysis

2013

Vol. 22

61--73

It has been often argued that the formation of peat bogs in the mountains is predominantly influenced by a humid climate. Although in many mountains precipitation during the vegetation growth season is greater than evaporation, bogs, especially of the raised type, do not cover all gently sloping areas and often develop only within certain landforms. Local hydrological conditions determined by land relief and structure are the most crucial factor in the development of bogs in such areas. Peat bogs of the Polish Carpathian Mountains demonstrate that bogs, irrespective of altitude, develop mainly in concave landforms or below convex morphological recesses, where outcrops of poorly permeable rocks offer numerous low-capacity but stable outflows of groundwater that continuously humidifies the slopes lying below thus supporting the formation of habitats for hydrophilic plants. This research project covered the parts of the Polish Carpathians having the largest number of bogs, thus allowing local-scale analysis of their location in relation to the lithological, geomorphological and hydrogeological properties of the substratum. It is assumed that an assessment of the influence of substratum on the location and formation of peat bogs is only correct when the coverage of the individual mires in the period preceding their anthropogenic degradation is known. Only then is it possible to establish what types of bedrock and which landforms are most favourable for bog formation.

Badania transferu zwietrzelin w beskidzkim systemie fluwialnym

Froehilich W.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

2002

Vol. 11, No. 2

23--30

There is an increasing requirement for information on the sediment transfer within the fluvial systems of catchment basins of different scales. Little is currently known about the residence times of sediment particles moving through the fluvial system. Such infonnation, for example, may be needed to provide a basis for establishing sediment control strategies, to afford an improved understanding of sedimentassociated transport of contaminants, or to provide a more meaningful assessment silting rates of reservoirs and denudation within a drainage basin. It is difficult to make direct comparisons between estimates of the intensity of erosion processes on the slopes and the sedim ent yields of Carpathian rivers, because of the wide range of techniques of unknown accuracy and precision which have been used and the different periods of record involved. This contribution presents the assessment of the potential for using fallout radionuclides measurements, as an alternative and complement to classical monitoring techniques. The work reported was undertaken in the small (19.6 km2) Hom rka instrumented catchment and the larger (4692 km2) basin of the Dunajec River above Rożnowski reservoir where classical monitoring techniques have also been applied over the past 30 years. Longterm continuous monitoring of soil erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation play an important role for understanding manim pact on intensity and tendency of mountain geosystem evolution. Information concerning them obilization of sediment and its transfer through the fluvial system over timescales of several decades and over a range of spatial scales is difficult to obtain using conventional monitoring techniques. The use of the fallout radionuclides 210Pb, 241Am , 226Ra, 134Cs i 137Cs and magnetic measurements offers considerable potential for elucidating spatial patterns of erosion, sediment delivery dynamics, silting of reservoirs and overbank sedimentation. This contribution presents a general model of the mobilization of sediment and its transfer through the fluvial system in the Polish Flysch Carpathians.