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Cognitive task analysis to understand icebreaker decision making

Musharraf M., Kulkarni K., Mallam S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2023

Vol. 17 No. 4

881--886

Icebreakers are a critical shared resource between Finland and Sweden required to keep the Baltic Sea clear for differing waterborne activities throughout the winter season. The safety and efficiency (both ecological and in terms of time) of the winter transport system is highly dependent on the decision-making process followed by the icebreakers. The captains in charge of the icebreakers must decide the priority of assistance among all the merchant vessels that may be in need within a given time window. While captains successfully do this every year, with experience, this decision-making becomes second nature and a transparent picture of how the decisions are made is often missing. It is not always clear what salient features captains pay attention to, and how they use those features in their reasoning process to reach a decision during operations. This paper presents a pilot study that uses cognitive task analysis (CTA) to outline captains' decision-making process for ice breaker assistance allocation. In-depth interviews of three subject matter experts were conducted using a naturalistic icebreaker scenario. Results include identified critical decision points, identified, and prioritized salient features, and characterized icebreaker assistance strategies.

Sea Ice Services in the Baltic Sea

Sztobryn M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2009

Vol. 3, no. 4

415--420

The Baltic winter navigation depended always very much on the ice conditions in the sea. The sea ice occurs different in form and amount, depending on the sea area and the winter season. As the maritime traffic on the Baltic Sea constitutes a substantial amount in the whole of the Baltic countries transport, Sea Ice Services (SISs) have come into being. They constituted the Baltic Sea Ice Meeting (BSIM) – a body, which assembles the parties, which are interested in warnings against bad ice conditions, and in protection of navigation in ice in the Baltic Sea. An indispensable co-operator to this body was always the company “Baltic Icebreakers”. To-day within the BSIM operate by the SISs of Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Germany, Netherlands, Norway and the Baltic Icebreakers. The main statutory duties of the SISs is the acquisition, processing and dissemination of actual information on sea ice conditions and on obstructions to navigation due to sea ice. This is done by maintaining observing posts along the coast of those countries, in their ports and approaches to them, by gathering information from ships, from ice beakers, if possible – from reconnaissance flights or satellite images. Routine products of SISs are the ice reports, ice bulletins, ice charts, forecasts and warnings and other information broadcast by mass media, e.g. radio, internet, Navtex and on the national and Baltic SISs’ web sites etc.