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2 2006

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Obtaining of petroleum resins using pyrolysis by-products 9. Petroleum resins with epoxy groups modified simultaneously with maleic anhydride and styrene

Bratychak M., Romasho I., Shyshchak O., Wacławek W.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

2006

Vol. 13, nr S1

25-33

Petroleum resins modified simultaneously with maleic anhydride and styrene have been synthesized on the basis of C9 fraction, whieh is a by-product of ethylene production. The effect of temperature and process time on the yield and main characteristics of the resins has been studied with the following amounts of eomponents (mass %): C9 fraction - 70, styrene - 30, maleic anhydride - 1 and an initiator - 5. The structure of the product is con-firmed by chemical and IR-speetral methods. The conversion of unsaturated compounds presented in the C9 fraction during cooligomerization and material balance of the production process have been calculated. Hydrocarbon composition of strippants has been determined.

Z frakcji C9, produktu odpadowego pirolizy oleju napędowego (dieslowego), otrzymano żywice petrochemiczne z grupami epoksydowymi, modyfikowane jednocześnie bezwodnikiem maleinowym i styrenem (PRESM). Badano wpływ temperatury i ilości bezwodnika maleinowego na wydajność reakcji i właściwości otrzymanych żywic; ich budowę badano za pomocą widm IR. Wyznaczono bilans materiałowy produkcji ww. żywic, jak również skład chemiczny nieprzereagowanej części surowca, tj. frakcji C9.

Linearization of non-linear state equation

Jordan A.J.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

2006

Vol. 54, nr 1

63-73

The paper presents an overview of linearization methods of the non-linear stale equation. The linearization is developed from the point of view of the application in the theoretical electrotechnics. Same aspects of these considerations can be used in the control theory. In particular the main emphasis is laid on three methods of linearization, i.e.: Taylor's series expansion, optimal linearization method and global linearization method. The theoretical investigations are illustrated using the non-linear circuit composed of a solar generator and a DC motor. Finally, the global linearization method is presented using several examples, Le. the asynchronous slip-ring motor and non-linear diode. Furthermore the principal theorem concerning the BIBS stability (bounded-input bounded stale) is introduced.