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The eastern extension of the Avalonian terranes, the Prototethys and Paleotethys oceans

Golonka Jan, Hung Khuong The, Du Nguyen Khac, Krobicki Michał

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

23--24

EN

Avalonia was an archipelago of microcontinents divided into West and East Avalonia. West Avalonia included south-eastern parts of Nova Scotia, eastern Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Florida(?), and New England, while East Avalonia included southern Ireland, southern Scotland, England, northern France, the Brabant Massif, Lusatia, northern Germany, and north-western Poland. Several crustal fragments such as the Bruno–Silesia terrane, Moesian terranes, Istanbul/Zonguldak terrane constituted an extension of East Avalonia (Golonka et al., 2023). These microcontinents detached from Gondwana during the Early Paleozoic times. Golonka et al. (2023) also portrayed a chain of microcontinents moving away from Gondwana across the Palaeoasian (Protothetys) Ocean. These chain included Scythian, Turan, South Kazakhstan, Junggar, Tarim and Indochina. The Rheic-Palaeotethys Ocean opened behind these microcontinents. Collision occurred between Avalonia, Laurentia and Baltica during Caledonian Orogeny. This collision also included Bruno–Silesia, Moesia terranes, Istanbul/Zonguldak, Scythian and Turan terranes (Golonka & Gawęda, 2012). The events involving Junggar, South Kazakhstan and Tarim are more speculative. Indochina collided with South China along Song Ma– Truong Song–Ailaoshan suture during latest Silurian–earliest Devonian times. In northwestern Vietnam, the Late Silurian Song Chay complex granitoid is connected to this event. Moreover, the deep-water deposits such as Pa Ham formation were later replaced by shallow-water sedimentary formations, including the continental Lower Devonian red beds and Lower Devonian Nam Pia Formation composed mainly of terrigenous sediments and marl, medium-bedded to massive fine-grained limestone, representing shallow water sediments. The Lower Paleozoic greenschists of deepsea origin were unconformably covered in many localities by Devonian redbeds (Son et al., 1978; Hung, 2010; Hung et al., 2023).

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Palaeozoic palaeogeography of the East European Craton (Poland) in the framework of global plate tectonics

Golonka Jan, Porębski Szczepan J., Barmuta Jan, Papiernik Jan, Bębenek Sławomir, Barmuta Maria, Botor Mariusz, Pietsch Kaja, Słomka Tadeusz

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 4

381--403

EN

Global palaeogeographic maps were constructed for eight time intervals in the Palaeozoic. The maps contain information concerning plate tectonics and palaeoenvironment during the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous. The East European Craton belonged to the Palaeozoic Baltica Plate, which originated as a result of disintegration of the supercontinent Pannotia during the early Cambrian. Baltica included part of Poland and adjacent areas northeast of a line that extends between Scania and the Black Sea. This plate was located in the Southern Hemisphere and drifted northward during Early Palaeozoic time. The Early Ordovician was the time of maximum dispersion of continents during the Palaeozoic. Avalonia probably started to drift away from Gondwana and moved towards Baltica during Ordovician time. Between Gondwana, Baltica, Avalonia and Laurentia, a large longitudinal oceanic unit, known as the Rheic Ocean, was formed. Avalonia was probably sutured to Baltica by the end of the Ordovician or in the Early Silurian. This process was dominated by the strike-slip suturing of the two continents, rather than a full-scale continent-continent collision. Silurian was a time of Caledonian orogeny, closing of the Early Palaeozoic oceans, collision of Baltica with Avalonia and Laurentia and the assembly of the supercontinent Laurussia. The Variscan orogeny in Poland was caused by the collision of the Bohemian Massif plates and the Protocarpathian terrane with Laurussia. The Protocarpathian terrane acted as an indentor that caused thrust tectonics in the East European Platform, Holy Cross Mountains and the Lublin area.

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Early Paleozoic evolution of the Peri-Gondwana plates

Golonka J., Krobicki M., Poprawa P., Paul Z., Khudoley A.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2009

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T. 35, z. 2/1

339-343

PL

Przedstawiono główne etapy wczesnopaleozoicznej ewolucji perygondwańskich płyt litosferycznych w nawiązaniu do historii superkontynentu Rodinia, a zwłaszcza efektu neoproterozoicznego ryftowania, które doprowadziło do izolacji Gondwany, Laurencji, Syberii i Bałtyki. Wskazano z kolei na wczesnopaleozoiczne (późny kambr-wczesny ordowik) ryftowanie terranów awalońskich, które objęło m.in. północno-zachodnią i południową Polskę. Na tym tle zobrazowano również wczesnopaleozoiczne wydarzenia geotektoniczne w dalekowschodniej Azji.

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Budowa geologiczna głębokiego podłoża platformy paleozoicznej południowo-zachodniej Polski w świetle wyników eksperymentu sejsmicznego Polonaise’97

Mazur S., Jarosiński M.

Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2006

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T. 188

203--222

PL

Profile sejsmiczne eksperymentu POLONAISE’97 dokumentują budowę wgłębną strefy szwu transeuropejskiego (TESZ), który stanowi szeroką strefę akrecji terranów na pograniczu proterozoicznej litosfery kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego oraz młodszej, paleozoicznej litosfery zachodniej Europy. Uzyskane rezultaty sondowań sejsmicznych, w połączeniu z danymi pól potencjalnych i modelami termicznymi, pozwalają na wydzielenie 5 typów litosfery: (1) typ LEEC — litosfera kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego, (2) typ LTTZ — bloki litosfery przylegające bezpośrednio do kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego i sięgające po południowo-zachodnią granicę wału śródpolskiego, (3) typ LTES — skorupa szwu transeuropejskiego pomiędzy LTTZ a strefą tektoniczną Dolska, (4) typ LPP — fragment litosfery pomiędzy strefą Dolska a uskokiem środkowej Odry, (5) typ LVP występujący na południe od strefy uskokowej środkowej Odry. Dwa pierwsze typy litosfery (LEEC i LTTZ) są genetycznie związane z Baltiką. Litosfera typu LTES i LPP stanowi osobny blok podłoża, który wywodzi się z Awalonii lub ze spokrewnionego z nią terranu przyłączonego do brzegu Baltiki we wczesnym paleozoiku. Jej struktura sejsmiczna jest prawdopodobnie wypadkową szeregu hipotetycznych czynników, takich jak m.in. wczesnopaleozoiczne podklejanie dolnej skorupy przez magmy wytapiane z subdukowanej płyty oceanu Tornquista, kolizja kaledońska czy wieloetapowe przemieszczenia przesuwcze. Litosfera LPP została również przebudowana w efekcie głęboko zakorzenionej tektoniki waryscyjskiej. Litosfera typu LVP należy do orogenu waryscyjskiego i stanowi fragment Armoryki. Granice pomiędzy blokami litosfery najwyższej rangi, takimi jak Baltika, Awalonia i Armoryka, zaznaczają się subtelnie w obrazie sejsmicznym. Większe kontrasty w strukturze sejsmicznej mogą występować w obrębie jednorodnych genetycznie fragmentów litosfery, rozczłonkowanych przez główne strefy dyslokacyjne.

EN

Seismic profiles of the POLONAISE'97 experiment provide evidence for the deep basement structure of the TESZ area representing a broad and complex zone of terrane accretion which separates the old Proterozoic lithosphere of the East European Craton (EEC) from the younger Palaeozoic lithosphere of western Europe. The obtained results combined with potential field data allows the differentiation of 5 varieties of lithosphere: (1) LEEC variety -a lithosphere of the East European Craton, (2) L TTZ variety -lithospheric blocks adjacent to the EEC and extending to the south-western margin of the Mid-Polish Swell belonging to the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ), (3) LTES variety - a lithosphere of the Trans European Suture Zone (TESZ) between the L TTZ and the Dolsk Fault Zone, (4) LPP variety- a segment of the lithosphere be-tween the Dolsk Fault Zone and the Middle Odra Fault Zone, (5) L VP variety occurring to the south-west of the Middle Odra Fault Zone belonging to the typical Variscan platform. The two types LEEC and LTTZ are genetically linked to Baltica, while LTES and LPP represent a lithosphere of Avalonia. A lithosphere of the Palaeozoic Platform (LTES), embraced between the Variscan orogen and the EEC, represents a separate basement błock derived from Avalonia or an Avalonia-related terrane accreted to the Baltica margin during the Early Palaeozoic. The three-layer seismic structure of a crust in that area is probably produced by a number of superimposed effects like under platting by magmas melted off from a subducted plate of the Tornquist ocean. The results of the POLONAISE'97 experiment verify the role of the Dolsk Fault Zone as the northeastern boundary of the area affected by a thick-skinned Variscan tectonics. The Variscan-related modification of a seismic structure has its effect not only on a lithosphere of the Bohemian Massif, usually correlated with the Arrnorica terrane assemblage, but also on a fragment of the Palaeozoic platform of southwestern Poland located between the Dolsk Fault Zone and Middle Odra Fault Zone.

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Chitinozoans and acritarchs from the Ordovician of the Skibno 1 borehole, Pomerania, Poland : implications for stratigraphy and palaeography

Wrona R., Bednarczyk W., Stempień-Sałek M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2001

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Vol. 51, nr 4

317-331

EN

Biostratographical results of this palynological study agree with those of previous research on graptolites from the Ordovician of the Skibno 1 borehole in the Koszalin - Chojnice Structural Zone, Polish portion of the Pomerania Terrane. They indicate that the investigated core interval can be attributed to the uppermost Llanvirn (Landeilo) - lower Caradoc, and correspond to the teretiusculus and gracilis through the multidens graptolite biozones. Recovered chitinozoan species, including Belonechitina robusta, Conochitina chydaea, C. dolosa, Lagenochitina aff. capax, Spinachitina bulmani, and the index species Laufeldochitina stentor are restricted to the upper Llanvirn - lower Caradoc, the latter species delimits the stentor chitinozoan biozone (upper Uhaku and Kukruse stages). The following identified acritarchs are regarded as biosratigraphically significant: Goniosphaeridium splendens, Ordovicidum elegantulum, O. heteromorphicum, O. nanofurcatum, O. nudum, and are characteristic for the Caradoc. The presence of conodont Scabbardella altipes and ichnofossil Alcyonidiopsis pharmaceus, both characteristic of high palaeolatitudes, as well as lithological similarities between the investigated strata and their equivalents from Rugen indicate that Pomerania could have been situated at relatively high latitudes during the upper Llanvirn to lower Caradoc. These observations together with palynological results support a hypothesis that Pomerania was a terrane derived from Avalonia and accreted to the margin of the East European Craton.