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1

Metale nieżelazne z dna oceanów - nowe źródło surowców dla Polski?

Paulo Andrzej, Wołkowicz Stanisław

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2019

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R. 64, nr 1

3--13

PL

Coraz więcej krajów angażuje się w rozpoznanie dna oceanicznego nie tylko w swej wyłącznej strefie ekonomicznej, ale i na obszarze wód międzynarodowych. W 2018 r. Polska uzyskała prawo do eksploracji Grzbietu Środatlantyckiego (MAR), gdzie spodziewa się odkrycia złóż siarczków polimetalicznych. Wieloletni Program Rozpoznania Geologicznego Dna Oceanów (PRoGeO) otwierający nowe perspektywy zaopatrzenia gospodarki polskiej w surowce mineralne, znajduje się w stadium popularyzacji i konsultacji. Autorzy czują się w obowiązku sprostować niektóre opinie prasowe i przedstawić tradycyjne źródła zaopatrzenia w te metale nieżelazne, które można odkryć w MAR. Omówiono typy złóż występujące w głębinach oceanów, postępy ich badania i stan wykorzystania oraz doświadczenia realizacji podmorskich projektów górniczych. Złoża siarczków polimetalicznych cechują się małymi zasobami i na ogół wysoką zawartością cynku, miedzi i srebra, niekiedy złota. Żaden z kontraktorów pionierskich koncesji głębokowodnych nie podjął dotąd wydobycia, pomimo trwających 15–30 lat prac badawczych, na skutek splotu przeszkód technicznych, ekologicznych i prawnych, które nie zostały dotąd usunięte. Koszty raportowane przez niektóre firmy pionierskie prowadzą do wniosku, że ekscytujący projekt badań dna MAR nie gwarantuje bezpiecznego zaopatrzenia kraju w metale nieżelazne ani nie rokuje jeszcze sukcesu finansowego.

EN

More and more countries are involved in the exploration of the ocean floor not only in their exclusive economic zone but also in the area beyond national jurisdiction. In 2018, Poland obtained the right to explore the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), where it expects to discover polymetallic sulfide deposits. The long-term Ocean Geological Survey Program (PROGeO) opening new perspectives for supplying the Polish economy with mineral resources is at the stage of popularization and consultation. The authors feel obliged to rectify some press opinions and present traditional sources of supply for such non-ferrous metals that can be found in the MAR. The types of deposits occurring in the depths of the oceans, the progress of their research as well as the state of development and experience of implementation of submarine mining projects were discussed. Polymetallic sulfide deposits are characterized by fairly low resources and generally high content of zinc, copper and silver, sometimes gold. None of the pioneering contractors of deep-sea leases has so far undertaken extraction despite 15-30 years of research work, due to a combination of technical, ecological and legal obstacles that have not yet been resolved. The costs reported by some pioneering companies lead to the conclusion that the exciting project does not guarantee secure supply of the country with non-ferrous metals or promise financial success.

2

Wpływ zmian temperatury powierzchni Atlantyku Północnego na czas zalegania pokrywy śnieżnej w Polsce

Falarz M., Marsz A. A.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2005

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Z. 1-2

13-29

EN

The aim of this paper is to find an answer to the question whether there are statistically significant relationships between the snow cover duration in Poland and the sea surface temperature of different regions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Connections of the number of days with snow cover in the winter season at 66 meteorological stations located in Poland with anomalies of mean monthly sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic in so called "control grids" and with a few of the indices describing, in a complex way, some of the features of the changes in the heat distribution in the North Atlantic were examined using the methods of correlation and simple and multiple regressions. The correlations between the thermal conditions of the North Atlantic and the snow cover duration are synchronically - the observed changes in the duration of the period with snow cover are delayed by 4-5 months when referred to the year in which the changes in sea surface temperature took place. These correlations are relatively weak and changeable over time. They become stronger in periods in which zonal circulation prevails and at the time of stronger influence of meridional circulation they weaken. The sea areas whose changeability in thermal conditions indicates strongest correlations with the snow cover duration in Poland are located in the west part of the Atlantic Ocean. The snow cover duration in Poland is significantly influenced by the changes in thermal conditions of the Sargasso Sea over the period from January to May preceding the winter season and by the changes in currents regimes: 1) the cold Labrador Current in spring preceding the winter season and 2) the warm Florida Current in the period of winter preceding a winter season in Poland. The larger are heat resources in waters of the Sargasso Sea, the greater is the transport of warm waters carried with the Gulfstream and the stronger the influence of the cooled waters of the Labrador Current becomes, the shorter is the duration of snow cover in Poland in the following winter. The complex influence of the selected features of the sea surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean illustrated with the help of three combined indices enables to explain 53% of the many year changeability in the mean duration of the snow cover in Poland and 63% of changeability in the number of days with snow cover in the north east part of Poland. However, the standard estimation error remains at quite high level (20% or more of the mean many year value of the snow cover duration).

3

II wojna światowa na Atlantyku

Ciećkowski Z.

Wiedza Obronna

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2000

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nr 2

133--143

4

Zawiesiny i emulsje substancji ropopochodnych w wodach Północnego Atlantyku

Gurgul H.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Acta Physica / Uniwersytet Szczeciński

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1998

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Nr 8

19-43

EN

Mineral and organic suspension and emulsion of oil substances in superficial water of the Atlantic Ocean were investigated from 7th June to 9th August of the 1996 year, during the scientific trip of the s/y 'Oceania'. The highest concentration of mineral suspension was noticed in water near the Spitsbergen and the lowest one - in the middle part of the ocean. Concentration of oil substances varied widely. The highest concentration was observed at the boundary of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.