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1

Iceberg Melting and Climate Change in NW Atlantic Waters

Perez-Gruszkiewicz S.E., Peterson W.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 3

459--467

EN

Climate change is predicted to cause increases in sea surface temperature (SST), as well as decreases in sea-ice cover, wind and current velocities. These changes will have a marked effect on iceberg melting in the shipping lanes off Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Icebergs that today can cross from northern Labrador to Newfoundland without melting will in the future have to be much larger to survive the transit. For example, icebergs at N Labrador in December of 2016 that are smaller than 156 m will melt before reaching 48N, but in year 2100 the length increases to 228 m. In addition, if future iceberg size distributions off Labrador are the same as today, icebergs will experience roughly 50% reductions in numbers in the NW Atlantic shipping lanes by year 2100. The increased melting rates are due to, in order of importance, increased sea-surface temperatures (responsible for 66% of the increase in the minimum transit size), decreasing current velocities (31%), and decreasing sea-ice cover (3%). Decreasing sea-ice tends to increase wave heights as well as accelerate the effects of wave erosion; however, for the areas studied the wave height is predicted to decrease moderately in year 2100, by a maximum of about 10% in December.

2

Nowa technologia i nowa geopolityka : tezy trzecia i czwarta o uwarunkowaniach bezpieczeństwa Polski

Kostrzewa-Zorbas G.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2017

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R. 7, Nr 11

77--92

PL

Artykuł to kontynuacja rozdziału Priorytet odstraszania i ocean światowy – dwie tezy o uwarunkowaniach bezpieczeństwa Polski z książki zbiorowej Współczesne wyzwania bezpieczeństwa Polski, WAT 2015. Polska polityka i strategia obronna może korzystać z synergii czterech tez: 1. Wskutek nierówności potencjałów i braku głębi strategicznej naturalnym priorytetem Polski jest odstraszanie. Trzeba wzmacniać odstraszanie nuklearne i konwencjonalne przez NATO i rozwijać narodowe siły odstraszania, będące zarazem wkładem do potęgi NATO i UE. 2. Polska powinna aktywnie korzystać z położenia nad morzem zgodnie z myślą Mahana, geopolityką i strategią NATO. Rozwój potęgi na morzu daje liczne korzyści, w tym opcję odstraszania środkami o maksymalnej zdolności przetrwania pierwszego ataku. 3. Polska może osiągnąć strategiczną przewagę – nie ilościową, lecz jakościową – przez rozwój nauki, technologii i gospodarki opartej na wiedzy, pod warunkiem zwiększenia udziału R&D w gospodarce i nakładów na obronność do poziomu czołowych państw Zachodu i Azji Wschodniej. Sprzyja Polsce członkostwo w UE, NATO i OECD. 4. Połączyć trzeba dwa historyczne polskie programy geopolityczne – piastowski (zachodni) i jagielloński (wschodni) – w pojedynczy program euroatlantycki. Dotąd przeciwstawne i konkurencyjne, programy te mogą i powinny być połączone dziś, gdy Polska należy do NATO i UE, zajmując miejsce na flance wschodniej organizacji zachodnich. Obydwa programy zaczęły być realizowane niesprzecznie już w czasach starań Polski o przyjęcie do NATO i UE, a zarazem rozwijania współpracy z krajami środkowoeuropejskimi w ramach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej i wschodnioeuropejskimi na Międzymorzu. Polska nie może izolować się od żadnych części obszaru euroatlantyckiego i ograniczać swojego dostępu do ich różnych zasobów – od zasobów naukowych i technologicznych po porty morskie i oceaniczne. Jednoczesne przyjęcie wszystkich czterech tez pozwala wszechstronnie wyjaśnić stan i wyzwania bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego Polski oraz znaleźć adekwatne rozwiązanie.

EN

The article is a continuation of the chapter “The Priority of Deterrence and the World Ocean: Two Theses on the Determinants of the Security of Poland” in a collective book Contemporary Challenges to the Security of Poland, published by the Military University of Technology in Warsaw in 2015. Poland’s defence policy and strategy can benefit from the synergy od four theses: 1. Due to the uneven balance of power and the lack of strategic depth, deterrence is the natural priority of Poland. Nuclear and conventional deterrence by NATO should be strengthened, while national deterrence forces should be developed, contributing also to the overall power of NATO and the EU. 2. Poland should actively use its access to the sea, consistently with the ideas of Mahan, geopolitics and strategy of NATO. The development of seapower provides many benefits, including the option to utilize for deterrence the weapons systems of maximum survivability in case of first attack. 3. A strategic advantage – not numerical but qualitative – can be achieved by Poland through the enhancement of science, technology and knowledge-based economy, on the condition that the share of R&D in the economy and in defence expenditures rises to the level of the leasing nations of the West and of East Asia. Poland’s membership in the EU, NATO and OECD facilitates this objective. 4. Two historic Polish geopolitical programs – the westward-oriented Piast Program and eastward-oriented Jagiellonian Program – should be merged into a single Euro-Atlantic program. The two programs were treated thus far as mutually exclusive and competitive, but they can and should be merged now, when Poland belongs to NATO and the EU and is placed on the Eastern Flank of Western organizations. Both programs started to be implemented in a non-contradictory way already in the time of Poland’s attempts to join NATO and the EU while developing cooperation with Central European nations in the framework of the Visegrad Group and with East European nations of the Intermarium region between the Baltic, Black and Adriatic Seas. Poland cannot isolate itself from any part of the Euro-Atlantic Area and thus limit the access to its various resources – from scientific and technological assets to sea and ocean ports. If accepted together, the above four theses allow a comprehensive explanation of the state and challenges of Poland’s external security, and the discovery of an adequate solution.

3

Timing of rifting and drifting in the central part of Atlantic Ocean

Ledvenyiova L

Geologia Sudetica

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2014

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Vol. 42

53--53

4

Seven years of macroinfauna monitoring at Ladeira beach (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) after the Prestige oil spill

Junoy J., Castellanos C., Viéitez J. M., Riera R.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (2)

393-407

EN

The exposed sandy beach of Ladeira (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) was sampled during seven years (2003-2009) after the Prestige oil spill (winter 2002-03), to determine interannual variations in the macroinfaunal community in two ways: (i) through ecological indices (species richness and abundances, Shannon's diversity and Pielou's evenness) and (ii) through the density of the most representative species. A clear zonation pattern was found, consisting of two zones: (i) the supralittoral, occupied by talitrid amphipods, isopods and insects, and (ii) the intertidal, where marine crustaceans and polychaetes prevailed. The amphipods Talitrus saltator and Talorchestia deshayesii dominated from the drift line upwards, and isopods (Eurydice spp.), polychaetes (Scolelepis spp.) and the amphipod Pontocrates arenarius dominated the intertidal. Univariate indices remained constant throughout the study period in the supralittoral, but they varied widely in the intertidal zone. Multivariate analysis showed that the Prestige oil spill scarcely affected the macroinfaunal community structure during the study period (2003-2009) and its effect was limited just to the first campaign (2003), six months after the Prestige accident.

5

The utility of Deep-Water Agglutinated Foraminiferal acmes for correlating Eocene to Oligocene abyssal sediments in the North Atlantic and Western Tethys

Kamiński M. A.

Studia Geologica Polonica

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2005

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Vol. 124

325-340

EN

Quantitative analysis of Deep-water Agglutinated Foraminifera (DWAF) assemblages from key ODP sites in the North Atlantic reveal the presence of stratigraphically-significant abundance maxima, that may be useful for correlating sedimentary sequences deposited beneath the CCD. The DWAF record from ODP Hole 647A in the Labrador Sea was re-studied and abundances were recalculated by excluding calcareous benthic foraminifera. This hole is a key locality, as it provides direct calibration of the DWAF biostratigraphy to the standard chronostratigraphy. Eight DWAF acmes are recognised in the Eocene to lower Oligocene at Site 647 and at other North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea sites. These are: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) Glomospira Acme, a lower Eocene N. excelsa acme, an early/middle Eocene Glomospira Acme, a Karrerulina acme, a middle Eocene Reticulophragmium amplectens acme, a middle/late Eocene Spiroplecta- mmina acme, a latest Eocene-early Oligocene Ammodiscus latus acme, and an early Oligocene Spirosigmoilinella acme. Some of these acmes can be correlated with similar events occurring at onshore localities in the Western Tethys (northern Spain, Moroccan Rif, Italian Appenines, Western Carpathians). The occurrence of these DWAF acmes is caused by variations in the trophic continuum which is a consequence of the profound climatic and oceanographic changes that took place in the deep ocean during the Eocene and early Oligocene.

6

Wpływ zmian temperatury powierzchni Atlantyku Północnego na czas zalegania pokrywy śnieżnej w Polsce

Falarz M., Marsz A. A.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2005

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Z. 1-2

13-29

EN

The aim of this paper is to find an answer to the question whether there are statistically significant relationships between the snow cover duration in Poland and the sea surface temperature of different regions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Connections of the number of days with snow cover in the winter season at 66 meteorological stations located in Poland with anomalies of mean monthly sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic in so called "control grids" and with a few of the indices describing, in a complex way, some of the features of the changes in the heat distribution in the North Atlantic were examined using the methods of correlation and simple and multiple regressions. The correlations between the thermal conditions of the North Atlantic and the snow cover duration are synchronically - the observed changes in the duration of the period with snow cover are delayed by 4-5 months when referred to the year in which the changes in sea surface temperature took place. These correlations are relatively weak and changeable over time. They become stronger in periods in which zonal circulation prevails and at the time of stronger influence of meridional circulation they weaken. The sea areas whose changeability in thermal conditions indicates strongest correlations with the snow cover duration in Poland are located in the west part of the Atlantic Ocean. The snow cover duration in Poland is significantly influenced by the changes in thermal conditions of the Sargasso Sea over the period from January to May preceding the winter season and by the changes in currents regimes: 1) the cold Labrador Current in spring preceding the winter season and 2) the warm Florida Current in the period of winter preceding a winter season in Poland. The larger are heat resources in waters of the Sargasso Sea, the greater is the transport of warm waters carried with the Gulfstream and the stronger the influence of the cooled waters of the Labrador Current becomes, the shorter is the duration of snow cover in Poland in the following winter. The complex influence of the selected features of the sea surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean illustrated with the help of three combined indices enables to explain 53% of the many year changeability in the mean duration of the snow cover in Poland and 63% of changeability in the number of days with snow cover in the north east part of Poland. However, the standard estimation error remains at quite high level (20% or more of the mean many year value of the snow cover duration).

7

A novel polymorphic mtDNA marker for population studies of the pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Crustacea, Penaeidae)

Grabowski M., Grater W. D., Stuck K. C.

Oceanologia

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2004

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No. 46 (1)

147-151

EN

The pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, is one of the most important shrimp species commercially harvested along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the US. In this study we developed a mitochondrial marker suitable for population studies of the species. A 611-617 bp hypervariable portion of the AT-rich region of the mt genome was amplified and sequenced. The 617 bp long consensus sequence contained 15 polymorphic insertion/deletion sites and 165 polymorphic substitution sites. Kimura 2-parameter distances ranged from 0.00 to 0.06 with a mean of 0.02. Among the 104 sequences, 100 haplotypes were counted if all mutations were included. If transitions were omitted, 34 haplotypes were observed. The results indicate that the hypervariable portion of the AT-rich region may be an effective marker for revealing the genetic structure of the pink shrimp off the southeast US.

8

Zawiesiny i emulsje substancji ropopochodnych w wodach Północnego Atlantyku

Gurgul H.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Acta Physica / Uniwersytet Szczeciński

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1998

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Nr 8

19-43

EN

Mineral and organic suspension and emulsion of oil substances in superficial water of the Atlantic Ocean were investigated from 7th June to 9th August of the 1996 year, during the scientific trip of the s/y 'Oceania'. The highest concentration of mineral suspension was noticed in water near the Spitsbergen and the lowest one - in the middle part of the ocean. Concentration of oil substances varied widely. The highest concentration was observed at the boundary of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.