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1

The visualization of geophysical and geomorphologic data from the area of Weddell Sea by the generic mapping tools

Lemenkova Polina

Studia Quaternaria

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2021

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Vol. 38, Nr 1

19--32

EN

The paper concerns GMT application for studies of the geophysical and geomorphological settings of the Weddell Sea. Its western part is occupied by the back-arc basin developed during geologic evolution of the Antarctic. The mapping presents geophysical settings reflecting tectonic formation of the region, glaciomarine sediment distribution and the bathymetry. The GlobSed grid highlighted the abnormally large thickness of sedimentary strata resulted from the long lasting sedimentation and great subsidence ratio. The sediment thickness indicated significant influx (>13,000m) in the southern segment. Values of 6,000–7,000 m along the peninsula indicate stability of the sediments influx. The northern end of the Filchner Trough shows increased sediment supply. The topography shows variability -7,160–4,763 m. The ridges in the northern segment and gravity anomalies (>75 mGal) show parallel lines stretching NW-SE (10°–45°W, 60°–67°S) which points at the effects of regional topography. The basin is dominated by the slightly negative gravity >-30 mGal. The geoid model shows a SW-NE trend with the lowest values <18 m in the south, the highest values >20m in the NE and along the Coats Land. The ripples in the north follow the geometry of the submarine ridges and channels proving correlation with topography and gravitational equipotential surface.

2

Polskie badania polarne z zakresu meteorologii i klimatologii

Przybylak Rajmund, Araźny Andrzej, Miętus Mirosław, Migała Krzysztof, Niedźwiedź Tadeusz, Rachlewicz Grzegorz, Siwek Krzysztof, Ustrnul Zbigniew

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2019

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Z. 1-2

3--33

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu i podsumowania dorobku polskich badań meteorologicznych i klimatologicznych w obydwu obszarach polarnych w ujęciu historycznym. Omówiono różne aspekty tegoż dorobku, poczynając od organizacji i udziału w wyprawach polarnych, prowadzonego w ich trakcie zakresu pomiarów i obserwacji meteorologicznych oraz uzyskanych wyników dotyczących poznania pogody i klimatu badanych obszarów. Scharakteryzowano także dorobek publikacyjny nie będący wynikiem udziału w pomiarach i obserwacjach meteorologicznych w ramach ekspedycji polarnych, lecz efektem innych prac badawczych. Przeprowadzona szczegółowa analiza aktywności polskich naukowców w zakresie meteorologii i klimatologii polarnej w okresie od jej rozpoczęcia (koniec XIX wieku) do chwili obecnej wykazała istnienie czterech wyraźnych okresów (fal) o wyraźnie większym natężeniu tej aktywności: 1) lata 30., 2) 1957-1962, 3) lata 70., szczególnie ich druga połowa, 4) ostatnie trzydzieści lat z maksimum w okresie 2004-2009 (okres przygotowawczy 2004-2007 i IV Międzynarodowy Rok Polarny 2007-2009). Chociaż obszarem badań meteorologicznych i klimatologicznych prowadzonych przez polskich naukowców były obydwa obszary polarne, to jednak zdecydowanie największe osiągnięcia badawcze i publikacyjne (w tym w czasopismach z bazy Journal Citation Reports) dotyczą Svalbardu. Stwierdzono, iż polscy naukowcy wespół z badaczami norweskimi mają największy udział w rozpoznaniu warunków pogodowych i klimatycznych tego obszaru. Przeprowadzona szczegółowa analiza problematyki badawczej pozwoliła skonstatować, iż jest ona bardzo wszechstronna, tym niemniej za polską specjalność w badaniach meteorologicznych i klimatologicznych, szczególnie tych prowadzonych dla Svalbardu uznać należy: 1) badania mikro- a szczególnie topoklimatyczne oraz 2) badania wpływu cyrkulacji atmosferycznej na kształtowanie się pogody i klimatu.

EN

The article presents a synthetic review and summary of the achievements of Polish meteorological and climatological research in both polar areas, with a historical perspective. Various aspects of these achievements are discussed, beginning with the organisation of and participation in polar expeditions, the scope of meteorological measurements and observations conducted during research, and results from weather and climate research in the study areas. Publications that have resulted from research other than meteorological measurements and observations conducted as part of polar expeditions are also described. A detailed analysis of the activity of Polish scientists in the field of polar climatology and meteorology since its inception in the late nineteenth century revealed four distinct periods (waves) of clearly more intense activity: 1) the 1930s, 2) 1957-1962, 3) the 1970s, especially the latter half, 4) the last 30 years, with a peak in 2004-2009 (preparatory period 2004-2007 and IV International Polar Year 2007-2009). Although the meteorological and climatological research conducted by Polish scientists included both polar regions, decidedly the greatest research and publication achievements (including journals from the Journal Citation Reports database) concern Svalbard. It was found that, alongside Norwegian researchers, Polish scientists account for the largest share in the diagnosis of weather and climate conditions in this area. A detailed analysis of the research issues led to the conclusion that Polish meteorological and climatological research is very comprehensive but, nevertheless, its specialisations, especially with regards to studies on Svalbard, are: 1) micro-climatic research, and especially topoclimatic research; and 2) research into the influence of atmospheric circulation in determining weather and climate.

3

Obszary polarne w badaniach globalnego atmosferycznego obwodu elektrycznego Ziemi

Odzimek Anna

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2019

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Z. 1-2

35--71

PL

W artykule przedstawiono główne cechy ziemskich obszarów polarnych, Arktyki i Antarktyki, z punktu widzenia ich przynależności do globalnego atmosferycznego obwodu elektrycznego Ziemi oraz połączenia z układem prądów elektrycznych magnetosfery Ziemi. Omówiono lokalizację i chronologię obserwacji i badań elektryczności atmosfery w regionach polarnych do roku 2015, których znacząca liczba miała miejsce w czasie dużych przedsięwzięć geofizycznych, takich jak Międzynarodowe Lata Polarne i Międzynarodowy Rok Geofizyczny. Osobno dokonano przeglądu najważniejszych wyników badań elektryczności atmosfery w polskich stacjach polarnych – im. S. Sie¬dleckiego w Hornsundzie na Spitsbergenie w Arktyce i im. H. Arctowskiego na Wyspie Króla Jerzego w Antarktyce. Na zakończenie przedstawiono możliwe kierunki rozwoju badań elektryczności atmosfery z wykorzystaniem polskich stacji polarnych oraz pola interdyscyplinarnej współpracy naukowej.

EN

The article presents the main features of the polar regions, Arctic and Antarctic, from the point of view of the Earth’s global atmospheric electric circuit and its connection to the electric current system of the Earth’s magnetosphere. The chronology of observations and research studies of atmospheric electricity in polar regions up to 2015 is presented, including main geophysical events such as International Polar Years and International Geophysical Year. Research studies on atmospheric electricity based on measurements at Polish polar stations: S. Siedlecki Polar Station in Hornsund, Spitsbergen, and H. Arctowski Antarctic Station on King George Island, have been reviewed separately. Article concludes with the possible directions of development of atmospheric electricity research using Polish polar stations and potential fields of interdisciplinary scientific cooperation.

4

Participation of Employees and Students of the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography in Polar Research

Pasik M., Adamek A., Rajner M., Kurczyński Z., Pachuta A., Woźniak M., Bylina P., Próchniewicz D.

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2016

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Vol. 100

235--252

EN

This year the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology celebrates its 95th jubilee, which provides an opportunity to present the Faculty’s rich traditions in polar research. Employees and students of the faculty for almost 60 years have taken part in research expeditions to the polar circle. The article presents various studies typical of geodesy and cartography, as well as miscellany of possible measurement applications and geodetic techniques used to support interdisciplinary research. Wide range of geodetic techniques used in polar studies includes classic angular and linear surveys, photogrammetric techniques, gravimetric measurements, GNSS satellite techniques and satellite imaging. Those measurements were applied in glaciological, geological, geodynamic, botanical researches as well as in cartographic studies. Often they were used in activities aiming to ensure continuous functioning of Polish research stations on both hemispheres. This study is a short overview of thematic scope and selected research results conducted by our employees and students.

5

Helicopter operations of the Argentine Air Force in Antarctica 1968-2015

Posadas G. S.

Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa

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2016

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Nr 1 (242)

57--71

EN

This paper is a very brief summary of the operations of the Argentine Air Force (AAF) helicopters in the Argentine Antarctic. It is a transcription of a Power Point Presentation of the lecture that was given on June 26,2015 during the X National Helicopter Forum 2015 held at the Institute of Aviation in Poland.

PL

Artykuł ten przedstawia krótkie podsumowanie prowadzonych operacji helikopterowych Argentyńskich Sił Lotniczych (AAF) w argentyńskiej części Antarktydy. Jest to transkrypcja wykładu przeprowadzonego w oparciu o prezentację sporządzoną w Power Point, jaki został zaprezentowany 26 czerwca 2015 roku podczas X Krajowego Forum Wiropłatowego zorganizowanego w Instytucie Lotnictwa w Warszawie.

6

„Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej” w świetle wybranych statystyk

Styszyńska A.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2015

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Nr 25

105--118

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę cytowań artykułów opublikowanych w 24 tomach rocznika „Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej” w latach 1992-2014 opracowaną na podstawie bazy Web of Science i serwisu naukowo-informacyjnego Google Scholar. Przeprowadzono również kwerendę takich cytowań w polskich publikacjach zwartych z zakresu geografii fizycznej, ekologii i biologii. Analizy ujawniły dużą liczbę cytowań w czasopismach z tzw. Listy Filadelfijskiej (164) i bardzo dużą liczbę cytowań w czasopismach i wydawnictwach polskich.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of citations of articles published in the yearbook ‘Problems of Polar Climatology’ for the period 1992-2014 developed on the basis of Web of Science and Google Scholar scientific- information service. A query of such citations in Polish shorted publications was also carried out in the field of physical geography, ecology and biology. The Journal is indexed by "Cold Regions Bibliography" and Polish "BazTech". 272 articles by 104 authors were published in 24 volumes of ‘Problems of Polar Climatology’. Research problems of vast majority of works related to the Arctic, including, in particular, Svalbard (133 articles), which was the focus of Polish scientists’ research activities. Issues relating to the Antarctic were discussed in 66 articles and focused mainly on the characteristics of different climatic elements and weather processes in the area of Arctowski Station in the South Shetland Islands. The analysis revealed a large number of citations (164) in journals indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded (Table 1) and a very large number of citations in Polish journals (705) and publications (441) – Table 4. Taking into account very large number of citations, thematically narrow profile of journals and a relatively small group of authors dealing with issues of polar meteorology and climatology in Poland, it can be concluded that this magazine plays an important role in spreading research achievements in this field.

7

Poznańskie polarne badania meteorologiczne i klimatologiczne

Rachlewicz G., Zwoliński Z.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2015

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Nr 25

49--58

PL

W artykule przedstawiono historię badań meteorologicznych i klimatycznych prowadzonych przez pracowników Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu na dwóch skrajnych obszarach polarnych, to jest Arktyce Wysokiej oraz Antarktyce Morskiej. Badania te głównie obejmowały okresy letnie w Arktyce oraz 4-letnią serię obserwacyjną w Antarktyce. Przeprowadzone badania stanowią podstawę do opisu uwarunkowań klimatycznych współczesnych procesów deglacjacji na skutek globalnych anomalii klimatycznych.

EN

His paper presents the history of meteorological investigation and climatic studiem conducted by employees of the Adam Mickiewicz University In Poznań on two extreme polar regions, ie. The High Arctic and the Maritime Antarctic. These observation mainly included summer periods in the Arctic and 4-year series of observation in Antarctica. They studied climatic conditions of present-day deglaciation processes due to global climate anomalies.

8

Badania polarne Katedry Meteorologii I Klimatologii UMK w Toruniu

Przybylak R., Marciniak K., Araźny A., Kejna M.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2015

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Nr 25

19--32

PL

W artykule przedstawiono historię badań polarnych prowadzonych w latach 1968-2015 przez pracowników Katedry Meteorologii i Klimatologii Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Omówiono i scharakteryzowano problematykę badawczą dominującą w opublikowanych w Polsce i za granicą artykułach i monografiach. Wskazano na główne obszary badawcze położone w Arktyce i Antarktyce dla których powstało najwięcej opracowań z zakresu meteorologii i klimatologii. Szczegółowo przedstawiono historię badań terenowych oraz ich rezultaty.

EN

The article presents the history of polar research conducted from 1968 to 2015 by researchers at the Department of Meteorology and Climatology at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. It discusses and characterises the predominant research issues appearing in articles and monographs published in Poland and abroad. The article also indicates the main study areas located in the Arctic and Antarctic which have been the subject of the largest number of papers in the field of meteorology and climatology. In addition, there is a detailed outline of the history of field research and its results. The researchers at the Department of Meteorology and Climatology at NCU participated in a total of 34 polar expeditions during this period, including to Iceland (1), Spitsbergen (27) and Antarctica (6) (Tab. 1, Fig. 1). They have published 371 scholarly papers in the field of meteorology, climatology, hydrology and cryology (Tab. 2, Figs. 2-4), including three post-doctoral theses (habilitations) and five doctoral theses (Tab. 4) as well as being the supervisors of 49 Master’s (magister) theses. In the last 20 years they have taken part in 16 research projects, including two international ones (Tab. 3).

9

The first report on Amphipoda from Marian Cove, King George Island, Antarctic

Kim J-H., Jażdżewska A., Choi H.-G., Kim W.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 1

106--113

EN

This is a first account on amphipods from Marian Cove in Maxwell Bay, near the King Sejong Station, King George Island, the Antarctic. We have conducted a survey in 14 localities in the shallow sublittoral zone. A total of 22 amphipod species belonging to 12 families were identified. Six of these species were new for the whole Maxwell Bay. Our findings increase the amphipod fauna of Maxwell Bay from 55 to 61 species. The dominant species in the shallow sublittoral zone of Marian Cove were: Cheirimedon femoratus and Gondogeneia antarctica, followed by Bovallia gigantea, Orchomenella cf. ultima, Paradexamine fissicauda, Prostebbingia brevicornis, Pariphimedia integricauda, and Jassa wandeli.

10

Współczesne zmiany powierzchni lodów morskich na wodach wokółantarktycznych - problemy i niejasności

Marsz A. A.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2011

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nr 21

7-38

PL

Praca charakteryzuje trendy zmian powierzchni zlodzonej na wodach wokółantarktycznych w latach 1979-2010. Stwierdza się występowanie dodatniego trendu rocznego powierzchni zlodzonej (+15.6ź103 km2źrok-1) o wysokiej istotności statystycznej (p < 0.001). Dodatnie trendy występują we wszystkich miesiącach roku, z tego trendy te są statystycznie istotne w okresie od maja do października. Najsilniejsze trendy dodatnie występują w okresie rozrastania się pokrywy lodowej (marzec-lipiec). W ujęciu regionalnym w czterech z pięciu sektorów Antarktyki trendy są dodatnie, z czego tylko w jednym – sektorze Morza Rossa – trend jest istotny statystycznie, w jednym sektorze (mórz Amundsena i Bellingshausena) – występuje statystycznie istotny trend ujemny. Analiza przyczyn występowania dodatniego trendu powierzchni zlodzonej na wodach wokółantarktycznych, pozwala wskazać jako główną przyczynę rozrostu pokrywy lodowej cyrkulację atmosferyczną. Te same procesy cyrkulacyjne są przyczyną zarówno ogólnego wzrostu powierzchni lodów na wodach wokółantarktycz-nych, jak jednoczesnego jej spadku w rejonie Morza Bellingshausena i wzrostu temperatury powietrza nad Półwyspem Antarktycznym. Zmiany cyrkulacji atmosferycznej następują pod wpływem zmian zasobów ciepła w SW części subtropikalnego Pacyfiku (~30°N, 170-160°W), które wymuszają zwiększoną lub zmniejszoną powtarzalność lokowania się górnego klina na długości geograficznej Morza Rossa i górnej zatoki na pograniczu mórz Amundsena i Bellingshausena. Zmiany temperatury wody powierzchniowej w tym rejonie objaśniają około 28% międzyrocznej zmienności rocznej powierzchni zlodzonej na wodach wokółantarktycznych, występujący w niej trend dodatni, spadek powierzchni zlodzonej na Morzu Bellingshausena i wzrost temperatury powietrza w rejonie Półwyspu Antarktycznego.

EN

This work describes trends in changes in sea ice extent in the waters in the vicinity of the Antarctica in the years 1979-2010. A positive trend in the annual ice extent (+15.6ź103 km2źyear-1) with high statistical significance (p <0.001) was observed. Positive trends occur in all months of the year and statistically significant trends are noted in the period from May to October. The strongest positive trends occur in the period when ice cover grows (March-July). Regionally, in four out of the five sectors of the Antarctica, trends are positive but only in one - the Ross Sea sector - the trend is statistically significant and in one sector (the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas) there is a statistically significant negative trend. Analysis of the causes of the positive trend in the sea ice extent indicates that the primary role in the growth of ice extent is attributed to atmospheric circulation. The same circulation processes are responsible for both an overall increase in the ice extent in the region of the Antarctica and in the simultaneous decrease in the ice extent in the Bellingshausen Sea and the growth in air temperature over the Antarctic Peninsula. Changes in atmospheric circulation are influenced by heat resources in the south-western part of the subtropical Pacific (~ 30°N, 170-160°W). These heat resources cause that the same location of the upper ridge of high pressure at the Ross Sea longitude and the upper trough on the border of the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas is repeated more or less frequently. SST changes in this region explain about 28% of the interannual variability of annual sea ice extent in the area of the Antarctic waters. They also explain the positive trend noted there and the decline in sea ice extent in the Bellingshausen Sea and increase in the air temperature in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula.

11

A note on several meteorological topics related to polar regions

Sienicki K.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2011

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nr 21

39-76

EN

Analysis of the meteorology of Polar Regions is fundamental to the process of understanding the global climatology of the Earth and Earth-like planets. The nature of air circulation in a polar vortex is of preliminary importance. I have show the local and continental spatiotemporal relationship between near surface wind events in terms of self-organized criticality. In particular, the wind event size, wind event duration, and duration of quiescent wind event are well approximated by power-law distributions. On a continental scale, the wind events in the Antarctic tend to be self-organized criticality with ergodic properties. A similar self-organized criticality wind event was also found in Taylor Valley located at McMurdo Dry Valleys discovered by Captain Scott.s expedition. Captain Scott.s meteorological Terra Nova record was also examined. I have also revisited and re-analyzed wind events in Hornsund at Spitsbergen Island, in terms of marginal probabilities and marginal copulas which describe positive Lévy process.

PL

Badanie meteorologii regionów polarnych jest fundamentalne w procesie zrozumienia i opisania globalnej klimatologii Ziemi i jej podobnych planet. Natura cyrkulacji powietrza w Wirze Polarnym jest podstawowej wagi. Wykorzystując dane dotyczące prędkości wiatru na Antarktydzie z około 40 stacji meteorologicznych pokazano, że zdarzenia wiatrowe rozumiane jako wielkość siły wiatru, czasu wiania i czasu niewiania są samo-zorganizowaną krytycznością opisaną przez rozkład prawdopodo-bieństwa w postaci skalującej funkcji potęgowej, Pokazano, że zdarzenia wiatrowe na Antarktydzie tworzą kontynentalny system, który z punktu widzenia mechaniki statystycznej jest ergo-dyczny. Ta podstawowa charakterystyka wiatrów powinna leżeć w konstrukcji ułamkowego równania Fokkera-Plancka dla rozkładu gęstości prawdopodobieństwa. W artykule pokazano, że w związku z samo-zorganizowaną krytycznością wiatrów na Antarktydzie nie można obliczyć ich wartości średnich. Analiza katabatycznych wiatrów w Suchych Dolinach w rejonie McMurdo jest szczegółowo opisana w powiązaniu z ich orografią. Wykorzystując metodę sieci neuronowych oraz statystyki zdarzeń wiatrowych na Lodowej Barierze Rossa pokazano, że dwa ekstremalne zdarzenia pogodowe (czarne łabędzie): bardzo niska temperatura w okresie 27 luty – 19 marca 1912 oraz katabatyczny sztorm 21-29 marca 1912 roku, opisane przez Kapitana Scotta nie wydarzyły się. Pokazano, że samo-zorganizowana krytyczność wiatrów nie jest charakterystyczna tylko dla Antarktydy ale jest obserwowana również w innych obszarach polarnych tworzących lodowe plateau jak na przykład w Hornsundzie na Spitsbergenie. Wykorzystując twierdzenia dotyczące procesów o nieskończonej wariancji (proces Lévy.ego) pokazano, że uprzednio zaproponowany opis pogody przez jej podział na klasy pogodowe ma fundamentalne uzasadnienie matematyczne w postaci marginałów i kopuł tworzących skalującą funkcję potęgową nieposiadającą wartości średniej. Bazując na pomiarach meteorologicznych w Hornsundzie zilustrowano, że pogoda opisana przez kwartety (4 elementy): temperatura, wiatr, zachmurzenie i opady tworzy funkcję potęgową charakterystyczną dla samo-zorganizowanych krytycznie układów. Przedstawione wyniki udowodniają, że dotychczasowe paradygmaty meteorologiczne powinny być zrewidowane. W szczególności, powszechnie bez uzasadnienia przyjęte założenie o skończenie wymiarowym gaussowskim rozkładzie zmiennych meteorologicznych powinno być odrzucone i zastąpione przez stochastyczne alfa-stabilne procesy Lévy.ego dla których wariancja może przyjmować dowolną wartość w przedziale od zera do nieskończoności.

12

Soft bottom sublittoral amphipod fauna of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctic

Jażdżewska A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.1

1-10

EN

The present analysis is based on 140 quantitative samples collected from depths of 20 to 500 m in the central basin of Admiralty Bay and its inner shallow area, Ezcurra Inlet. One hundred and twenty species were identified, of which 47 species were new for Admiralty Bay. Mean density of crustaceans decreased with depth. Highest species richness was observed at depths of 50 -100 m. Historical data and present investigations revealed distinct differences in the amphipod assemblages at different depths. In the subtidal zone, Gondogeneia antarctica was the dominant species; in the shallow sublittoral (down to ca 50 m) Prostebbingia gracilis and Hippomedon kergueleni played an important role. Below 50 m, the importance of phoxocephalid species increased.

13

Dzieje polskich badań botanicznych i mykologicznych lądowych obszarów Antarktyki i Subantarktyki

Köhler P., Olech M.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2011

|

R. 56, nr 1

67-109

EN

The work includes a description of the period from the moment of setting up Polish Polar Station on King George Island (1977) to the end of International Polar Year IV in 2009. Researches on flower plants focused, among others, on plants' morphology, morphological composition of the pollen and anatomical ultra-structure of the leaves. There were also carried out biochemical and other searches for the internal mutability. Within physiological studies one concentrated on the problem of reaction to temperature stress. Biological researches focused mainly on solving taxonomic and bio-geographic problems. Finally, were published several monographs and, among others, the first in history complete description of moss` flora of the whole of Antarctic (2008). Research works over algae included also such issues as floristics, bio-geography, taxonomy and ecology (for instance, (the rookery's impact on distribution of algae, or the influence of inanimate factors on dynamics of condensing the Diatoma in different water and soil-bound tanks). Up till now, within mycological investigations has been identified a variety of lichen fungi that for the most part of Antarctic are a novelty. There were scientifically described new for science genera and species of Western Antarctic. Lichenological studies were made in the field of taxonomy, geography, lichenometry, biochemistry of lichens, lichenoindication, ecophysiology and from the point of analysis of base metals' content. There were also described new for science species. Since 1991, were published the results of searches for the base metals' content and vestigial chemical elements in lichens' thallus. Ecophysiological researches concerned both micro-climatic conditions' impact on primary production and lichens' adaptation to a very cold climate. One discovered a mechanism of two-phase hydratization/dehydratization of lichens' thallus. On the ground of palaeobotanical analyzes was reconstructed a development of flora in Western Antarctic from the late Cretaceous period to the beginning of Melville's continental glaciation. One singled out three floristic stages and were reconstructed their peculiarities in the development of flora. There was also described an early Jurassic flora of Hope Bay (Półwysep Antarktyczny - Antarctic Peninsula) that turned out to be the richest Jurassic flora in the world. From that point of view were analyzed new species of mineral plants. Ecological researches concentrated on the problems connected with several issues and, among others, with the processes of settlement and succession, distribution and ecology of land biotopes, changes in their spatial structure, and state of biotopes' biological mass. The second group of issues concerned the anthropogenous impacts. One also analyzed early stages of synanthropization of flora. Another important issue was recognizing an extent of the pollution of the environment, particularly with base metals. In the years 1977-2009 were published, at least, 426 notes, articles and monographs that were a result of botanical and mycological researches on sheets of land of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic,

14

Food selection of Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus (Koehler) : laboratory experiments with food quality and size

Kidawa A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 1

139-147

EN

According to Optimal Foraging Theory a consumer should select its diet in order to maximise net energy intake per unit of foraging time. Therefore, the Antarctic scavenging sea star Odontaster validus can be expected to choose food items of high profitability and ignore those of low profitability. Laboratory experiments with agar models of food items were performed to investigate the foraging behaviour and food selectivity of O. validus. Freshly caught sea stars were first fed with fish meat to minimize differences in their feeding status and then starved for 2 and 4 weeks. Sea stars were divided into three size groups (small - radius 1-3 cm, medium - radius 3-4 cm, large - radius 4-5.5 cm). Agar food items of different quality (low - 1.2 kJ, medium - 2.5 kJ, high - 4.1 kJ) and size (small - 8 cm[^3] and large - 64 cm[^3]) were utilized in the experiments. Sea stars were individually presented with food items placed on the aquarium bottom, and their behaviour (number and type of ivestigated food items, time needed for final choice) was observed for 30 minutes. Starved individuals preferentially selected more profitable food items as is predicted by Optimal Foraging Theory. Choice of food item was probably mediated by contact chemoreception. Starvation time and sea star size had significant impact on selectivity. Mean number of food items of different quality investigated by sea stars starved for 2 weeks was higher then in sea stars starved for 4 weeks. Low quality food items were mostly chosen by small sea stars, and never by large individuals starved for 2 weeks. Sea stars O. validus were also capable of distinguishing between small and large food items. Final choice made by sea stars presented with food items of differing size depended on their size with large and medium individuals choosing mostly large food items. Sea stars starved for 2 weeks chose higher proportion of large food items than individuals starved for 4 weeks. Such strategy in accordance with Optimal Foraging Theory allows for flexibility in O. validus feeding behaviour and enables this species to survive in harsh marine environment, where food resources accessible during the Antarctic winter are scarce and unpredictable in space and time.

15

Trendy temperatury powierzchni oceanu w sektorze pacyficznym Oceanu Południowego w ostatnim 25-leciu

Marsz A. A.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2005

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nr 15

17-26

PL

Praca omawia zmiany temperatury powierzchni wody (TPO) sektora pacyficznego Oceanu Południowego w pasach szerokości 60 i 50°S, zachodzące w przekrojach miesięcznych i rocznych. Stwierdzono występowanie ujemnych trendów TPO w całym pasie 60°S, z czego ponad 1/3 współczynników trendu jest istotna i wysoce istotna statystycznie. Obszary silnego ochłodzenia powierzchni oceanu tworzą tam dwa ośrodki: pierwszy w rejonie 170°E - 140°W, drugi - 120-080°W. W obu ośrodkach najsilniejsze spadki TPO następują w miesiącach chłodnej pory roku (maj - sierpień), w drugim - dodatkowo - stosunkowo silne ochłodzenie zaznacza się w miesiącach ciepłej pory roku (styczeń - marzec). Na szerokości 50°S ochłodzenie jest znacznie słabsze - istotne statystycznie zmiany TPO zaznaczają się wyłącznie po wschodniej stronie sektora (100-080°W), gdzie również występują trendy ujemne. Kumulacja istotnych i nieistotnych statystycznie trendów miesięcznych prowadzi do zaznaczania się na obszarze około 54% powierzchni sektora pacyficznego Oceanu Południowego istotnych statystycznie, ujemnych trendów rocznej TPO. Na pozostałym obszarze badanego sektora bądź brak realnych zmian TPO, bądź występuje tendencja do słabego spadku temperatury. Przebiegi temperatury rocznej wskazują, że w ośrodku zachodnim (60°S, 170°E -140°W) TPO konsekwentnie obniża się od początku obserwacji (1980 rok), gdy we wschodniej części sektora pacy-ficznego (120-080°W) cały obserwowany w 25-leciu trend stanowi konsekwencję silnego spadku rocznej TPO w ciągu ostatnich 7 lat (1997-2004).

EN

This work deals with monthly and annual changes in sea surface temperature (SST) of the Pacific sector of the South Ocean observed in 60°- 50°S latitudinal bands. The occurrence of negative trends of SST was noted in the entire 60° band and 1/3 of the trend coefficients is statistically significant and highly significant. The regions marked by strong cooling of ocean surface are formed by two centres - one 170° - 140°W and the other extending from 120° to 080°W. The greatest decrease in sea surface temperature in both centres takes place during cold season (May - August), in the other centre there is also additional quite strong cooling in the months of warm season (January - March). In the latitude 50°S the cooling is much weaker - statistically significant changes in SST are observed only in the eastern part of the Pacific region (100°- 080°W) where negative trends are also noted. Cumulating of statistically significant and non-significant monthly trends leads to statistically significant negative trends in annual SST observed in 54% of the area in the Pacific sector of the South Ocean. In the remaining area of the Pacific sector of the South Ocean there are either no visible changes in the sea surface temperature or there is tendency of weak decrease in temperature. The courses of annual SST indicate that in the western region (60S°, 170° -140°W) the SST has been decreasing constantly since the beginning of the observational period (since the year 1980), whereas in the eastern part of the Pacific sector (120°- 080°W) the whole trend observed over the 25-year period results from strong decrease in annual SST in the period of last 7 years (1997-2004).

16

Przebieg roczny ciśnienia atmosferycznego na Antarktydzie

Kejna M.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2005

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nr 15

7-16

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zmienność przestrzenną przebiegu rocznego ciśnienia atmosferycznego na Antarktydzie. Stwierdzono dwa typy przebiegów rocznych ciśnienia. Na wybrzeżu występuje przebieg charaktery-zujący się półroczną oscylacją, z maksymalnymi wartościami w sezonie letnim i zimowym oraz najniższymi w przejścio-wych porach roku. We wnętrzu kontynentu najwyższe ciśnienie występuje latem, a najniższe w chłodnej połowie roku. Największe amplitudy roczne ciśnienia występują we wnętrzu kontynentu. W ostatnich dwóch dekadach XX wieku zaznaczyły się istotne zmiany w przebiegu rocznym ciśnienia atmosferycznego.

EN

At the polar latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere a circulation cell functions which is connected with the strong baric wedge feature of the atmosphere occurring between the Antarctic anticyclone and a very deep circumpolar trough by the Antarctic coastline. The circulation system in the Antarctic region shows seasonal variability called Southern Annular Mode (SAM). In the cold season the tropospheric exchange of air masses strengthens due to the increase of the katabatic winds? speed. The relocation of air masses from over Antarctica to its peripheries has an influence on the annual course of the atmospheric pressure. In the elaboration mean monthly air pressure values were taken into account from 106 Antarctic stations from the beginning of measurements to 2000. On the basis of these data the mean annual course of the atmospheric pressure has been counted as well as the yearly pressure range. Annual courses from two periods: 1958-1980 and 1981-2000 were also compared. Over the Antarctic the annual course of the atmospheric pressure is complex. At the costal part of the continent there are two maxima (in summer and in winter) and two minima in the transient seasons. This course is called semi-annual oscillation (SAO) in the literature. However this phenomenon shows certain regional specifics. On the Antarctic Peninsula and South Orkney Islands the winter maximum is more distinct, while minima are shifted to February and November. In the inland the winter maximum decreases with the distance from the coast and at stations situated in the highest parts of the glacial plateau the highest pressure values occur in summer and distinctly lower ones in winter. At some inland stations a slight increase of the pressure can be observed in the middle of winter what refers to the thermal coreless winters occurring frequently in this region. The annual range of the atmospheric pressure decreases from the coast (15-7 hPa) to the interior of the continent, where it reaches values above 20 hPa. During the last two decades of the 20th century significant changes took place in the annual courses of the pressure in comparison to the years 1958-1980. On the South Orkney Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula the pressure increased in summer and in autumn, while in winter distinctly decreased. At the remaining part of the Antarctic coast pressure decrease occurred in every seasons, and in the Weddell Sea region the autumn and spring minimum significantly deepened. At the majority of the stations the annual amplitudes of the atmospheric pressure decreased after 1980. These changes contributed to the disturbances in the functioning of the Antarctic climate system. On the Antarctic Peninsula the air temperature increased, while at many stations in the Eastern Antarctic considerable cooling occurred.

17

Zmienność przestrzenna występowania zim bezjądrowych na Antarktydzie w latach 1990-1999

Lipowska S.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2004

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nr 14

19-28

EN

Characteristic feature of the air temperature course over the year on the Antarctic is the winter warming known as a Coreless Winter effect (Hann 1909, Marsz 2000). This phenomenon is related to the specific atmospheric circulation, frequent advection of warm air masses from the oceans into the interior of the continent and entering of cyclones onto the Antarctic. The rise in temperature during the winter season occurred in the period 1990-1999 on all selected researched stations, however it didn't become visible every year (Table 2). Analysis of annual courses of air temperature in the particular years in the last decade of 20th century proved, that the occurrence of the Coreless Winters on the Antarctic is a repeated phenomenon, characterized by spatial and temporal variability. An example of annual courses of air temperature with the coreless effect in 1997 on selected stations is shown on Fig. 2. The least number of Antarctic stations with the winter warming were observed in 1992, when the phenomenon was merely recorded on the half of all selected stations (Fig. 3), whereas the greatest extent was stated in 1997, when it occurred on the 88% of all the stations. Extents in the occurrence of the kernlose winters on the Antarctic for the particular years during the decade 1990-1999 are shown on Fig.4. In respect of regional location there was stated the existence of interdependences in the periods in occurrence of the rises in temperature during the winter season within 4 typical regions of the Antarctic according to selected research stations: - on the Antarctic Peninsular - in the interior of the continent - on the coast in zone 030°W - 120°E - on the coast in zone 120°E -120°W The analysis of annual courses of air temperature in the years with coreless effect indicated, that the most often rise in air temperature in the winter season was observed on the stations on the coast in zone 120°E - 120°W of the Antarctic, whereas the most rarely it was noted on the Antarctic Peninsular. The rises in temperature were mostly observed on the whole continent in June which equals 45% of all the warmings noted in years 1990-1999 on every stations, and in July - 33%. The rises in temperature were the most rarely observed in August and occurred merely in 22% of all the warmings. The relative frequency [in %] of occurrence the rises in temperature in the winter season according to month's intervals for the particular regions of the Antarctic in the period 1990-1999 is shown on Fig. 5. The great spatial and temporal variability in occurrence of the Coreless Winters on the Antarctic observed during the last decade of 20th century may prove the existence of the considerable dynamics of the circulation factors, which determine the formation of this phenomenon.

18

Amplituda dobowa temperatury powietrza na Antarktydzie

Kejna M.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2004

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nr 14

7-18

EN

Diurnal air temperature ranges (DTR) have been counted based on the monthly mean values of the daily maximal and minimal air temperature from 23 Antarctic stations. DTR shows a considerable spatial differentiation on the Antarctic. The lowest DTR values (4-6°C) occur along the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and on the subantarctic islands. At the remaining coast of Antarctica the mean DTR vary from 6-7°C to 10°C at the stations situated on higher geographical latitude. In the Antarctic inlands the largest DTR values occur at the highest parts of glacier plateau (8-9°C), while on the South Pole they are distinctly smaller (6°C). In the annual course of DTR the following types have been distinguished: oceanic type at the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula with small DTR in summer (2-4°C) and twice higher in winter; oceanic-continental type at the coast of Eastern Antarctic with large DTR during the whole year; continental-oceanic type with high DTR in summer and still higher (up to 13°C) in winter occurring at Western Antarctic and in the Weddell Sea basin; continental type characteristic for the interior of the continent with the highest DTR in summer (11-12°C) and smaller in winter; polar type with small DTR in summer (to 3°C) and considerable higher in winter (7-8°C). A decrease of DTR occurred on the Antarctic in regions characterized by increasing temperature in the second half of the 20th century, especially on the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, on the coast of Ross Sea and on the Queen Maud Land. The decrease in the DTR values was connected with the quicker increase of daily minimal air temperatures. On the other hand, in the regions where cooling was noted the DTR values increase (inlands of Eastern Antarctic and South Pole, and the Weddell Sea basin), mainly due to the fall in daily minimal air temperatures.

19

Zmiany trendu temperatury powietrza na Antarktydzie w latach 1958-2000

Kejna M.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2003

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nr 13

7-26

EN

The progressive increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in consequence leads to the rise of the global air temperature. According to the III Report of IPCC (2001) from 1880 the mean temperature on the Earth has grown by 0.6°C ą0.2°C. The reaction of polar regions to the greenhouse effect is unknown. The Antarctic climate shows a considerably greater variability in comparison with the lower latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. This is conditioned by interactions between the atmospheric circulation, the ocean, and the cryosphere. According to the scenarios of global greenhouse effect the temperature at the polar regions should grow by 3°C in summer and 4-5°C in winter. However, these model researches are not confirmed in reality. This shows that our knowledge concerning the functioning of climate system of the polar regions is insufficient. In the paper we have used monthly mean air temperature values for 21 stations being in operation on the Antarctic in the years 1958-2000 and for 34 stations making observations in the years 1981-2000. After checking the homogeneity of the series by the Alexandersson?s (1986) test we have counted the trends of air temperature. The average trend for annual and seasonal values were expressed by temperature change per 10 years. In the years 1958-2000 on the Antarctic the trend of the mean annual values of the air temperature shows great spatial differentiation. These differences are connected with the radiation balance depending on the variability of cloudiness and the albedo of the surface, and on the transformation of pressure fields and changes of the atmospheric circulation. Statistically significant (on 0.95 significance level) air temperature increase occurred on the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula (for example Faraday 0.67°C/10 years) and at the stations Belgrano and McMurdo. A negative air temperature trend occurred on the South Pole (-0.21°C/10 years) and on the Droning Maud Land. The temperature changes in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula are correlated with the extension and surface of sea ice, especially in winter. There are considerable differences of air temperature trends on the Antarctic between the periods 1958-1980 and 1981-2000. The period 1958-1980 is characterized by an increase of air temperature, especially on the shore of continent (Casey 0.84°C/10 years, Faraday 0.76°C/10 years, Halley 0.69°C/10 years). The interior of the continent is distinguished by stability of weather conditions. Year-to-year temperature changes are smaller, then at the coast (the trend at the Amundsen-Scott station average 0.26°C/10 years). During the last years (1981-2000) significant changes took place in the tendency of air temperature on the Antarctic. In many regions of the Antarctic cooling began, on the cost of East Antarctica the temperature decreases, on the coasts of the Wilkes Land (Casey -0.82°C/10 years) and the Weddell Sea (Halley -1.13?C/10 years, Larsen Ice -0.89°C/10 years), especially in the autumn-winter period. In the interior of the continent also lower and lower temperatures occurred (Amundsen-Scott -0.42°C/10 years, Dome C -0.71°C/10 years). The cooling can be observed in all seasons, but it is the greatest in summer and autumn, when the decrease of solar radiation was observed in connection with the growing cloudiness. Vostok situated at the highest parts of ice dome does not show statistically significant trend. An increase of the temperature was observed in the interior of West Antarctica (Byrd 0.37°C/10 years). The warming rate of the climate became weaker on the Antarctic Peninsula (Faraday 0.56°C/10 years). The largest temperature changes occurred in the autumn-winter season when in the Antarctic Peninsula region the temperature increased, while in the interior and at the coast of East Antarctica considerably fell. Climate changes during the last 20 years of the 20th century showed the weakening of the warming rate on the Antarctic Peninsula and distinct cooling on the East Antarctica. The lack of warming, or even cooling, on the East Antarctica, is favourable to maintain the present climate system in this region. The increasing air temperature on the West Antarctic, especially on the Antarctic Peninsula caused many natural consequences. The ablation of glaciers clearly intensified, deglaciation takes place, glaciers retreat. The environmental changes lead to disturbances in the functioning of the Antarctic ecosystem.

20

Przebieg roczny temperatury powietrza na Antarktydzie

Kejna M.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2002

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nr 12

5-19

EN

On the Antarctic the annual course of air temperature shows a considerable spatial differentiation. Over the inland the course of temperature during the year is conditioned by insolation-radiational factors. On the coast the role of circulation factors connected with the advection of air masses from above the ocean or from the interior of the continent. In the paper mean monthly air temperatures from 56 stations making standard meteorological observations and from 38 automatic weather stations (AWS) have been used. On the Antarctic there types of annual air temperature courses can be distinguished: Oceanic - characterised by positive air temperatures in the summer season with the highest temperatures in February and by mild temperatures in the winter months (to -10°C). As a result of the ocean influence spring is considerable colder then autumn. The annual amplitudes are small (to 10-15°C). This type occurs on the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and on the subantarctic islands. Continental - with very low air temperatures. The warmest month is December with temperatures below -30°C in the interior of the continent. In winter the lowest mean monthly temperatures reach -70°C. The temperature frequently increases in the middle of winter; this phenomenon is called kernlose winter. The annual amplitude of air temperature is not high and in the interior its value reaches 30-35°C. The continental type includes the whole Antarctic except the narrow coastal belt. Coastal - characterised by air temperature around 0°C in the summer period. The warmest month is January. The lowest temperatures occur in January (-30° do -40°C). The growth of temperature in spring delays the heat uptake for the melting of sea ice. The annual amplitude of the air temperature is quite high and exceeds 20°C. Due to the influence of circulation factors on the Antarctic the annual course of the air temperature shows a large variability from year to year.