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Parasitic Nematode Community Structure in Three Wild Duck Species from Western Pomerania, Poland

Stapf-Skiba Agata N., Kavetska Katarzyna M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

219--230

EN

Nematode communities of the gastrointestinal tract in three species of wild ducks: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) and common scoter (Melanitta nigra), from the area of Western Pomerania in Poland, were compared. Nematodes were the most numerous group in the helminth fauna of the common scoter, the second most abundant group in the mallard and the least numerous group among parasites found in the tufted duck. A total of 5348 nematodes belonging to 14 species were isolated from 366 examined ducks. Six nematode species (represented by 607 individuals) were found in mallard, 5 species (493 individuals) in tufted duck and 7 species (3576 individuals) in common scoter. Nematofauna of tufted duck was characterized by the highest species evenness, while the nematofauna of common scoter presented the greatest species diversity. The analysis of fauna similarity showed one common parasitic species (Epomidiostomum uncinatum) for mallard and common scoter, and three species (Tetrameres ryjikovi, T. spinosa and Echinuria hypognatha) for tufted duck and common scoter. Regarding the spatial distribution of nematodes most of them primarily reside in the proventriculus (84% of all nematodes in mallard and 40% in tufted duck) and gizzard (56.6% of all nematodes in tufted duck and 74% in common scoter), whereas, only individuals of the species Eucoleus contortus and Capillaria anatis were located in the oesophagus and intestine. The results confirm that the phylogenetic differences of the three duck species, as well as the differences in their ecology are accompanied by differences in the structure of parasitic nematode community.

2

Effect of spring water stress induced by fishery farming on two duck species Anas platyrhynchos L. and Anas crecca L. in a Mediterranean wetland

Redolfi De Zan L., Battisti C., Carpaneto G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 3

599-604

EN

In a remnant wetland of Central Italy, we assessed the effect of water level changes induced by fishery farming activities (February-July) on the abundance of two duck species (mallard, Anas platyrhynchos and teal, A. crecca) during a two-years period: a "treatment" year (2004) when fishery farm activity was high and water level dropped, and a "control" year (2007) when it was inactive and water level increased. Abundance values of mallards and teals were significantly different in the two years, and showed a direct correlation with water level in both the species in 2004 but not in 2007. In both species, abundance was significantly lower in 2004, only in late spring (June-July), revealing their sensitivity to water stress. A higher water level in wetland in control year 2007 may favour teals and mallards in the study area, allowing respectively the permanent occurrence of the former (a locally wintering species) and a higher abundance of the latter (locally breeding and resident species). A higher water level in wetland channels with the flooding of the surrounding reed- and rush beds, may induce a larger area of suitable habitat, available for these duck species. These facts emphasized that water level changes due to human activities are key to year-to-year variation in duck abundance in Mediterranean wetland region.

3

Microbiological Quality of the Anas platyrhynchos and the Fulica atra Meat

Haščik P., Nováková I., Kačániová M., Fikselová M., Kuwová S.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 1

81-88

EN

The aim of our experiment was monitoring of the microbiological ąuality of the Anas platyrhynchos and the Fulica atra meat after the slaughter and seven days of maturing process. We followed total count of microorganisms, number of coliforms bacteria and number of mesophilic anaerobic sporulating microorganisms. The evaluation of microorganisms was done by Codex Alimentarius SR. We noticed that the count of coliform bacteria was negative after slaughter in both experimental groups. The count of mesophilic anaerobic sporulating bacteria in the meat of the wild ducks ranged from 1.78-2.12 log cfu o g-1 and in the meat of the fulicas was found from 4.98 to 5.95 log cfu o g-1. From the statistical point of view it was a high signifi-cant difference (p < 0,001). The total count of microorganisms in the meat of the wild ducks was zero. In the meat of the fulicas ranged from 5.18 to 6.25 log cfu o g-1. The statistical differences between the meat samples from the wild ducks and the fulicas were significant (p < 0.001). The count of coliforms in the maturę meat of wild ducks varied from 1.12-1.73 log cfu o g-1. The statistical differences between the meat samples from the wild ducks and the fulicas were not significant (p > 0.05). The count of mesophilic anaerobic sporulating microorganisms in the wild duck mature meat samples varied from 1.95-2.24 log cfu o g-1 and in the maturę meat of the fulicas ranged from 5.00 to 6.00 log cfu o g-1 The significant differences between the meat samples of the wild ducks and the fulicas were determined (p < 0.001). The total count of microorganisms in the mature meat samples of the wild ducks ranged from 1.18-2.24 log cfu o g-1, ie on average 1.99 log cfu o g-1. Higher values were detected in the maturę meat samples of the fulicas. The values varied from 5.24-6.30 log cfu o g-1, ie on average 5.69 log cfu o g-1. The comparison of meat samples of both experimental animals showed high significant differences (p< 0.001).

PL

Celem badań był monitoring mikrobiologicznej jakości mięsa z Anas platyrhynchos i Fulica atra bezpośrednio po uboju oraz po 7 dniach dojrzewania. Oznaczono całkowitą liczebność mikroorganizmów, liczebność bakterii Coli oraz liczebność mezofilowych anaerobowych mikroorganizmów sporulujących. Nie stwierdzono obecności bakterii Coli bezpośrednio po uboju. Liczebność mezofilowych anaerobowych mikroorganizmów sporulujących w mięsie Anas platyrhynchos wynosiła 1,78-2,12 log cfu o g-1. Liczebność tych organizmów w mięsie Fulica atra wynosiła 4,98-5,95 log cfu o g-1. Różnice między badanym mięsem były statystycznie istotne (p < 0,001). Całkowita liczebność mikroorganizmów w mięsie Fulica atra wynosiła 5,18 do 6,25 log cfu - g-1. Parametr ten wykazał wartość zerową w mięsie Anas platyrhynchos. Różnice między badanym mięsem pod względem całkowitej zawartości mikroorganizmów były statystycznie istotne (p < 0,001). Liczebność bakterii Coli w dojrzałym mięsie Anas platyrhynchos wynosiła 1,12-1,73 log cfu o g-1. Różnice między mięsem Anas platyrhynchos i Fulica atra pod względem tego parametru nie były istotne statystycznie (p < 0,05). Liczebność mezofilowych anaerobowych mikroorganizmów sporulujących w dojrzałym mięsie Anas platyrhynchos wynosiła 1,95-2,24 log cfu o g-1, a w dojrzałym mięsie Fulica atra 5,00-6,00 log cfu o g-1. Różnice te były statystycznie istotne (p < 0,001). Całkowita liczebność mikroorganizmów w próbkach dojrzałego mięsa Anas platyrhynchos wynosiła 1,18-2,24 log cfu o g-l (średnio 1,99 log cfu o g-1). Większą liczebność mikroorganizmów stwierdzono w dojrzałym mięsie Fulica atra, gdzie mieściła się ona w granicach 5,24-6,30 log cfu o g-1 (średnio 5,69 log cfu o g-1). Porównanie dojrzałego mięsa obu gatunków pod względem tego parametru wykazało statystycznie istotne różnice (p < 0,001).

4

Influence of low temperatures on behaviour of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos L.)

Meissner W., Markowska K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 4

799-803

EN

Periods of severe winter weather are associated with increased food consumption and metabolic rates. Depending on food availability birds could use different strategies to maintain homeostasis. Mallards Anas platyrhynchos L. numerously winter in urban parks, where people feed waterfowl bread. This food source is easily digestible and provides a high energy, which may affect bird behaviour. Studies were conducted in two consecutive winters in the Gdańsk-Oliwa city park in northern Poland, a place where people feed mallards, bread daily. During the period of lowest temperatures (about -12[degrees]C) females spent only 6% of their time foraging, while males spent 17% foraging. During mild winter weather (mean temperature about -2[degrees]C) foraging took up 21% of time budget in both sexes. In the colder period a three fold increase in male agonistic behaviour was observed when compared to the mild period observations. Females spent the most of harsh winter period inactive, apparently relaying on accumulated energetic reserves. Males cannot reduce all activities like females, because pairing in mallards takes place mainly in autumn and early winter and males need to attract actively, display for, and defend mates.