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1

Substituting Ti-64 with AA2099 as material of a commercial aircraft pylon

Khalid Hamza, Gomez-Gallegos A. A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2021

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Vol. 21, nr 2(68)

77--92

EN

The aircraft industry is striving to reduce the weight of aircraft to save fuel and hence reduce total cost. New alloys and composites with properties such as low weight and high strength are continuously developed. Titanium alloys have the best strength-to-weight ratio among metals which makes them very suitable for aircraft applications. Ti-64 is the most common Titanium alloy used in aircraft. AA2099 is a 3rd generation Al-Li alloy and has the lowest density among all Aluminium alloys making it very attractive for aircraft applications. Pylons of commercial aircraft are currently made primarily with Ti-64 and this study focused on the replacement of Ti-64 with AA2099. Loading conditions, operating temperature, corrosion resistance, manufacturability and recyclability of the pylon were analysed of both Ti-64 and AA2099. Three critical scenarios were chosen for the loading conditions of the pylon. These were simulated using finite element analysis first using Ti-64 and then AA2099. From the results, it is evident that using AA2099 as the material of the pylon instead of Ti-64 offered weight savings. The operating temperature, manufacturability and recyclability also showed advantages when using AA2099 whereas corrosion factors favoured Ti-64, since AA2099 was found to be very prone to galvanic corrosion.

2

Microstructural Features and Mechanical Properties after Applying Rolling with Cyclic Movement of Rolls of an Al-Li Alloys

Brzezińska A., Urbańczyk-Gucwa A., Molak R., Rodak K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 4

1533--1540

EN

Two strength-age hardening aluminum-lithium alloys: Al-2.3wt%Li and Al-2.2wt%Li-0.1wt%Zr in two different heat treatment conditions: solution state (S) and additionally in aging state (A) were severely plastically deformed by rolling with cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR) method to produce ultrafine - grained structure. Two thermo-mechanical treatments were used: (S+A+RCMR) and (S+RCMR+A+RCMR). To investigate the combined effect of plastic deformation and heat treatment, tensile tests were performed. Microstructural observations were undertaken using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with electron backscattering diffraction detector (EBSD). Based on the obtained results, it can be deduced that maximum mechanical properties as: yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) couldbe achieved when the microstructure of alloys is in (S+A+RCMR) state. For samples in (S+RCMR+A+RCMR) state, ductility is higher than for (S+A+RCMR) state. The microstructural results shows that the favourable conditions for decreasing grain size of alloys is (S+A+RCMR) state. Additionally, in this state is much greater dislocation density than for (S+RCMR+A+RCMR) state. The microstructure of alloys in (S+RCMR+A+RCMR) state is characterized by grains/subgrains with higher average diameter and with higher misorientation angles compared with (S+A+RCMR) state.

3

The influence of the complex deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the model Al-Li alloys

Koralnik M., Adamczyk-Cieślak B, Mizera J.

Mechanik

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2016

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R. 89, nr 5-6

508--509

EN

The present study demonstrate the effect of the combined deformation (hydrostatic extrusion and rolling) on microstructure and mechanical properties of model Al-Li alloys. It has been shown the anisotropy of material structure and properties. Additionally it has been demonstrated increase of yield strength at the result of the plastic deformation.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wpływ łączonego odkształcenia wyciskania hydrostatycznego i walcowania na zimno na mikrostrukturę i właściwości modelowych stopów Al-Li. Badania wykazały obecność anizotropii struktury materiału i właściwości. Ponadto przedstawiono wzrost wła-ściwości wytrzymałościowych w wyniku odkształcenia plastycznego.

4

Effect of solution treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of 2099 Al–Li alloy

Lin Y., Zheng Z. Q., Li S. C.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, no. 1

61--71

EN

The influence of the solution treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of 2099 Al–Li alloy was investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and tensile properties measurement. With increasing solution temperature, the quantity of primary particles in the alloy decreased, and the degree of recrystallization gradually increased, leading to softening of solution treated alloy. Dissolution of primary particles in the solution treatment process promoted δ′ and T1 phases to precipitate during sequent aging treatment resulting in increase of strength. The number of T1 phases increased to peak value when the alloy was solution treated at 540 °C because almost no further dissolution of Cu-containing particles occurred at higher temperature. However, exorbitant solution temperature caused the drastic increase in the size and quantity of recrystallized grains that softened the alloy. Thus, mechanical properties of aged alloy were determined by two mechanisms: precipitation strengthening and solution softening. Compared with solution temperature, solution time had less effect on microstructures and mechanical properties of alloy. The suitable solution treatment for 2099 Al–Li alloy was 540 °C for 1 h, treated by which the yield strength of the aged alloy was 604 MPa with the elongation of 7.9%.

5

Structure and mechanical properties of Al-Li alloys as cast

Augustyn-Pieniążek J., Adrian H., Rzadkosz S., Choroszyński M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 2

5--10

EN

The high mechanical properties of the Al-Li-X alloys contribute to their increasingly broad application in aeronautics, as an alternative for the aluminium alloys, which have been used so far. The aluminium-lithium alloys have a lower specific gravity, a higher nucleation and crack spread resistance, a higher Young’s module and they characterize in a high crack resistance at lower temperatures. The aim of the research planned in this work was to design an aluminium alloy with a content of lithium and other alloy elements. The research included the creation of a laboratorial melt, the microstructure analysis with the use of light microscopy, the application of X-ray methods to identify the phases existing in the alloy, and the microhardness test.

6

Optimization of the heat and mechanical treatment of the Al-Zn-Mg-Li alloy

Stegliński M., Kaczmarek Ł., Świniarski J., Stachurski W., Sawicki J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 10, iss. 3 spec.

277--282

EN

In terms of high strength in relation to mass the alloys of aluminium – lithium find more and more use mainly in aircraft industry like in spacecraft. At present intensive investigations are carried out in aim of use of Al – Li in automotive industry in particular to components subject to fatigue wear. It could contribute to replace transmission’s elements made from traditional materials by aluminium - lithium alloys. However low resistance to wear due to forming of thin Al2O3 layer which is reproducing in friction contact disqualifies using aluminium alloys in friction contact. From this point of view first stage of investigation was to enhance hardness properties of the substrate by applying thermo-mechanical treatment. In this article the results of heat treatment of Al-Zn-Mg-Li alloy were presented. During investigations optimum parameters (timetemperature) of the solution heat treatment were elaborated. Micro hardness on the cross-section were investigated. Phase, chemical composition and morphology were determined. It was found that hardness after thermo-mechanical treatment of Al-Zn-Mg-Li is about 20% higher than for AlCu4Mg1 (7075 –T6) alloy.

7

Opis gradientu tekstury na grubości blachy przemysłowego stopu Al-Li

Mizera J., Kurzydłowski K. J.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2004

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Vol. 71, nr 7-8

390-393

PL

Celem pracy była analiza tekstury na grubości blachy przemysłowego stopu Al -Li (8090). Wyniki badań pozwalają na wyciągnięcie następujących wniosków: -występuje znaczny gradient morfologii i orientacji ziaren oraz dezorientacji granic ziaren na grubosci blachy, ze względu na obecność gradientu pomiar tekstury morfologicznej i krystalicznej tylko na jednej z płaszczyzn blachy (z reguły w połowie jej grubosci) nie jest reprezentatywny dla całej objętości materiału: istniejące modele opisujące odkształcenie plastyczne materiałów polikrystalicznych nie są w stanie przewidzieć poprawnie anizotropie ich właściwości bez uwzglęnienia rzeczywistego gradientu tekstury krystalicznej i morfologicznej.

EN

The aim of the present study was to determine trough - thickness texture gradient of the commercial Al - Li alloy (8090). The obtained results revelated a significant texture and disorientation of grain boundaries gradient. This gradient implies that mid - section measurements are not representative to the bulk material. As a result the models of the plastic deformation of polycrystals materials should be modified to take into account the true texture which varies across the rolled sheet thickness. This is particular applies to anisotropy of plastic deformation.

8

Efekty krystalizacji stopów Al-Li przetopionych wiązką laserową

Przetakiewicz W., Czujko T.

Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów

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1998

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nr 36

181--189

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wpływ wiązki laserowej na kształtowanie się mikrostruktury stopów typu Al-Li i Al-Li-Zr w procesie symulowanego spawania laserowego. Ponadto, określono rolę zjawisk hydro- i termodynamicznych towarzyszących laserowemu przetapianiu tworzyw metalicznych, na sposób krystalizacji przetopów.