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2 2023

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Risk of Groundwater Contamination by Domestic Wastewater in Rural Areas of the Province of Al Hoceima, Northern Morocco

Kamari Salim, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, Makan Abdelhadi, Bourjila Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2023

Vol. 24, iss. 9

104--120

Groundwater is crucial for meeting the water needs of rural communities, serving both domestic and agricultural purposes. However, its quality in our study area remains unclear. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and ascertain the level of contamination risk associated with the use of septic tanks in rural communities within the Al Hoceima province. This will be achieved by conducting a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters and employing effective indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), and Chronic Health Risk (CHR). In February 2023, we collected samples from 33 wells, spanning densely and sparsely populated regions, to account for potential variations in water quality. The analyzed parameters included pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO43-), and silica (SiO2). Our findings revealed slightly alkaline groundwater with TDS levels ranging from 1508.63 mg/l to 8289.8 mg/l, with an average of 3223.19 mg/l. The cation dominance sequence observed was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ >NH4+, while for anions, it followed as SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > NO3- > PO43- > NO2-. The Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated contamination in 54.55% of the wells, with notably higher NPI values in densely populated regions. This suggests anthropogenic nitrate contamination, likely originating from septic tanks. The assessment of Chronic Health Risk (CHR) revealed non-carcinogenic health risks in 27.27% of samples for children and 15.15% for adults. Given these findings, it is imperative for Moroccan authorities, despite the efforts of the Loukkos Hydraulic Basin Agency (LHBA), to implement strategic measures to protect groundwater quality in densely populated rural regions.

Phytochemical, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves from Ajdir, Al Hoceima Province, Morocco

Labhar Amina, Benamari Omar, El-Mernissi Yahya, Salhi Amin, Ahari Mhamed, El Barkany Soufiane, Amhamdi Hassan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2023

Vol. 24, iss. 7

172--177

Pistacia lentiscus L. (PL) is a shrub belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders in the Commune of Ajdir from Al Hociema province. The conducted study focused on determination of the polyphenols and flavonoids contents by spectrophotometric and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. Determining total polyphenols shows the aqueous extract with a higher concentration of 125.04±0.01 mg EAG/g ES, followed by the ethanolic extract of 108.16±0.02 mg EAG/g ES. Determination of flavonoids revealed that the hexanoic extract contains a maximum of flavonoids with a level of 90.60±0.01 mg EQ/g ES. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was determined through two methods: DPPH and FRAP. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed a high antioxidant capacity. Further, regarding anti-inflammatory activity, the ethanolic extract has good activity inhibition (92.65±0.67) followed by aqueous extract (94±0.29) at 1000 μg/mL concentration. This study found that the ethanolic extracts from PL leaves are a powerful natural antioxidant and effective anti-inflammatory agent. The results indicate the extract’s effectiveness and highlight the importance of medicinal plants from the Commune of Ajdir.