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Electrical conductivity and pH in surface water as tool for identification of chemical diversity

Potapowicz Joanna, Szumińska Danuta, Szopińska Małgorzata, Czapiewski Sebastian, Polkowska Żaneta

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 1

95--111

EN

In the present study, the creeks and lakes located at the western shore of Admiralty Bay were analysed. The impact of various sources of water supply was considered, based on the parameters of temperature, pH and specific electrolytic conductivity (SEC25). All measurements were conducted during a field campaign in January-February 2017. A multivariate dataset was also created and a biplot of SEC25 and pH of the investigated waters was performed. The average temperatures of the investigated waters were 0.10-8.10 °C. The pH values indicate that most of the water environments of the analysed area are slightly acidic to alkaline (5.26-8.50) with two exceptions: Siodlo II Creek (9.26) and Petrified Forest Creek (8.95), which are characterised by greater alkalinity. At the measurement points closest to the Baranowski Glacier and Ecology Glacier, SEC25 values were the lowest (26.8-61.1 μS·cm–1), while the remaining values ranged from 79.0 to 382 μS·cm–1 for the whole studied area. Based on the results it is concluded that the periodic intensive inflow of ablation waters, combined with morphological changes in the glacier front, causes a significant variability in the outflow network, creating the conditions for changes in basic physicochemical parameters. Moreover, it is observed that local depressions in the terrain form sedimentation traps in which, alongside fine-grained deposits, compounds can accumulate that originate from in situ sedimentation and that are also associated with surface runoff from the melting of snow cover, buried ice and permafrost.

2

Innowacyjny autonomiczny pojazd podwodny do badania stanu środowiska w warunkach trudnych

Chodnicki M., Jażdzewski M., Kulwicki Ł, Ławreszuk D., Panasiuk-Chodnicka A. A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Wyższej Szkoły Przedsiębiorczości i Techniki. Studia z Nauk Technicznych

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2014

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Nr 3

7--16

PL

Na podstawie rzeczywistej, aktualnej wiedzy w temacie rozwoju robotów podwodnych został zaprojektowany nowy pojazd wyposażony w innowacyjne rozwiązania. Autonomiczny robot podwodny dedykowany jest do pracy w trudnych warunkach środowiskowych, wymagających odporności na wysokie ciśnienie, niskie temperatury i silne prądy, które są typowe dla regionów polarnych. W pracy opisano charakterystykę docelowego rejonu, w którym ma być używany robot podwodny, tj. Zatokę Admiralicji w rejonie Archipelagu Szetlandów Południowych. Istotnym aspektem pracy był także dobór odpowiedniego systemu sterowania, który będzie zdolny przeprowadzić pojazd przez trudne i wymagające warunki stawiane przez środowisko zewnętrzne. Kolejnym elementem projektu jest ocena istniejących systemów nawigacji. Ostatnią częścią jest opracowanie kształtu robota, odpowiedniego do warunków otoczenia z uwzględnieniem możliwości zamontowania dodatkowych urządzeń mechanicznych, elektrycznych i pomiarowych, odpowiedzialnych za wykonywanie powierzonych zadań podczas misji robota.

EN

The use of Autonomic Underwater Vehicles (AUV) continuously recording the basic environmental parameters in marine polar regions are extremely difficult. This study provides a summary and a description of the existing solutions for the AUV, their use, construction, actuators and transmitters. Based on the actual knowledge a new vehicle equipped with innovative solutions and components was designed. The underwater robot is dedicated to be working in harsh environmental conditions requiring resistance to high pressure, low temperatures and strong currents, which are typical for the polar regions. The first stage of the design process consist of selection miniature sensors, vision systems to collect information about the environment. The next step was to develop a method for processing and storing data from the measurements. There has been elaborated a special communication and data transfer for this system. An important aspect of this design is a proprietary control system, which includes selecting an appropriate drive with the control program Marek Chodnicki, Marek Jażdzewski, Łukasz Kulwicki, Dawid Ławreszuk, Anna A. Panasiuk-Chodnicka 8 according to the external conditions. Another part of the research was the review of the existing navigation systems and subsequently implementation to the designed vehicle. Then, the power system with automatic charging was elaborated, which is possible to use natural energy sources. The last part was to design the shape of the mobile robot, taking into account the environmental conditions and the possibility of mechanical and electronic devices to be installed.

3

Wiatry huraganowe w 2008 roku w Zatoce Admiralicji, Wyspa Króla Jerzego, Antarktyda Zachodnia

Wierzbicki G.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2009

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Vol. 18, No. 2

47--55

PL

Na podstawie obserwacji meteorologicznych prowadzonych przez autora na Polskiej Stacji Antarktycznej Arctowski w okresie od 22 marca do 31 grudnia 2008 stwierdzono zjawisko wiatrów huraganowych, które zostały zanotowane we wszystkich miesiącach badanego okresu - łącznie w ciągu 72 dni. Porównanie ze starszymi danymi meteorologicznymi ze stacji Arctowski i z brazylijskiej stacji Ferraz pozwoliło na stwierdzenie, że sytuacja taka pojawiła się trzeci raz w historii obserwacji meteorologicznych w Zatoce Admiralicji. Wiatry we wrześniu 2008 roku osiągnęły najwyższą prędkość zanotowaną kiedykolwiek w tym rejonie: prędkość maksymalna 80 m/s, prędkość średnia w terminie obserwacji 32 m/s. Analiza map synoptycznych dowiodła, że 49% przypadków wiatrów huraganowych było związane z przejściem frontu chłodnego, a 29% przypadków z wysokim gradientem ciśnienia w układzie niżowym. Porównanie maksymalnych prędkości wiatru na stacji Arctowski i Ferraz uwypukla istotną rolę rzeźby Wyspy Króla Jerzego i lokalizacji punktów pomiarowych dla struktury wiatrów wewnątrz Zatoki Admiralicji. Wiatry huraganowe w 2008 roku utrudniały utrzymanie stacji badawczych w Zatoce Admiralicji i stanowiły istotny czynnik przyspieszający ablację lodowców Antarktyki Zachodniej.

EN

Meteorological data collected by the author at Arctowski station from March to December 2008 revealed 72 days with hurricane winds in the Admiralty Bay. The results were compared with synoptic maps, wind data from Ferraz station and older data from Arctowski station. Winds in September 2008 reached the highest velocities (mean 32.0 m·s-1, gusts 80 m·s-1) ever measured in Admiralty Bay. 49% events of hurricane winds occurred while cold fronts were passing. Topography of King George Island affects winds distribution inside the bay. Hurricane winds accelerate ablation of glaciers on King George Island and cause serious problems for fieldwork and maintaining of research stations in Antarctica.

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The geoecosystem of polar oases within the ice drainage basin of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

Zwoliński Z.

Landform Analysis

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2007

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Vol. 5

107--112

5

Zlodzenie Zatoki Admiralicji a temperatura wody w energoaktywnej strefie Morza Bellingshausena (1982-1997)

Kruszewski G.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2001

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nr 11

105-112

EN

Correlations, especially those on a regional scale, between the sea ice cover formation and the air and sea surface temperatures have been pointed out by a number of authors. Region that is clearly marked by such correlation is located NW of the Antarctic Peninsula (among others Weatherly and others, King 1994, Styszyńska 1997, 2000). The intensity of ice formation in the relatively small Admiralty Bay noted in a given winter season indicates strong correlation with the winter sea ice cover extent in a regional scale (Kruszew-ski 1999, 2000). This ice cover is influenced (among others) by the sea surface temperature. The possible nature of the correlation between the sea surface temperature (SST) at the meridian of 080°W and the changes in air temperature in the region of the Southern Shetlands as described by Styszyńska suggested the presence of similar correlations with the intensity of ice formation in that region, so in this way also in the Admiralty Bay. With the help of Spearmann correlation coefficient a number of statistically significant relations have been found between the course of SST in the region of 086-062°W and the intensity of ice formation in the Admiralty Bay are presented in a categorised way. These relations are both synchronic and asynchronic. The synchronic correlation is observed mainly between SST in winter months and the ice cover category in the same year (the increase in SST is followed by the decrease in ice cover category).These correlations are most significant in the region 62-66°S (July - September). They also occur farther north 56-58°S but this time in the eastern part of the said region (March-July) and they are also observed in 60-64° (but in January and February). The asynchronic correlations have been observed between SST in October and ice cover category of the Admiralty Bay in the following year(8-11month slater). These correlations are most significantly marked in 56-64°S (the northern part of the Bellingshausen Sea and in the Circumpolar Current region) especially in 60°S 080°W (r = -0.677, p < 0.01) and their character is similar to those of the previously mentioned synchronic correlations.

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Zjawiska lodowe na Zatoce Admiralicji w roku 1999 (Wyspa Króla Jerzego, Szetlandy Południowe)

Zblewski S.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2001

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nr 11

113-120

EN

In 1999 hydrometeorological observations were carried out at H. Arctowski Station. Ice phenomena in the Admiralty Bay and in the visible neighbouring area of the Bransfield Strait were, among others, the subject of these observations. The Admiralty Bay is a typical fjord and is the biggest bay in the Southern Shetlands archipelago, covering 122.08 km2. Winter ice cover formation of this area varies in different years. Once every 4-5 years the waters of the Bay do not freeze and the ice observed there originates from the Bransfield Strait. During the whole year glacial ice (brash ice, growlers, bergy bits and icebergs) originating from local sources and from other sea areas can be observed in the Admiralty Bay. In 1999 the process of the ice cover formation was characterised by variability both in time and space. During the observational period floating ice formed ice fields of different shapes and concentration. Brash ice and growlers often covered the weatter shore during high tidal waters. The icebergs in the said period are mainly observed at the entrance of the Bay (in the region of the Syrezol Rocks) less frequently inside the Bay. They usually drifted in the axial part of the Bay hardly ever reaching its central part. The autochthonous sea ice formed only near the shore and during the whole year it was the inflowing ice which was predominant. First forms of new ice in the waters of the Admiralty Bay occurred in the second decade of June. These forms were initial stage forms (frazil ice and grease ice) which never changed into more advanced form of sea ice. At the end of June the process of ice inflow from the Bransfield Strait started. The allochthonous ice reached mainly the axial and central parts of the Bay, however there were few cases noted in which the ice reached the auxiliary bays. The observations showed that the character of the main features of the winter sea ice cover of the Admiralty Bay was predominantly influenced by wind and ice conditions of the Bransfield Strait. In 1999 the Admiralty Bay was not covered by consolidated ice but by drifting ice which changed its position and edge very quickly. The course of ice phenomena in winter season 1999 had a mild character and according to Kruszewski's categories (1999) defining the ice conditions in the Admiralty Bay may be classed as number one.

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Procesy deglacjacji na obszarze SSSI No. 8 i ich uwarunkowania klimatyczne oraz hydrologiczne (Zatoka Admiracji, Wyspa Króla Jerzego, Szetlandy Południowe)

Battke Z., Marsz A. A., Pudełko R.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2001

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nr 11

121-135

EN

This work deals with the processes of deglaciation occurring in the region of SSSI No 8 (Site of Special Scientific Interests No 8) located on the western coast of the in the vicinity of Polish H. Arctowski Station over the period 1979-1999. The location of the SSSI is shown in Fig. 1. The basis of this work is comparison between the category of the surface of the area on the charts from 1979 (Furmańczyk & Marsz, 1980) and on the chart from 1986 (Battke, 1990) and the ground measurements carried out in that area in 1999 (Battke & Pudełko, unpubl.). The categories of area were computed on maps with the help of a planimeter: - glaciated areas, - non-glaciated areas (formed by mineral grounds), - sea areas. The accuracy of total measurements of the area is not lower than about 0.2 km2. The results of cartometric measurements are given in Table 1. Over the period 1979-1999 the area of SSSI decreased by 0.86 km2 as an effect of regression of icy cliffs both of Ecology and Baranowski Glaciers and due to accompanied abrasion process. At the same time the glaciated area within the borders of SSSI decreased by 6.93 km2 and the ice free area increased by 6.08 km2. In this way the mean rate of deglaciation of the 21-year period reaches about 0.33 km2 per year. Over the 21-year period the ice free area within the borders of SSSI incresed three times (from 2.98 km2 to 9.06 km2) which results in various consequences on the physico-geographical and biological prosesses in the region of the Admiralty Bay. In the period 1978-1986 the processes of deglaciation observed north of SSSI in the region of Ecology Glacier were faster than in other regions. Over the period 1986-1999 much faster decrease in the glaciated area was noted in the south of the area, in the region of Baranowski Glacier and Tower Glacier spatial changes are presented in Fig. 2. The analysis of reasons having influence on so advance processes of deglaciation indicated to two factors i.e. climatic and hydrological that are both responsible for the process. Over the period 1978-1998 in region of the Admiralty Bay the increase in air temperature during the Antarctic summer (period December - February; trend +0.022°C/year, statistically not significant) was noted. At the same time the period in which ablation was observed (warmer November and March) was longer. The annual sums of precipitation in the same period indicate to the presence of statistically significant negative trend (-5.7 mm/year, p < 0.005). This resulted in the change in the glacier mass balance at the level 2 m. above sea level: from -115 g/cm2/year in 1979 to -146 g/cm2/year in 1998 (Fig. 3). The evaluated trend of change in mass balance is -1.56 g/cm2/year and is not statistically significant. The period during which sea ice cover is not observed also lasts longer and the ice conditions there became visibly milder. This enables the thermal abrasion to last longer and causes more active regression of ice cliffs. On the shore of the Bransfield Strait, between the Admiralty Bay and the Maxwell Bay entrance a deep cove was formed in the ice coast over the period 1985-1988. This resulted in the increase in inclination of the southern slopes of ice forming the Warszawa Ice cap and forced the volume of ice flowing towards the Bransfield Strait to increase. In this way the volume of ice flowing down the Warszawa Ice Cap eastward, to SSSI No. 8 area, decreased. The explanation of reasons responsible for the ice conditions becoming milder can be found in large scale changes in sea surface temperature of the Southern Ocean of the sea area located West of the Antarctic Peninsula (a strong positive trend SST is marked in the period from October to January; in December +0.058°C/year) and in changes in atmospheric circulation. Both these factors, i.e. the increase in the negative values of the ice masses balance and the decrease in the volume of ice flowing down on the SSSI No. 8 area act in the same direction, causing that the deglaciation process in that region occurs in an exceptionally intensive way. Due to such great intensity of the deglaciation processes occurring on the surface of SSSI in that area, this area can be regarded as a unique object of ecological and environmental research.

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Zlodzenie Zatoki Admiralicji w latach 1977-1996 (Wyspa Króla Jerzego, Szetlandy Południowe)

Kruszewski G.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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1999

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nr 9

173--191

EN

Ice conditions are one of the most difficult to analyse, because of number of factors having influence on it. The analysed historical data from the past 20 years were difficult to verify, because of the lack of the systematic observations ice conditions. The number and scale of factors, having influence on ice cover being built up and disintegrated are too large to analyse them one by one. In such case it is more easy to create “ice conditions categories, which will characterise main conditions of ice cover in different years (seasons). The presented ice categories in on easy way describe features of ice conditions intensity in the waters the Admiralty Bay waters. Using them it is easy to show the changeability phenomenon, difficult to explain in a different way, because of too large number of possible factors - different in different seasons – having influence on ice formation and disintegration. Ice conditions categories play the role of the 'local factor' in ice phenomena variations in the analysed area. Ice condition categories as shown in Table 1 are strong and significant correlated on level r = 0.705 (Spearman correlation) with values of AlGl given by Hewitt (1997), which describe ice extent during a year on the area 104 larger than the Admiralty Bay.