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1

Use of composted sludge and forest ectohumus to enrich soil in two - and three-year cultivation of common beech seedlings

Rolbiecki S., Klimek A., Rolbiecki R., Figas A., Ptach W., Gackowski G.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/1

1057--1069

EN

This study examined the effect of fertilisation with compost prepared from hygienised sludge with an addition of pine-tree bark and mulching with fresh forest ectohumus on selected growth parameters in two – and three-year seedlings of common beech and the occurrence of mites (Acari) in soil. The experiment was carried out in 2009-2010 in the Białe Błota forest nursery (Bydgoszcz Forest District) on proper rusty soil. The entire area of the experiment was irrigated with a stationary sprinkler. The beech seedlings on the plots where compost had been used as fertiliser were significantly taller than those growing on the plots where mineral fertilisers had been applied. Mulching increased the height of the seedlings significantly only in the last, third year of the study. The tallest three-year-old seedlings were found on the plots in which both of the tested procedures had been carried out. Neither of the factors under study had a significant effect on the diameter of the root neck in the second year of the nursery cultivation, but they increased it significantly in the third year. Fertilisation with compost with an addition of pine-tree bark increased the number of leaves per plant and the leaf area in two – and three-year-old seedlings. A beneficial and significant effect of mulching on these parameters was found in the third year of cultivation. A significantly positive effect of mulching on the mite gathering density was recorded in the second year of the nursery cultivation. However, both of the experimental factors had a positive effect on the occurrence of those arthropods in the third year of the study. Oribatid mites were the most numerous mite order and they were found in the greatest density on plots where mulching had been applied. Fertilisation and mulching increased the Oribatida/Actinedida ratio, which may indicate an improvement of the biological balance in the soil environment.

2

Use of composted sludge and forest ectohumus to enrich soil in two - and three-year cultivation of scots pine in a forest nursery

Rolbiecki S., Klimek A., Rolbiecki R., Figas A., Ptach W., Gackowski G.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/1

1117--1128

EN

This study examined the effect of fertilisation with compost prepared from hygienised sludge with an addition of pine-tree bark and mulching with fresh forest ectohumus on selected growth parameters for two - and three-year-old Scots pine trees and on the incidence of mites (Acari) in the soil. The experiment was carried out in 2009-2010 in the Białe Błota forest nursery (Bydgoszcz Forest District) on proper rusty soil. The entire area of the experiment was irrigated with a stationary sprinkler. Organic fertilisation with compost prepared from hygienised sludge with an addition of pine-tree bark resulted in a significant increase in the plant height and the diameter of the root neck in two-year-old pine trees. The effect of mulching on these parameters was not significant. The synergistic effect of the factors on the plant height and the diameter of the root neck was not significant. Organic fertilisation significantly increased the height of 3-year-old pine trees, whereas it did not have a significant effect on the root neck diameter. Mulching increased the plant height significantly, but no statistical effect on the diameter of the root neck was demonstrated. Although no significant interaction of either experimental factors in their effect on the plant height and the diameter in the root neck was observed, the parameters tended to increase in the experimental option, which included organic fertilisation and mulching. Mulching had a significant effect on the presence of soil mites, especially oribatid mites (Oribatida). Their density increased greatly after the procedure. This growth, as well as an increase in the ratio of Oribatida to Actinedida could be a sign of improvement of the biological balance of the soils under study and their biological activity.

3

Soil Fauna Diversity Relationship with NO3 Content in Grass Filter Strips within Intensive Agriculture Land

Hlava J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 2

273--279

EN

The biodiversity is a core value in all ecosystems. The nitrogen (N) addition in the form of N fertilizers has effect to a wide variety of fauna living in soils. N losses from arable land should tend not only to cause water eutrophication, but also lower soil nutrient stocks and decreasing soil fertility. This study determined the effect of N soil content in conventional tillage agro-ecosystem on the soil fauna diversity in grass stripes under the sloped arable land. My objective here is to observe soil faunal taxa living in grass filter strips. The goal of this work is to describe the relationship of soil fauna to the nitrate (NO3-) content runoff from fields and captured in grass filter strips. The field work was carried out during period from May until June 2013, for soil fauna investigation the extraction in Berlese — Tullgren funnels were used. Nitratenitrogen (NO3-N) was extracted from air-dried sieved soil using a 2 M KCl solution. Altogether 2,020 specimens representing 19 arthropod groups were found in twenty study sites. Most abundant taxa found practically in each of sampling site were Collembola, Acari and the suborder of Oribatid mites. Statistical evaluations revealed that the effect of NO3- concentration in the soil on the average value of the total edaphic individual numbers was statistically significant; the same applies for the abundance of Acari mites. No significant results were find for the Oribatid mites and the Collembola family; however, there was a clear trend of increasing abundance with increasing concentrations of NO3-.

4

New data on the parasites of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)

Rolbiecki L., Izdebska J. N.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 1

1--6

EN

The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) is a typical representative of carnivorous mammals from the family of mustelids (Mustelidae) which are closely connected with aquatic ecosystems. Parasitofauna of the otter is poorly identified, e.g. only two specimens have been examined in Poland for the presence of parasites. Currently, three species of parasites were found in one otter: the nematode Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782), the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) and the skin mite from the Demodecidae family. Demodex sp. is a new species to science, while O. filiformis and Demodex sp. are new parasites for the otter throughout the species range. Furthermore, A. ranae was found for the first time in the otter from the area of Poland. The recorded helminths are typical parasites of amphibians and reptiles, and their occurrence in the Eurasian otter may result from postcyclic transmission from primary hosts.

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Wpływ ściółkowania ektopróchnicą na wzrost siewek brzozy brodawkowatej oraz występowanie roztoczy glebowych w warunkach nawodnień w szkółce leśnej Bielawy

Rolbiecki S., Klimek A., Rolbiecki R., Kuss M., Fórmaniak A., Ryterska H.

Ekologia i Technika

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2011

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R. 19, nr 2

73-80

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu ściółkowania ektopróchnicą pozyskaną z boru świeżego na wzrost siewek brzozy brodawkowatej oraz na występowanie roztoczy (Acari) glebowych, w warunkach prowadzenia nawodnień deszczownianych. Doświadczenie jednoczynnikowe przeprowadzono w latach 2008-2009 w szkółce leśnej Bielawy koło Torunia, w Nadleśnictwie Dobrzejewice. Doświadczenie zostało założone metodą losowanych bloków, w czterech powtórzeniach. Badanym czynnikiem było ściółkowanie przeprowadzone (wrzesień 2008) w dwóch wariantach (C - kontrola - bez ściółkowania; S - ściółkowanie). Ściółkowanie zostało wykonane na wybranych zależnie od układu doświadczenia poletkach świeżą próchnicą nadkładową, którą pozyskano (w dniu jej aplikacji w szkółce) z siedliska boru świeżego. W substracie tym występowała liczna, żywa mezofauna glebowa. Zastosowano dawkę 100 m3 ha-1, rozkładając ektopróchnicę w miarę równą warstwą w poszczególnych międzyrzędziach siewek brzozy stosownego pasa, a następnie zmieszano ją z warstwą gleby do głębokości ok. 1-2 cm. Cała powierzchnia doświadczeń była nawadniana przy użyciu deszczowni stałej ze zraszaczami NAAN 5035. Nawadnianie prowadzono zgodnie z wytycznymi nawadniania szkółek leśnych na powierzchniach otwartych. Wzrost siewek określano w październiku 2008 i 2009 r. Mierzono wysokość siewek (cm), średnicę w szyi korzeniowej (mm) oraz masę części nadziemnych (g). Wycinki gleby do badań akarologicznych pobierano czterokrotnie (w czerwcu i październiku w kolejnych latach), każdorazowo po 10 próbek z wariantu doświadczenia. Otrzymane wyniki opracowano statystycznie, wykorzystując test Fishera-Snedecora dla stwierdzenia istotności działania czynników doświadczenia oraz - w celu porównania otrzymanych różnic - test Tukey'a. Obliczenia przeprowadzono przy użyciu pakietów Statistica i ANALWAR-5.FR. Nie stwierdzono statystycznie udowodnionego wpływu ściółkowania na wybrane cechy wzrostu siewek brzozy brodawkowatej w pierwszym roku. Ściółkowanie istotnie zwiększyło wysokość, średnicę i świeżą masę części nadziemnych dwuletnich siewek. Ściółkowanie wyraźnie dodatnio wpłynęło na liczebność roztoczy (Acari) glebowych oraz różnorodność gatunkową mechowców (Oribatida).

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of mulching with organic matter obtained from the surface of fresh coniferous forest on the growth of seedlings of white birch as well as on the occurrence of soil mites (Acari) under conditions of sprinkler irrigation. Experiment was carried out in 2008-2009 at forest nursery Bielawy near Toruń (Forest District in Dobrzejewice). The experiment was established as the one-factorial trial with four replications. The studied factor was mulching used in September 2008 in two variants: C-control - without mulching, S - mulching. Mulching with litter obtained from fresh coniferous forest was done - after emergence of white birch seedlings - with the dose of 100 m3 ha-1. The whole area was irrigated with the use of sprinklers NAAN 5035. Terms of irrigation and water rates were established according to directives for irrigation in forest nurseries on bare areas. The growth of seedlings was measured in October 2008 and 2009. The height of seedlings (cm), shoot diameter (mm) and the fresh mass of the above ground parts (g) were determined. Soil samples for acarological study were taken four times (in June and October in successive years); ten samples from each variant of the experiment were taken in every time. The data were statistically processed by analysis of variance. Fisher-Snedecor test was used to determine the significance of experimental factors, and Tukey test was used to define significant differences between combinations. Calculations were conducted with the use of programmes Statistica and ANALWAR-5.FR. It was found that the measure of mulching did not influence significantly on the chosen parameters of growth of one-year old seedlings. Mulching significantly increased the height, diameter and the fresh mass of the above-ground parts of two-year old seedlings. Mulching differentiated the density and the species-diversiry of mites, especially the oribatida mites.

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Short-term effects of prescribed forest fire on soil mites (Acari)

Grabczyńska O., Olejniczak I., Prędecka A., Russel S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 4

805-809

EN

Natural forest fires are considered as a part of natural ecosystem processes. Short-term effects of prescribed fire on densities and taxonomic diversity of soil Acari were studied in fresh pine mixed forest ("Biala" forest ) in the Mazovia region, Central-Eastern Poland. Three plots (size 1 m2) of similar soil type and vegetation were selected for prescribed burning. Soil samples of an area of 10 cm2 and the depth of 5 cm were collected in June 2005 - one day after the burning, 60 days after the burning and 90 days after the burning. Samples were collected from within the border of the burned plots, from the border itself, as well as from the surroundings. Due to the burning, the density of Acari communities decreased from 11.5 x 103 ind. m[^-2] recorded in the surroundings to 3.2 x 103 ind. m[^-2] recorded in the burned plots. Values recorded within the burned plots after the fire differed significantly from those recorded on the border (P = 0.05) and in the surroundings (P = 0.0001). After 60 days, an increase in Acari abundance was observed in the burned plots (P = 0.02), becoming similar to that noted for the border of the plot and for the surroundings. After 90 days, there were no significant differences between the burned parts of the plots, their borders and the surroundings; however, generally decreased densities were observed, possibly due to the seasonal reason. The observed changes suggest the restoration of Acari community after disturbance.

7

Early-season defoliation of Sorbus aucuparia L. and Acer platanoides L. can induce defense mechanisms against the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch)

Giertych M., Karolewski P., Oleksyn J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 3

443-452

EN

Artificial defoliation is often used in studies of induced defense reactions of plants to damage by arthropods. However, little is known about the role of various external factors that may determine the nature of inducible defenses. Here we tested whether light level under which plants grow could affect the natural invasion of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) with a broad range of host plants. For this study we used two host species that differ widely in shade tolerance: shade-adapted Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and sun-adapted European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.). The purpose of this study was to explore mite invasion and to test whether prior simulated defoliation, light conditions and host species differences in secondary defense metabolites (soluble phenolics) play a role in the pattern of invasion. One-year-old maple and ash seedlings growing in pots were placed into two shade houses that produced a treatment with 5% light transmittance, and the second group of seedlings was placed in full sunlight. The experiment was carried out in a location chronically affected by spider mite presence. The defoliation was performed in mid-May by manual removal of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100% of leaves. Natural two-spotted spider mite invasion took place in mid-July and was observed only on seedlings growing in the shade. Mites were found on leaves of almost all seedlings. However, the intensity of feeding damage to leaves was related to the level of earlier defoliation. Control and slightly to moderately (25.50%) defoliated seedlings of both species were most affected by spider mites. Mite feeding behavior was directly linked to changes in concentration of leaf carbon and phenolic compounds. Carbon content was positively correlated with the percent of seedlings damaged by spider mites in both tree species (R[^2]> 0.80; P <0.05). The highest concentration of phenolic compounds was observed in leaves of seedlings subjected to 50 and 75% defoliation. Our results indicated that two-spotted spider mites preferred plants grown in a shade environment and within these plants favored leaves which are high in carbon and low in phenolic compounds. Both plant species were able to survive early season leaf damage inflicted by spider mites. Inducible phenolic compounds were among defensive secondary metabolites contributing to low spider mite success in plants recovering from artificial spring defoliation.

8

Mites (Acari) as indicators of soil biodiversity and land use monitoring : a review

Gulvik M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 3

415-440

EN

Soil is an important component for monitoring of sustainability of land use in relation to both the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity of ecosystems. Recently research has focused on the role of mites (Acari) in biomonitoring and their importance as soil bioindicators. Mite communities are extremely sensitive to all types of soil disturbance. This article presents a review of some studies on mite communities in order to discuss whether the diversity and numbers of mites present in the soil can reflect human impact on ecosystems and landscape, and whether mites can be used in monitoring systems. Limited data available about mite communities in agricultural ecosystems (in use and abandoned) in SW Norway from author.s own studies (published and in prep.) are compared with data from ca. 55 papers (mostly concerning Europe). IT was concluded that: (1) Most oribatid mites with their long life span, low fecundity, slow development and low dispersion ability can be a robust indicator of the environment. Changes in the dominance structure of mite communities (Oribatida to Actinedida ratio) are suggested to be an 'early warning' criterion for stressed mite communities. (2) Both the number of species and the percentage abundance of Nothroidea and Ptyctimina decrease following human impact on the landscape. Even if individuals cannot be determined to species levels (e.g. Ptyctimina), the percent contribution and frequency of these taxa in relation to stress gradient (input levels) within the landscape provide valuable data. (3) Tectocepheus velatus (Michael 1880) and other oribatid taxa with a similar lifehistorystrategy should be evaluated as potential bioindicators for impoverished ecosystems. (4) National and local reference data sets on the biodiversity of mite communities in diverse habitats and along stress gradients need to be collected. (5) Residual natural and semi-natural habitats (such as old woodlands, riparian ecosystems, old hedges and grasslands) with species-rich mite communities found in rural and urban landscapes should be preserved as refuges for dispersion of soil fauna. (6) Comparison of mite communities in traditional, low-input farmland in Norway with those from humandominated landscape in other European countries can contribute to a better understanding of how human activity alters biodiversity along land-use gradients. This will aid the development of a soil bioindicator system. (7) There is a need to develop standardised procedures for the collection of samples and analyses of data sets adapted to ecological soil acarology.