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The Impact of Overstory Species and Soil Properties on the Growth of Planted Silver Fir Abies alba in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland

Dobrowolska Dorota, Pawlak Bogdan, Olszowska Grażyna

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 1

14--24

EN

Silver fir Abies alba was once an abundant tree species in the Karkonosze Mts. in Poland but its population has decreased. The aim of our study was to assess 1) the impact of canopy trees on the growth dynamics of silver fir saplings and 2) the relationship between the growth rate of silver fir saplings and the soil properties, with special regard to the soil enzyme activity. The study was conducted in the Karkonoski National Park on five experimental plots. Silver fir seedlings were planted in Scots pine, European larch, Norway spruce, silver birch and European beech stands in 1999. In 2016, we measured the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of the canopy trees and the height, DBH, height increments, needle width and length of 100 silver fir saplings. The dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase and asparaginase activity was analysed in organic and humus soil horizons. The height, diameter and needle dimensions of young silver fir trees were significantly different under different canopies. The urease and asparaginase activity was the highest under the larch and spruce canopy in both soil horizons. Phosphatase activity was also the highest under larch canopy but only in organic soil horizon. Young silver fir (thicket) has grown under the canopy of all tested tree species but found best growth conditions under larch and pine canopies. The relative growth of silver fir is therefore a function of both stand canopy and soil properties.

2

Heavy metals accumulation in silver fir needles in Swietokrzyski National Park

Kozłowski Rafał, Strzyż Małgorzata

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2021

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R. 26, NR 1-2

65--72

EN

The article demonstrates the results of the research studies related to the air polluted with heavy metals in the area of Swietokrzyski National Park. The two-year-old needles of Abies alba (Mill) were used as the bioindicator with the intention of carrying out the research. The studies were conducted in the autumn of 2012. The results showed the spatial variability of concentrations in the range of the analysed metal deposition patterns in the needles of Abies alba (Mill). The average content of the analysed elements seemed to be the highest in the case of zinc (26.6 mg·kg–1 d.m.), strontium (6.5 mg·kg–1 d.m.) and nickel (1.6 mg·kg–1 d.m.). The research studies revealed that the significant role in determining the content of heavy metals in the two-year-old needles was played by the communication. The highest values were recorded at the research sites situated in the immediate neighbourhood of the voivodeship roads. It was also confirmed that the content of metals was influenced by the so-called low emission from the household and welfare sector together with the remote imission.

3

The effect of climate on tree-ring chronologies of native and nonnative tree species growing under homogenous site conditions

Feliksik E., Wilczyński S.

Geochronometria

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2009

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Vol. 33

49-57

EN

Dendroclimatic studies were carried out in the experimental stands composed of many tree species situated in the Polish part of the Baltic sea-coast. Increment cores were taken from a 100- years old trees of 2 native species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 3 nonnative species: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Thirty trees of each species were cored. The relationships between the diameter increment and the thermal and pluvial conditions during the period from 1925 to 2005 were analyzed on the basis of standardized tree-ring chronologies and climatic data. It was found that precipitation and temperature of the growing season and months preceding that season affected the annual diameter increment of all investigated tree species. The current year winter and early spring temperatures as well as February and August precipitation had a similar effect on the variation of diameter increment of trees. On the other hand thermal and pluvial conditions of the current year June differentiated the increment rhythm of individual species. A very strong negative effect on diameter growth of trees was observed in the case of winter and early spring frosts. Norway spruce turned out to be a species most resistant to low temperatures. The investigated tree species, especially Norway spruce, was susceptible to water deficiency in the soil during spring and summer. In the case of Scots pine a high precipitation in June stimulated its growth. The diameter increments of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and Silver fir were more strongly connected with air temperature than with precipitation. So called all-species chronology of tree-ring width, constructed during this study, permitted to verify the factors having a similar effect on growth response of the investigated tree species. It reflected the mutual characteristics of diameter increments of trees of various species.

4

Variation in ultrastructure of chloroplasts in needles of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) saplings growing under the canopies of diverse tree species

Kierzkowski D., Samardakiewicz S., Robakowski P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

821-825

EN

Ultrastructural traits of chloroplasts in needles of Abies alba saplings growing under the canopy of Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies Karst. were studied. An acclimation of chloroplast from the palisade parenchyma to different light conditions created by the principal species of the canopy was assessed using transmission electron microscope and light microscope. A comparison of such chloroplast patterns as: number of chloroplast per palisade parenchyma section unite, chloroplast section surface, number of thylakoids per granum, number of grana per section surface of chloroplast, thylakoids section surface to stroma section surface ratio, number of osmophilic granules, and size of starch granules allowed to determine plasticity of the ultrastructures in response to irradiance level under each canopy. There was, for example, evidence that the number of thylakoids per granum was lower, whereas chloroplast section surface inversely, was higher at greater canopy openness. The investigated patterns of chloroplasts, which reflect their biochemical adaptations, might significantly affect photosynthetic capacity of the young firs. Their variation reflected an ability of Abies alba photosynthetic apparatus to acclimate to canopy shading at the ultrastructural level.

5

Dendrochronological dating of icons from the Museum of the Folk Building in Sanok

Krąpiec M., Barniak J.

Geochronometria

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2007

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Vol. 26

53-59

EN

Dendrochronological analysis was carried out for 13 historic icons from the collection of the Museum of the Folk Building in Sanok, painted on fir and spruce boards. Eleven sequences of the annual growth rings produced from the analysed fir boards were absolutely dated against the fir dendrochronological standard for S Poland, constructed by E. Szychowska-Krąpiec. Most of the analysed objects date back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, only one board was dated to the midnineteenth century. The dendrochronological analyses carried out prove broad possibilities of dating objects of the iconographic art painted on panels from fir wood, originating from south-eastern Poland and adjacent areas.

6

Variation in structure of needles of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) saplings groowing under the canopies of diverse tree species

Robakowski P., Samardakiewicz S., Kierzkowski D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

563-568

EN

Morphological and anatomical traits of needles of Abies alba saplings growing under the canopies of Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris and Larix decidua were studied. An acclimation of the needles to different light conditions created by the principal species of the canopy was assessed using different microscopic methods. Length, width, needle area, stomatal density, parenchyma thickness, resin ducts diameter, central cylinder size and other traits of needles allowed to determine their structural plasticity in response to irradiance level, Leaf mass to area ratio, palisadeparenchyma thickness, diameter of resin ducts increased, whereas width/thickness ratio and needle thickness/parenchyma thickness ratio decreased with increasing canopy openness. Variation in the investigated patterns of the needles reflected their structural plasticity and also an ability of silver fir saplings to acclimate to irradiance under the canopies of diverse tree species.

7

Acclimation of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings to irradiance conditions under canopies of different tree species in Sudety Mts. (Southern Poland)

Robakowski P., Wyka T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 3

323-337

EN

To determine the influence of tree canopy composition on growth and physiological performance of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Karkonoski National Park (Sudety Mountains, Southern Poland), three-year-old fir seedling were planted in five forest stands dominated by Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Picea abies or Pinus sylvestris. The stands differed in canopy openness such that young fir plants experienced drastically different light environments. After three years of acclimation to site conditions, length of shoots, seasonal changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, and the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids and nutrients in the needles were studied to evaluate the seedling performance. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the young seedlings responded strongly to local light conditions. The lengths of leader shoot and twigs of the upper whorl reflected variation in canopy openness during the growing season and were highest under Larix. The potential quantum yield of photosystem II (F[v]/F[m]) showed a strong depression in the spring, especially under the leafless canopies of Betula and Fagus, probably because of the occurrence of low air temperatures. Later in the season F[v]/F[m] showed substantial recovery in all stands. Effective quantum yield FI[psii] measured under actinic light also showed a growing trend throughout the season with the lowest levels noted in the spring, particularly under Fagus and Betula. Fluorescence quenching revealed complex seasonal behaviour with little obvious relationship with stand illumination, except for consistently low value of photochemical quenching, and immediate or high nonphotochemical quenching under the dark Picea canopy, probably reflecting photoprotective acclimation to sunflecks. Although needle chlorophyll content showed no relationship to ambient light, the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll was positively linked to canopy openness suggesting the existence of leaf photoprotection that evaded detection by quenching analysis. Nutrient contents in needles depended on site conditions. In the light-transparent Larix stand, the fir needles were strongly depleted in Mg and Ca. Overall, however, all fir plants from experimental plots had much lower needle nutrient content than nursery-raised plants. Needle chlorosis found in Betula and Pinus stands was, however, not caused by macronutrient deficiencies. Considering all variables, conditions most conductive for fir growth and good vigor were found under larch and pine canopies where light penetration was intermediate to high. In contrast, the poorest conditions were found in the Betula stand, where high light penetration in the spring was followed by shading of firs during the growing season.

8

Późnoholoceński standard dendrochronologiczny dla jodły Abies alba Mill. z obszaru południowej Polski

Szychowska-Krąpiec E.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2000

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T. 26, z. 2

173-299

PL

Celem pracy było skonstruowanie wielowiekowego standardu dendrochronologicznego dla drewna jodły pospolitej (Abies alba Mill.) z obszaru południowej Polski. Zestawiona, wielowiekowa chronologia regionalna obejmuje okres 1106-1998 AD i jest pierwszą w Polsce chronologią umożliwiającą datowanie drewna tego gatunku z dokładnością roczną. W jej skład weszło 410 prób jodłowych, reprezentujących drewno pochodzące z: obiektów architektonicznych, wykopalisk archeologicznych, drewnianych obudów Kopalni Soli w Wieliczce i drzew rosnących. Standard ten posiada wielokrotną replikację i charakteryzuje się silnym sygnałem dendrochronologicznym o dużym zasięgu geograficznym, dzięki czemu możliwe jest datowanie bezwzględne drewna jodłowego z obszaru całej południowej Polski. W trakcie prowadzonych badań wydatowano m.in.: zabytkowe kościoły w Haczowie i Paczółtowicach, cerkiew w Ropkach, ołtarz w kościele w Barcicach, strop budynku Muzeum Collegium Maius w Krakowie, około 40 drewnianych obudów wyrobisk górniczych I poziomu Kopalni Soli w Wieliczce.

EN

The research was aimed at construction of long dendrochronological standard for the fir (Abies alba Mill.) from the area of southern Poland. The produced regional chronology, spanning the period 1106-1998 AD, is the first Polish fir chronology enabling dating of wood of this species with one year's accuracy. It was based on 410 fir samples representing timbers from architectural objects, archaeological excavations, timberings from the Wieliczka Salt Mine, as well as living trees. The standard is multiply replicated and characterized by strong dendrochronological signal of large geographical extent. This enables absolute dating of fir timbers from the whole area of southern Poland. The investigations resulted in dating of numerous objects: old churches in Haczów and Paczółtowice, the orthodox church in Ropki, the altar of the church in Barcice, the ceiling of the Collegium Maius building in Kraków, as well as around 40 timberings from the first level in the Wieliczka Salt Mine.

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Secondary forest succession in abandoned glades of the Pieniny National Park

Bodziarczyk J., Michalcewicz J., Szwagrzyk J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1999

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Vol. 47, no 2

175-189

EN

The research was conducted in two abandoned glades in the Pieniny National Park (Western Carpathians), were mapping and measurements of invading trees and shrubs had been made in July 1988. Based on re-measurements carried out in 1995, the role of different woody species in secondary forest succession was evaluated. During seven years between consecutive censuses process of succession in both glades displayed substantial convergence. Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus L. was the main species invading meadows, followed by the hazel Corylus avellana L. Silver fir Abies alba Mill. was common among seedlings, but less numerous among larger saplings. Both sycamore and silver fir seem to be able to invade dense herbaceous vegetation, but higher growth rates allow sycamore to dominate in the early stage of secondary succession.