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Cold recycling with foamed bitumen, gained knowledge from a test track in Germany

Kalantari Mehdi

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2023

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Vol. 22, no. 4

463--480

EN

During the recent years, the demand on more sustainable transportation infrastructure has increased considerably in the EU. In Germany the political goal is to become climate neutral by 2035. Among different solutions, recycling is an important approach to achieve circular economy for pavements as one of the main parts of transportation infrastructure. Cold recycling is a technique which needs less energy and has the potential of using higher rates of recycled material. The resulting material may not have the same characteristics as the conventional hot mix asphalt, but through an optimised mix and structural design, it is possible to construct pavements with the same or even higher durability than the conventional types but a greater potential for sustainability. In 2018 a research project on the topic of cold recycling with foamed bitumen was defined at Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) in cooperation with the Wirtgen GmbH. The main goal of the project was to gather information and experience on the behaviour of cold recycled material with relatively low amounts of bitumen and cement, known internationally as Bitumen Stabilized Material (BSM). For this purpose, a 100-meter test section was built at the demonstration, investigation, and reference areal of BASt (duraBASt) with two different construction types (reference and cold recycled). Both sections were loaded with the Mobile Load Simulator (MLS30). This paper presents some of the results and findings from the non-destructive (FWD and rutting measurements) monitoring and tests on the extracted cores. The program proved that it is possible to design and construct pavements with the BSM and the comparable performance as conventional pavements in Germany.

PL

W ostatnich latach w UE znacznie wzrosło zapotrzebowanie na bardziej zrównoważoną infrastrukturę transportową. W Niemczech celem politycznym jest osiągnięcie neutralności klimatycznej do 2035 roku. Wśród różnych rozwiązań, recykling to ważny aspekt na drodze do osiągnięcia gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w odniesieniu do nawierzchni, jako jednej z głównych części infrastruktury transportowej. Recykling na zimno to technika, która wymaga mniej energii i może potencjalnie wykorzystywać większe ilości materiałów pochodzących z recyklingu. Uzyskany materiał może nie mieć takich samych właściwości jak konwencjonalna mieszanka asfaltowa na gorąco, ale dzięki zoptymalizowanej mieszance i projektowi strukturalnemu możliwe jest wykonanie nawierzchni o takiej samej lub nawet wyższej trwałości niż konwencjonalne rodzaje nawierzchni, ale o większym potencjale w zakresie zrównoważonego rozwoju. W 2018 r. w Federalnym Instytucie Badawczym Drogownictwa (BASt) we współpracy z Wirtgen GmbH zdefiniowano projekt badawczy na temat recyklingu na zimno z asfaltem spienionym. Głównym celem projektu było zebranie informacji i doświadczeń na temat zachowania zimnego materiału pochodzącego z recyklingu ze stosunkowo niewielką ilością bitumu i cementu, znanego na całym świecie jako Bitumen Stabilised Materials (BSM). W tym celu zbudowano 100-metrowy odcinek testowy na obszarze demonstracyjnym, badawczym i referencyjnym BASt (duraBASt) z dwoma różnymi typami konstrukcji (referencyjnym i z recyklingu na zimno). Oba odcinki zostały obciążone za pomocą mobilnego symulatora obciążenia (MLS30). W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono niektóre wyniki i ustalenia z nieniszczącego monitorowania (pomiary FWD i koleinowania) i badań wydobytych rdzeni. Program dowiódł, że możliwe jest zaprojektowanie i wykonanie nawierzchni z BSM o porównywalnych parametrach jak nawierzchnie konwencjonalne w Niemczech.

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Advanced persistent threats as a manifestation of states’ military activity in cyber space

Olszewski B.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 3(189)

57--71

EN

The term Advanced Persistent Threats (APT, APTs) has a relatively short history – originated in the United States’ government spheres and as such was referred to cyber attacks waged by a state actor. The emergence of such threats has been linked to the evolution of the hacker underground that took place after 2000. The activity of specialists swelling the Black Hat ranks had the nature of criminal offences, targeting data collected by corporations and state institutions. Despite a dozen or so years of experience with APTs, they continue to be a dynamic category of contemporary cyber security threats, with many evolving components beyond simple classification. Their unambiguous identification as a strictly separate type is obstructed mainly by the complex structure of such attacks, prompting analysts to locate them in a catalog containing various known vulnerabilities, mechanisms, cycles and variables. The analysis of the problem and the evolution of attacks to date has led to the hypothesis that Advanced Persistent Threats are now in the phase of their further modification and testing as a means of offensive action in inter-state and asymmetric conflicts. Armed forces and special services of states saw in them not only a tool per se to achieve economic and military advantage, but a theoretical basis for further research on the development of advanced cyber weapon.

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Atomistic Analysis Of Radiation-Induced Segregation In Ion-Irradiated Stainless Steel 316

Lee G.-G., Jin H.-H., Chang K., Lee B. H., Kwon J.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 2B

1179--1184

EN

Stainless steel (SS) is a well-known material for the internal parts of nuclear power plants. It is known that these alloys exhibit radiation-induced segregation (RIS) at point defect sinks at moderate temperature, while in service. The RIS behavior of SS can be a potential problem by increasing the susceptibility to irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking. In this work, the RIS behavior of solute atoms at sinks in SS 316 irradiated with Fe4+ ions were characterized by atom probe tomography (APT). There were torus-shaped defects along with a depletion of Cr and enrichment of Ni and Si. These clusters are believed to be dislocation loops resulting from irradiation. The segregation of solutes was also observed for various defect shapes. These observations are consistent with other APT results from the literature. The composition of the clusters was analyzed quantitatively almost at the atomic scale. Despite the limitations of the experiments, the APT analysis was well suited for discovering the structure of irradiation defects and performing a quantitative analysis of RIS in irradiated specimens.

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Oprogramowanie w językach Fortran i APT do inżynierii odwrotnej powierzchni walcowych skanowanych manualnie

Filipowski R.

Mechanik

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2012

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R. 85, nr 3

254-257

PL

Skanowanie powierzchni walcowych na CMM Koordynatometr produkcji VIS OBRN (Warszawa 1988) jest procesem ciągłego zapisu współrzędnych punktów do pliku w formacie ASCII ze stałą częstotliwością. Uzyskany plik jest przetwarzany na ciąg punktów offsetowych wg metody Fergusona z parametrem zmieniającym swoją wartość w przedziale <0,1>. Uzyskany ciąg punktów (Xi e, Yi e, Zi e ) na powierzchni ekwidystantnej wprowadza się do uniwersalnego programu obróbki w języku APT, symulującego tę obróbkę na ekranie monitora PC oraz generującego program obróbki na obrabiarce CNC (program ISO).

EN

The process of cylinder surface scanning by means of CMM Koordynatometr manufactured by VIS OBRN (Warsaw 1988) consists in continuous record of the coordinates at a constant frequency in the ASCII format file. The obtained file is then converted into a sequence of the offset points according to the Ferguson method with the parameter value changing within the interval <0,1 >. The resulting sequence of points is next introduced into general processing program in APT language which simulates this process on the PC monitoring display and generates the machining program for CNC machine tool (ISO program).

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Early Aptian bay deposits at the southern margin of the Lower Saxony Basin : Integrated stratigraphy, palaeoenvironment and OAE 1a

Lehmann J., Friedrich O., Bargen D., Hemker T.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2012

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Vol. 62, no. 1

35-62

EN

The present study establishes a lithostratigraphic subdivision, a bio- and chemostratigraphy and describes the sedimentology of the Alstatte Bay at the southern margin of the Lower Saxony Basin in northern Germany. The socalled Fischschiefer is developed in the lower part of the section, a 2.1 m thick laminated interval that shows TOC values of up to 2 % and is interpreted as local expression of the global Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a). The basal part of the Fischschiefer is fairly continuously laminated, whereas its upper part is characterized by an alternation of laminated and non-laminated beds. Stable carbon isotopes ([delta^13]C[carb]) show a characteristic pattern for the Fischschiefer interval that can be correlated with sections from the Tethyan Realm. Immediately above the Fischschiefer, however, the studied section might reveal a diagenetic overprint as indicated by very negative carbon stable isotope values. The remaining part of the section is characterized by a rather monotonous claystone succession, terminated by a greenish layer rich in glauconite overlain by glacial till of Pleistocene age. The fauna is typically Boreal in the lower part of the section, but changes around 2 m above the Fischschiefer towards an assemblage indicating a distinct Tethyan influx. The faunal shift is considered to be due to the maximum flooding of the continuous, long-term sea level rise of the Early Aptian which led also to a supposed shift from a restricted to open bay environment.

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6. Międzynarodowa Konferencja "Advances in Plastic technology" APT'05

Machowska Z.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2006

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T. 85, nr 2

144-145

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5. Międzynarodowa Konferencja "Advances in Plastics Technology" APT' 03

Machowska Z.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2004

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T. 83, nr 1

42-43