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1

Surface forces in chemical mechanical planarization and semiconductor wafer cleaning systems

Hupka Lukasz, Nalaskowski Jakub, Miller Jan D., Hupka Jan

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

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[Z] 75, 9-10

1229--1240

EN

Superior uniformity and local planarity of semiconductor wafers in the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process as well as efficient post-CMP cleaning is controlled by surface chemistry phenomena. The AFM colloidal probe technique was used to demonstrate surface forces which are of special significance to CMP and post-CMP cleaning. Examples of ways to manipulate those interactions are provided, and the benefits to CMP processes and post-CMP cleaning are discussed.

2

Hydrophilization of Polyester Textiles by Nonthermal Plasma

Azeem Musaddaq, Javed Asif, Morikawa Hideaki, Noman Muhammad Tayyab, Khan Muhammad Qamar, Shahid Muhammad, Wiener Jakub

Autex Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

142--149

EN

Polyester is a popular class of material used in material engineering. With its 0.4% moisture regain, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is classified as highly hydrophobic, which originates from its lack of polar groups on its backbone. This study used a parallel-plate nonthermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge system operating at medium pressure in dry air and nitrogen (N2) to alter the surface properties of PET fabrics to increase their hydrophilic capabilities. Water contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to analyze any effect from the plasma treatment. The wettability analysis revealed a reduction in the contact angle of more than 80% within 5 min for both discharges. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed no microscopic damage to the fiber structure, guaranteeing that the fabrics’ structural integrity was preserved after treatment. AFM analysis showed an increase in the nanometer roughness, which was considered beneficial because it increased the total surface area, further increasing the hydrophilic capacity. XPS analysis revealed a sharp increase in the presence of polar functional groups, indicating that the induced surface changes are mostly chemical in nature. Comparing that of untreated fabrics to treated fabrics, a Increase in water absorption capacity was observed for air-treated and N2-treated fabrics, when these fabrics were used immediately after plasma exposure.

3

Analysis of the Surface Microtexture of Sputtered Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films

Ţălu Ştefan, Kulesza Sławomir, Bramowicz Miroslaw, Stępień Krzysztof, Dastan D.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 2

443--450

EN

The present research work involves the study of the 3-D surface microtexture of sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) prepared on glass substrates by DC magnetron at room temperature. The samples were annealed at 450°C in air and were distributed into five groups, dependent on ambient combinations applied, as follows: I group, using argon (Ar); II group, using argon with oxygen (Ar+O2); III group, using argon with oxygen and nitrogen (Ar+O2+N2); IV group, using argon with oxygen and hydrogen (Ar+O2+H2); and V group, using argon with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen (Ar+O2+N2+H2). The characterization of the ITO thin film surface microtexture was carried out by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM images were stereometrically quantitatively analyzed to obtain statistical parameters, by ISO 25178-2: 2012 and ASME B46.1-2009. The results have shown that the 3-D surface microtexture parameters change in accordance with different fabrication ambient combinations.

4

Depth dependent X-ray diffraction of porous anodic alumina films filled with cubic YAlO3:Tb3+ matrix

Serafińczuk Jarosław, Pawlaczyk Łukasz, Podhorodecki Artur, Gaponenko Nikolai, Molchan Igor, Thompson George

Optica Applicata

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2020

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Vol. 50, nr 1

127--134

EN

The presented paper deals with the measurement methodologies of the structural properties of porous anodic alumina (PAA) films filled with YalO3:Tb3+ composite using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It shows that the deposited material does not uniformly fill the porous volume of the anodic alumina film and the part of it forms a thick layer on the PAA surface. The aim of this work is to show the differences in the XRD response obtained at different angles of incidence of the excitation beam for the PAA/YalO3:Tb3+ system. Furthermore, this simple approach enables separation of the signal from both regions on the surface and inside the PAA pores, providing more accurate data interpretation. It reveals that the crystallization of the material on the PAA surface and within the pores is different.

5

Odporność na korozję odlewniczego stopu aluminium EN AC 47100 z powłoką konwersyjną Cr(III) otrzymaną w obecności katalizatora cyrkonowego

Winiarski Juliusz, Szczepańska Joanna, Gralak Eryk, Mazur-Nowacka Anna, Szczygieł Bogdan

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2020

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nr 3

84--89

PL

Stop odlewniczy aluminium AlSi12Cu1(Fe) poddano pasywacji w kąpieli opartej na związkach Cr(III). Test w atmosferze obojętnej mgły solnej wykazał, że dodatek do kąpieli związków fluorokompleksowych Zr w ilości 800 ppm przyczynił się do wytworzenia powłoki konwersyjnej o dłuższym działaniu ochronnym – nawet do 480 h, niż analogicznej powłoki, ale nie zawierającej cyrkonu (do kilkudziesięciu godzin). Analizy AFM oraz SEM wykazały, że w obecności fluorokompleksu Zr powstaje powłoka o sferoidalnej morfologii i rozwiniętej powierzchni, co miejscowo przejawiało się nawet w postaci drobnych spękań. Półilościowa analiza EDS wykazała w mikroskali znaczną nierównomierność rozmieszczenia pierwiastków na powierzchni aluminium pokrytego powłoką konwersyjną. Zaobserwowana segregacja pierwiastków tworzących powłokę (m.in. Cr, Zr, F, O) dobrze korelowała z mikrostrukturą i rozmieszczeniem faz charakterystycznych dla tego stopu aluminium.

EN

AlSi12Cu1(Fe) cast alloy was subjected to passivation in the bath using Cr(III) compounds. Neutral salt spray test showed that the addition to the bath of fluorocomplex zirconium compounds in the amount of 800 ppm contributed to the formation of a conversion coating with a longer protective effect – up to 480 hours, than the analogous coating, but without zirconium (up to several dozen hours). AFM and SEM analyzes showed that in the presence of a zirconium fluorocomplex, a coating with a spheroidal morphology and developed surface is formed, which even manifested locally in the form of small cracks. Semi-quantitative EDS analysis showed on a microscale a significant inhomogeneity in the distribution of elements on the surface of aluminum covered with a conversion coating. The observed segregation of the elements forming the coating (including Cr, Zr, F, O) well correlated with the microstructure and phases distribution characteristic of this aluminum alloy.

6

ARMScope – the versatile platform for scanning probe microscopy systems

Świadkowski Bartosz, Piasecki Tomasz, Rudek Maciej, Świątkowski Michał, Gajewski Krzysztof, Majstrzyk Wojciech, Babij Michał, Dzierka Andrzej, Gotszalk Teodor

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 1

119--130

EN

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) since its invention in the 80’s became very popular in examination of many different sample parameters, both in university and industry. This was the effect of bringing this technology closer to the operator. Although the ease of use opened a possibility for measurements without high labour requirement, a quantitative analysis is still a limitation in Scanning Probe Microscopes available on the market. Based on experience of Nano-metrology Group, SPM still can be considered as a tool for quantitative examination of thermal, electrical and mechanical surface parameters. In this work we present an ARMScope platform as a versatile SPM controller that is proved to be useful in a variety of applications: from atomic-resolution STM (Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy) to Multi-resonance KPFM (Kelvin Probe force microscopy) to commercial SEMs (Scanning electron microscopes).

7

A study of nickel and cobalt silicides formed in the Ni/Co/Si(1 0 0) system by thermal annealing

Sedrati C., Bouabellou A., Kabir A., Haddad R., Boudissa M., Taabouche A., Fiad H., Hammoudi A.

Materials Science Poland

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2020

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Vol. 38, No. 3

394--399

EN

In this work, the Ni/Co/Si system was annealed at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 800 °C. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and sheet resistance measurement. The XRD and Raman spectroscopy results showed that the formation of nickel and cobalt silicides (CoSi, Co2Si, Ni2Si, NiSi, NiSi2, CoSi2) is an annealing temperature dependent diffusion process. The diffusion phenomenon was evidenced by RBS. The low values of the sheet resistance which were correlated with the films surface roughness were attributed to the formation of both CoSi and NiSi phases.

8

Improvement of the Properties of Ti6Al7Nb Titanium Alloy in Terms of the Type of Surface Modification

Woźniak A., Bialas O., Adamiak M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2020

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Vol. 65, iss. 2

735--741

EN

The paper presents the influence of ZrO2 coating on Ti6Al7Nb titanium alloy depending on the method of deposition. The coatings were made by sol-gel method and atomic layer deposition (ALD). Wettability tests, pitting corrosion assessment and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out in the paper. Complementary macro- and microscopic observations, roughness analysis by profilometric method and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were made. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the type of method of depositing the layer on the surface of the material has a significant influence on its properties and that it should be taken into account during the process of the material improvement. Drawing on the findings presented, it can be inferred that roughness has a significant impact upon the surface wetttability of the tested surfaces and their related corrosion resistance. The obtainment of hydrophobic surfaces is for smaller rougidity values.

9

Improvement of Microstructure and Barrier Properties of Silicate Coatings on Low Carbon Steel by Incorporating Colloidal Nano-SiO2

Majdi M. R., Danaee I., Zaarei D., Farzam M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2020

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Vol. 65, iss. 2

627--638

EN

Silicate coatings have been considered as an alternative to toxic and carcinogenic other chemical treatments. In this paper, a strengthened silicate coating was formed on the surface of low carbon steel by dip immersion method. The modification and strengthening was done by loading colloidal nano-SiO2 into the film. The characterizations of nano-SiO2 were investigated by FESEM, TEM and FT-IR. The effects of nano contents (weight ratio) and drying temperatures on corrosion properties of silicate film were studied. Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and immersion tests have been used to study corrosion behavior of nano-loaded silicate films. Surface morphology, microstructure and its chemical composition were analyzed by means of FESEM, EDS, AFM, XRD, GIXRD, ATR-FTIR and Raman techniques. Results indicated that colloidal nano-SiO2 properly modified the silicate coatings and significantly improved the corrosion resistance and barrier property. Also drying temperature showed a considerable effect in silicate coating and higher corrosion resistance was obtained with 150°C curing.

10

Use of rapid prototyping technology in complex plastic structures Part II. Impact of operating conditions on functional properties of polymer harmonic drives

Pacana Jacek, Oliwa Rafał

Polimery

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2019

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T. 64, nr 3

216--223

EN

The influence of operating conditions on physical and mechanical properties of tooth surface in the flexspline of a harmonic drive was investigated. 3D printed test models were made from poly(acrylonitrile--co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS) copolymer and from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and subjected to the accelerated UV aging test and to bench tests. Measurements of hardness, Vicat softening point and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis were performed in order to determine the properties of the teeth surface in the gear wheels. Furthermore, the degree of degradation of the plastics was determined with IR spectroscopy. It was found, that the ambient conditions and exploitation of harmonic drives do not affect the value of softening point and hardness. On the other hand, the AFM analysis indicated that the sides of teeth were smoother as a result of their cooperation. The values of Ra parameter in the areas examined decreased from 110.0 to 54.6 nm and from 23.9 to 17.0 nm for the gear wheels made of ABS and PLA, respectively. Furthermore, the Derjaguin--Muller-Toporov modulus (DMT) of surfaces was also decreased from 10.0 to 3.0 GPa and from 4.5 to 2.2 GPa in the gear wheels made of ABS and PLA, respectively. The AFM imaging provide evidence for destructive effects of UV radiation and elevated humidity, confirmed by IR spectroscopy.

PL

Badano wpływ warunków eksploatacyjnych kół podatnych zębatej przekładni falowej na właściwości fizyczne oraz mechaniczne powierzchni zębów. Zzastosowaniem druku 3D z kopolimeru poli(akrylonitryl-co-butadien-co-styren)(ABS) oraz polilaktydu (PLA) wykonano modele badawcze, które poddano przyspieszonemu starzeniu promieniami UV, przeprowadzono też badania stanowiskowe. Właściwości zębów otrzymanych kół zębatych charakteryzowano na podstawie twardości i temperatury mięknienia Vicata, analizy powierzchni z wykorzystaniem mikroskopii sił atomowych (AFM) oraz stopnia degradacji tworzywa oznaczonego za pomocą spektroskopii IR. Stwierdzono, że warunki środowiskowe oraz eksploatacja zębatej przekładni falowej nie wpływają w istotnym stopniu na wartości temperatury Vicata i twardość powierzchni zębów. Analiza AFM wykazała, że w wyniku współpracy powierzchnia zębów się wygładziła. Średnia wartość chropowatości Ra kół zębatych wykonanych, odpowiednio, z ABS i PLA zmniejszyła się ze 110,0 do 54,6 nm oraz ze 23,9 do 17,0 nm. Ponadto, moduł Derjaguina-Mullera-Toporova (DMT) powierzchni elementów wykonanych z ABS oraz PLA również się zmniejszył, odpowiednio, z 10,0 do 3,0 GPa oraz z 4,5 do 2,2 GPa, co wskazuje na destrukcyjny wpływ promieniowania UV i podwyższonej wilgotności, potwierdzony metodą spektroskopii IR.

11

Analysis of the surface geometry of the orthodontic archwire and their influence on the bacterial adhesion

Ziębowicz B., Woźniak A., Ziębowicz A., Ziembińska-Buczyńska A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 93, nr 1-2

32--40

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work is to characterize the surface geometry of the orthodontic archiwire and their influence of the pitting corrosion resistance and bacterial adhesion. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper, the results of the SEM/EDS analysis and microscopic observation of the samples surface and analysis of geometrical structure with the use Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Confocal Microscopy were presented as well as the pitting corrosion test and surface roughness and microhardness measurements were performed. Additionally the microbiological study after bacterial breeding with the use Scanning Electron Microscope was carried out. Findings: In the basis of the investigation, it can be concluded that the surface geometry of archwire has a significant impact on their pitting corrosion resistance in artificial saliva solution and on the bacterial adhesion. The obtained results show satisfactory properties and surface geometry of the tested orthodontic wires for use in the human oral environment. Research limitations/implications: In the future, it is planned to extend the research with physicochemical properties and the influence of oral hygiene products on the corrosive behaviour of the material. Limitations in the conducted tests refer to archwire design – a small diameter making measurements difficult. Practical implications: The oral environment is an extremely aggressive corrosive environment. The orthodontic elements should have very good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The focus should be on continuously improving orthodontic wires in terms of material quality and topography of its surface topography. Originality/value: The research is conducted in the field of biomedical engineering, which is part of material engineering and is used for the field of dentistry and microbiology.

12

Influence of Biogenic Acid on Concrete Materials

Luptakova Alena, Ondrejka Harbul'akova Vlasta, Estokova Adriana, Jencarova Jana, Luptak Miloslav

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2019

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R. 21, nr 1

105--110

EN

Microbial sulphur cycle in sewers evocate the serious problem in the area concrete corrosion, health related aspects and odour. These problems are primarily related to the release of bacterially produced hydrogen sulphide from wastewater to the atmosphere during sewage transports that dissolves in the condensate on the sewer crown. In the event sulphur-oxidizing bacteria oxidize the dissolved hydrogen sulphide and other sulphur compounds to sulphuric acid, which corrodes the concrete. The concrete gradually expands causing cracks and ruptures, loss of strength and overall decay of concrete. The paper is focused on the investigation of the concrete specimens surface biodegradation study. From the viewpoint of concrete materials biodeterioration, mainly the bacteria sulphur- and sulphide-oxidising bacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria are important and interesting. The role of bacteria mentioned above has been linked to the generation of the biogenic sulphuric acid resulting in corrosion process by dissolution of calcium containing minerals from the concrete matrices. The penetration of the corrosion was manifested by structural changes of concrete samples. The surface structure changes were by stereomicroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigated.

PL

Cykl mikrobiologiczny siarki w wywołuje poważne problemy związane z korozją betonu a także dotyczące aspektów zdrowotnych i zapachu. Problemy te związane są przede wszystkim z uwalnianiem wytwarzanego przez bakterie siarkowodoru ze ścieków do atmosfery podczas transportu ścieków, który rozpuszcza się w kondensacie w instalacji kanalizacyjnej. W takim przypadku bakterie utleniające siarkę utleniają rozpuszczony siarkowodór i inne związki siarki do kwasu siarkowego, który powoduje korozję betonu. Beton stopniowo rozszerza się, powodując pęknięcia , utratę wytrzymałości i ogólny rozkład betonu. Praca koncentruje się na badaniu badania biodegradacji powierzchni próbek betonu. Z punktu widzenia biodeterioracji właściwych materiałów, ważne są bakterie, głównie bakterie utleniające siarkę i siarczki oraz bakterie redukujące siarczany. Rola bakterii wspomnianych powyżej została powiązana z wytwarzaniem biogennego kwasu siarkowego, powodując proces korozji poprzez rozpuszczanie minerałów zawierających wapń z betonowych matryc. Penetracja korozji objawiła się zmianami strukturalnymi próbek betonu. Zmiany struktury powierzchni były badane za pomocą stereomikroskopii i mikroskopii sił atomowych (AFM).

13

Structure and physical properties of Fe59Mn27Ni7Cr3Si4 shape memory alloy

Lipiński Piotr, Kowalik Dawid, Kowalski Tomasz, Królicki Michał, Hasiak Mariusz

Interdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Sciences

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2019

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Vol. 7, no. 1

10--16

EN

In this work the authors present the properties of the Fe59Mn27Ni7Cr3Si4 (at. %) shape memory alloy. Two different phases were discovered during the XRD analysis and Fe-Mn phase was identified. The hardness of the investigated material in the as-cast state was 194 HV. The nano hardness was 511 HV and Young modulus was determined as 159 GPa. AFM and LFM tests allowed to observe linear arrangement of one phase formed as multiple irregular separations. Shape memory effect was not observed in the temperature range 22 – 600oC.

14

Analiza powierzchni z wykorzystaniem mikroskopu sił atomowych

Ziębowicz B., Staszuk M., Jarka P.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2018

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R. 23, nr 1

18--22

15

Tribological study of low friction DLC:Ti and MoS2 thin films

Paradecka A., Lukaszkowicz K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 89, nr 1

13--18

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to characterize and compare the microstructure and tribological properties of low friction DLC:Ti and MoS2 thin films deposited on the austenitic steel X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 substrate. Design/methodology/approach: In the research, the samples of the DLC:Ti and MoS2 thin films deposited by PACVD technology and magnetron sputtering method respectively were used. Observations of topography were made using atomic force microscope (AFM). Adhesion of the coating to the substrate material was verified by the scratch test. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the coating were determined in the ball-on-disc test. Findings: AFM as well as adhesion and friction coefficient tests confirmed low friction nature of MoS2 and DLC:Ti coatings. During the research information on the behaviour of coatings under tribological load was obtained. The investigated coating reveals high wear resistance and good adhesion to the substrate. Practical implications: The area of testing of low-friction thin films is widely studied due to their practical application. Intensive development of new technologies requires the introduction of corresponding layers of both full protective functions and reducing friction. Originality/value: Growing area of low-friction coatings with specific properties requires thorough tribological and topographical research, which is closely related to these properties.

16

Sustainable use of Natural Resources as Alternative for the Hazardous Corrosion Inhibitor of Mild Steel/Dilute Sulfuric Acid Interface: Weight Loss, EIS, AFM and FTIR Studies

Tezeghdenti M., Etteyeb N., Dhouibi L., Kanoun O.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 2

697--707

EN

Point of present exploration was to figure out the anticorrosion activity of Acacia Cyanophylla (Saligna leaves) extract on the corrosion of mild steel in dilute sulfuric acid medium, using weight loss measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The result of the study revealed that the extract act as a potent inhibitor on mild steel in acid medium. The increase in inhibitor concentration and immersion time showed a positive effect on inhibition efficiency. EIS exhibited one capacitive loop which indicates that the corrosion reaction is controlled by charge transfer process. The increase of phase shift (n) in presence of (ACLE) lower surface roughness. This change reveals the adsorption of the inhibitor compound on the steel surface. According to the results of weight loss measurements, the adsorption of the extract on the steel surface can be described by the Langmuir isotherm. The inhibition mechanism of (ACLE) molecules involves physical interaction between the inhibitor and metal surface. Additionally, Protective film formation against acid attack was confirmed by FT-IR and AFM techniques.

17

Physicochemical Properties of Oxide ZrO2 Layer Deposited by Sol-Gel Method on Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy

Woźniak A., Ziębowicz B., Ziębowicz A., Walke W.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

1209--1215

EN

The paper contains the results of the initial surface treatment influence on the properties of the medical Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy with a modified zirconium oxide layer deposited on its surface by sol-gel method. In the paper, the analysis of results of potentiodynamic studies is presented as well as its resistance to pitting corrosion and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), macroscopic observation of the surface of samples and analysis of geometrical structure with the use Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) were performed. The studies were performed on two groups of samples depending on the graduation of the sand used in sandblasted process – 50 μm and 250 μm. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the type of the initial surface treatment preceding the surface modification of the Ti-6Al-7Nb has a significant effect on its properties.

18

Microstructure and properties of CoCr alloys used in prosthetics procedure

Ziębowicz A., Woźniak A., Ziębowicz B., Adamiak M., Boryło P.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 89, nr 1

20--26

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work was to define the influence of manufacturing technology on the chemical composition, surface topography, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of CoCr alloys obtained by casting technology and Direct Metal Laser Sintering. Design/methodology/approach: This work presents microstructural and chemical compositions obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). Additionally, corrosion pitting analysis and roughness measurement were conducted on the samples. Findings: On the basis of the investigations, it can be stated that the prosthetic restorations are different depending on the type manufacturing technology. Based on the obtained results it was found that the structures of both materials are chemically inhomogeneous. The investigated alloy exhibited similar polarization curve character. Practical implications: The rapid prototyping methods are a new technology used for getting details e.g. by CAD/CAM procedure. Using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) method can simplify the technology of producing prosthetics restrictions and is an alternate way for standard casting technology. Originality/value: The paper presents comparative research of two Co-Cr alloys, from which the samples were obtained in conventional casting and DMLS technology.

19

Microscopic tribological analysis of the knee joint

Ryniewicz A. M., Ryniewicz A., Pukaluk A., Pałka P.

Tribologia

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2017

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nr 3

147--154

EN

The aim of the conducted research was the evaluation of the topography and the structure of the superficial layer of meniscus and articular cartilage. These are surfaces that optimise the friction and lubrication process in the knee joint. The animal samples of the menisci and the articular cartilage were examined. The research was performed using scanning electron microscopes and an atomic force microscope. The structure of the surface of meniscus and articular cartilage is very regular. The collagenous fibres, which are embedded in the ground substance, are parallel to the surface. The undulation of the surface was observed. In the area of the anterior horn on tibia side of both menisci as well as in the anterior area of tibial plateau, the concavity and convexity pattern is evident. The observed cavities enable the accumulation of the synovial fluid. The synovial fluid plays the role of the lubricant in the knee joint, and its presence is highly desired during the load transmission.

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena topografii i struktury łąkotek oraz powierzchni stawowych, które zabezpieczają i optymalizują proces tarcia i smarowania w stawie kolanowym. Materiałem badań były łąkotki pobrane z prawidłowych stawów zwierzęcych oraz tkanka chrzęstna wypreparowana z powierzchni stawowych. Badania były realizowane na mikroskopach skaningowych oraz mikroskopie sił atomowych. Struktura warstwy wierzchniej chrząstki włóknistej oraz szklistej wykazała dużą regularność. Włókna kolagenowe biegnące równolegle do powierzchni i zatopione w substancji podstawnej tworzą łagodnie pofalowaną strukturę. Układ wgłębień i wzniesień jest najbardziej wyraźny na części przedniej plateau kości piszczelowej oraz w obszarze rogu przedniego łąkotek, po stronie kontaktującej się z plateau kości piszczelowej. W zaobserwowanych wgłębieniach może gromadzić się ciecz synowialna, która pełni rolę środka smarnego, i której obecność jest wysoce pożądana podczas przenoszenia obciążeń wewnątrz stawu kolanowego.

20

Effect of annealing on the structure of thermal evaporated In2S3 thin films

Gremenok V., Reddy K. T., Tivanov M., Patryn A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2017

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R. 93, nr 8

89--91

EN

Structural studies on In2S3 thin films deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation on glass substrates at a temperature of 240oC, followed by annealing at 330°C and 400°C are presented. It was shown that the films were of amorphous in nature before annealing and after annealing the films became polycrystalline and showed β- In2S3 structure. The grain size increased and followed the usual crystal growth process as the annealing temperature increased. The annealing-induced changes of surface roughness were characterized by atomic force microscopy.

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badania struktury cienkich warstw In2S3 naniesionych metodą termicznego osadzenia na szkło w próżni w temperaturach od 240oC i kolejnym wygrzewaniem w temperaturach 330oC i 400oC. Ustalono że warstwy miały amorficzną naturę przed wygrzewaniem, po wygrzewaniu wykazywały strukturę polikrystaliczną typu β-In2S3. Rozmiar ziaren powiększał się na skutek aktywnej nuklearyzacji i to przyczyniało się do zwykłej krystalizacji ze wzrostem temperatury. Zmiany zostały przeanalizowane za pomocą AFM.