Celem artykułu jest przegląd literatury oraz zebranie najważniejszych osiągnięć druku 3D w dziedzinie maszyn elektrycznych. Technologia druku 3D wykorzystywana jako produkcja addytywna (przyrostowa, dodatkowa) w Przemyśle 4.0 może znacznie ułatwić wykonywanie prototypów nowych, skomplikowanych geometrycznie elementów, skrócić czas ich produkcji, dzięki czemu zmniejszą się nakłady finansowe. Druk 3D umożliwia drukowanie dowolnych geometrii zaprojektowanych w środowisku CAD z materiałów o różnych właściwościach mechanicznych, tak jak i elektrycznych czy magnetycznych, których wykonanie konwencjonalnymi metodami zajęłoby znacznie więcej czasu. W technologii druku 3D należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę podczas obróbki końcowej, czy element nie jest nigdzie zdeformowany lub pęknięty. W przemyśle maszyn elektrycznych w wielu aplikacjach wymagane są skomplikowane struktury, których wykonanie na etapie projektowania jest bardzo kosztowne. Technologia druku 3D może przyspieszyć etap wykonywania prototypów specjalnych maszyn elektrycznych przez wydrukowanie modelu rzeczywistego lub pomniejszonego i sprawdzenie jego parametrów z wykonanymi wcześniej analizami.
EN
3D printing technology used as additive manufacturing (incremental, additional) in industry 4.0 can significantly facilitate making new prototypes, which are geometrically complicated, reduce their production time, and can reduce the financial overhead 3D printing technology can print any geometric designs in a CAD environment with materials characterized by different mechanical, electrical or magnetic properties, which performance using standard methods would take much more time. In 3D printing technology, it should be taken into account during finishing that the element is not deformed or cracked anywhere. In the field of electrical machines, many applications require complex structures that are very expensive in conventional process. 3D printing technology can accelerate the stage of making prototypes of electrical machines, by printing a real or reduced model, and perform its parameters with previously performed analyzes.
Celem artykułu jest przegląd literatury oraz zebranie najważniejszych osiągnięć druku 3D w dziedzinie maszyn elektrycznych. Technologia druku 3D wykorzystywana jako produkcja addytywna (przyrostowa, dodatkowa) w przemyśle 4.0 może znacznie ułatwić wykonywanie prototypów nowych, skomplikowanych geometrycznie elementów, skrócić czas ich produkcji, dzięki czemu zmniejszą się nakłady finansowe. Druk 3D umożliwia drukowanie dowolnych geometrii zaprojektowanych w środowisku CAD z materiałów o różnych właściwościach mechanicznych, tak jak i elektrycznych, czy magnetycznych, których wykonanie konwencjonalnymi metodami zajęłoby znacznie więcej czasu. W technologii druku 3D należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę podczas obróbki końcowej, czy element nie jest nigdzie zdeformowany lub pęknięty. W przemyśle maszyn elektrycznych w wielu aplikacjach wymagane są skomplikowane struktury, których wykonanie na etapie projektowania jest bardzo kosztowne. Technologia druku 3D może przyśpieszyć etap wykonywania prototypów specjalnych maszyn elektrycznych, przez wydrukowanie modelu rzeczywistego lub pomniejszonego i sprawdzenie jego parametrów z wykonanymi wcześniej analizami.
EN
3D printing technology used as additive manufacturing (incremental, additional) in industry 4.0 can significantly facilitate making new prototypes, which are geometrically complicated, reduce their production time, and can reduce the financial overhead 3D printing technology can print any geometric designs in a CAD environment with materials characterized by different mechanical, electrical or magnetic properties, which performance using standard methods would take much more time. In 3D printing technology, it should be taken into account during finishing that the element is not deformed or cracked anywhere. In the field of electrical machines, many applications require complex structures that are very expensive in conventional process. 3D printing technology can accelerate the stage of making prototypes of electrical machines, by printing a real or reduced model, and perform its parameters with previously performed analyzes.
A short literature review was undertaken in terms of the structure, properties and applications of polymers, including those commonly used in 3D printing. The research part included the structural and thermal analysis of polylactide (PLA), which is an example of an extensively used polymer in the developing 3D technology. Special attention was paid to the comparison of structure and thermal stability of two different (from various producers) polylactide samples. The research, involving such analytical methods as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT), allowed the comparison of the structure of the two PLA samples considered. The determination of the temperature range in which changes related to PLA thermodestruction occur was a result of the performed thermoanalytical research (DRIFT, TG-DTG). Thermal studies also allowed to establish the temperature range in which the material does not yet degrade, which is important in the context of future planned research work on polylactide modification to obtain the improvement of the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA-based materials. This research area will be described in the second part of the publication.
Purpose: Analysis and the review of 3D scanning methods, methods of combining 3D scans and tables available on the market (rotary, tilt and turn) as non-destructive testing systems of polymer materials. As the problem of deformation testing of elements produced by 3D printing is relatively novel, so far a small number of publications on this subject have been observed in terms of current solutions in the area of methodology and devices. Design/methodology/approach: 3D print samples have been prepared using MultiJet Printing (MJP), also called PolyJet Printing. The first sample was left in a UV oven and the second one in a dark cabinet, without access to sunlight (standard conditions 23/50 as described in ISO 554:1976). Non-contact structured blue light 3D metrology grade scanner was used to capture the entire part geometry for inspection. A comparison of subsequent scans after postcuring with reference scans after printing can indicate dimensional changes. The resulting scans are detailed enough to monitor shape and size changes over time. Findings: Universal 3D printing model beneficial in distortion analysis has been proposed. The method of evaluating 3D print distortions was verified using a metrology class 3D scanner. The results of this study show that deformations are declining through time to near the same values, the only difference is the rate of change of dimensions. Practical implications: Due to popularity and lower cost of polymer 3D printing, in comparison to metal 3D printing, an initial attempt to analyse the distortion of the locally melted substrate was done using MultiJet 3D printing with photopolymer material. The universal 3D print test part was proposed for verification of 3D printing deformations. Finally, the framework for the determination of 3D printing distortions is presented, taking into account the influence of UV postcuring. Originality/value: Analysis of a method to measure 3D printing distortions using a metrology grade 3D scanner is presented in the paper. Recently, this matter is becoming more and more important because many prototypes are increasingly produced by 3D printing and 3D printing distortions may cause many difficulties during the manufacturing and assembly process.
The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of using 3D spatial printing technology to create complex models, e.g. turbine helicopter engines, PZL-10W type, operated on the W-3 “Sokół” helicopter. We have presented the process of creating a spatial model using CAD software. It required a careful selection of the parts necessary for its manufacture as well as elimination of minor parts, which were insignificant from the functional and educational perspective of the model. We presented the type of printer which was used to prepare the model, and also its software. The verification of the correctness of designing the files for particular parts was made with Netfabb software. Proper verification affected the choice of files to be sent to the 3D printer software, where they underwent further slight changes concerning, among others, the thickness of the layers and the percentage of filling the interior of the individual parts of the engine. The printouts of the selected engine parts have been shown in the photographs. We also (briefly) described the processes of treatment of the parts, their labour intensity as well as the hardware used on a regular basis for this purpose. Finally, we discussed the assembly process of the entire engine. In conclusion, we stressed the importance of the model as a significant didactic aid which is to support the process of acquiring knowledge related to the construction, kinematics and operation of the turbine engine. We also specified the amount of used materials, labour consumption (in man-hours) with regard to the same printout of the parts as well as the finishing works.
W artykule zaprezentowano ciekawą koncepcję modelu i wytwarzania bezzałogowego statku powietrznego. Gwałtowny rozwój bezzałogowych konstrukcji od statków powietrznych poprzez przemysł samochodowy a na przemyśle zbrojeniowym kończąc wymusza na producentach tego typu urządzeń konieczność poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych, technicznych i materiałowych. Artykuł prezentuje nie tylko koncepcję nowatorskiego spojrzenia na konstrukcję współczesnego drona ale i próbę wykorzystania technologii wydruku przestrzennego w konstruowaniu i naprawianiu tego typu urządzeń. Możliwość połączenia technologii szybkiego prototypowania i wytwarzania z ideą urządzeń bezzałogowych daje nam szersze możliwość zastosowania tego typu urządzeń oraz perspektywę wykorzystania nowych materiałów i technologii w popularyzowaniu nowoczesnych gałęzi nauki i przemysłu.
EN
The article presents an interesting concept of both a model and construction of an UAV. There has been a rapid development of unmanned devices in fields such as aviation, auto industry and military industry, which forces manufacturers of the devices to continue to search for new solutions both in terms of construction, technologies and materials. The article demonstrates not only an innovative look into the construction of a modern drone but also the use of 3D printing technology in constructing and repairing of those type of devices. The possibility of linking both fast prototyping and manufacturing along with the concept of unmanned devices gives us higher chances of benefiting from them as well as the prospect of applying new materials and technologies to popularize new branches of science and industry.
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