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1 2025

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Annotation-free Generation of Training Data Using Mixed Domains for Segmentation of 3D LiDAR Point Clouds

Cop Konrad, Sułek Bartosz

Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences

2025

Vol. 50, No. 3

347--371

Semantic segmentation is important for robots navigating with 3D LiDARs, but the generation of training datasets requires tedious manual effort. In this paper, we introduce a set of strategies to efficiently generate large datasets by combining real and synthetic data samples. More specifically, the method populates recorded empty scenes with navigation-relevant obstacles generated synthetically, thus combining two domains: real life and synthetic. Our approach requires no manual annotation, no detailed knowledge about actual data feature distribution, and no real-life data of objects of interest. We validate the proposed method in the underground parking scenario and compare it with available open-source datasets. The experiments show superiority to the off-the-shelf datasets containing similar data characteristics but also highlight the difficulty of achieving the level of manually annotated datasets. We also show that combining generated and annotated data improves the performance visibly, especially for cases with rare occurrences of objects of interest. Our solution is suitable for direct application in robotic systems.