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1

Effect of the Electrode Extension on the Geometry of Parts Made of 316LSi Steel by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Method

Połaski Przemysław, Golański Dariusz, Kołodziejczak Paweł, Pakuła Anna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 3

343--359

EN

Intensive research is currently being conducted on WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) processes. Previous studies have demonstrated the impact of current parameters on altering the structure and properties of 316L stainless steel. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information in the literature regarding the influence of electrode extension length (contact to tube distance) on changes in the structure and geometry of parts made of 316L steel using the CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) method. This parameter was often assumed to be constant in research experiments. The study aimed to determine how the length of the electrode extension affects the geometric properties of steel walls produced in the WAAM CMT additive manufacturing process. The experiment used 316LSi stainless steel to build 3D structures in the shape of straight walls. The chosen shape of the parts yielded the most benefits for preparing samples from the resulting structures for destructive testing. The research demonstrated that the length of the electrode extension is a crucial parameter in the additive manufacturing process of structures using the WAAM method. Modifying the electrode extension length in the WAAM process with a CMT machine impacts the bead geometry and, consequently, the overall model geometry. A 6 mm increase in the electrode extension length resulted in a model that was over 8 mm taller, despite using the same number of layers.

2

MIG welding of austenitic 316L steel used in means of transport

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Węgrzyn Tomasz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 116

247--256

EN

The austenitic 316L steel (1.4401) is an important stainless material used to build various means of transport. Austenitic steel has high resistance to atmospheric corrosion. The austenitic steel is treated as a good weldable material, although cracks are possible. This paper analyses the influence of various MIG welding parameters on the creation of correct joints used in the stainless steel structures of mobile platforms elements, as an example of welding structures, in various means of transport. Various tests verifying the mechanical properties of MIG welds, including non-destructive tests, tensile strength and hardness tests, were carried out. This article aims to show how important and complex the task is to select the correct welding parameters for elements of means of transport made of austenitic steel on the example of elements of mobile platforms.

3

Improvement of the mechanical properties of mobile platform stainless construction elements

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Węgrzyn Tomasz

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 4

91--102

EN

Stainless steel could be treated as the main material used to construct various means of transport, including mobile platforms and tank trucks. An austenitic steel known as 316L steel (1.4401) has high resistance to atmospheric corrosion, natural waters, water vapor, alkaline solutions, and acids, even at elevated temperatures. This steel is weldable, although it is also prone to various types of welding cracks. Many factors influence the quality and mechanical properties of a joint. The most significant of these is the appropriate selection of welding parameters, which should be determined precisely and separately for each type of sheet, depending on its thickness and geometric features. The aim of the present article is to study the influence of main TIG (Tungsten inert gas) welding parameters on the creation of proper joints used in the construction of mobile truck platforms or tank trucks. The proper selection of parameters enables the production of welds with good functional properties. A novelty of this article is the proposal to weld each layer of a thick joint with different parameters, which has an important influence on the mechanical properties of the joint. It is expected that the new material and technological solution will yield a joint with good corrosion resistance and increased mechanical properties. This is important in the responsible construction of means of transport, using the example of mobile platforms and tank trucks. Different tests verifying the properties of joints, including non-destructive testing, tensile strength tests, and fatigue tests, as well as a hardness probe, were applied.

4

Influence of heat treatment on thermo-mechanical fatigue and high temperature creep properties for 316L steel

Poloczek Łukasz, Kuziak Roman, Pidvysots’kyy Valeriy

Journal of Metallic Materials

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2021

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Vol. 73, no. 3

33--43

EN

The main purpose of the work was to develop the characteristics of high-temperature structure degradation processes under the synergistic effects of thermo-mechanical fatigue and high temperature creep for samples made of 316L steel in the delivery condition and after heat treatment. The use of heat treatment consisting of solution treatment at 1100°C for 45 minutes and water cooling improved the mechanical properties of 316L steel. Moreover, in fatigue tests, in every case, increasing the strain value in a single cycle leads to a faster sample rupture. An additional aim of the research was also to develop and verify a new innovative research methodology concerning the combination of fatigue cycles with the creep process at elevated temperature, the aim of which is to better reflect the behaviour of the material in real working conditions.

PL

Głównym celem pracy było opracowanie charakterystyk wysokotemperaturowych dla procesów degradacji struktury pod wpływem synergicznego oddziaływania zmęczenia cieplno-mechanicznego i pełzania w podwyższonej temperaturze dla próbek wykonanych ze stali 316L w stanie dostawy i po obróbce cieplnej. Zastosowanie obróbki cieplnej polegającej na przesyceniu w 1100°C przez 45 minut i chłodzeniu wodą poprawiło właściwości mechaniczne stali 316L. Ponadto w testach zmęczeniowych w każdym przypadku zwiększenie wartości odkształcenia w jednym cyklu prowadzi do szybszego rozerwania próbki. Dodatkowym celem badań było również opracowanie nowej, innowacyjnej metodyki badawczej dotyczącej połączenia cykli zmęczeniowych z procesem pełzania w podwyższonej temperaturze, której celem jest lepsze odzwierciedlenie zachowania materiału w rzeczywistych warunkach pracy.

5

Comparative Tests of Shear Strength of Adhesive Lap Joints after Thermal Shocks

Kłonica Mariusz, Bielawski Radosław, Żokowski Mariusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 15, no 4

364--375

EN

This work presents the results of comparative tests for the determination of Young’s modulus and the static shear strength of adhesive lap joints, based on grade 316L steel. The tests also concerned the determination of the glass transition temperature of a certain adhesive composition: Epidian 57 epoxy resin with a 10% Z1 hardener content. The paper shows the test results for the surface free energy and selected surface roughness parameters, including photographs of the test specimens after destructive testing. The tests were comparative and performed on adhesive joints, with and without exposure to thermal cycling. The scope of the testing included a relatively short thermal cycling run of 500 cycles with a temperature variation of -40°C to +60°C. An analysis was carried out of the results from testing the static shear resistance of specimens manufactured using various methods of adhesive joint seasoning. The experimental test results were statistically processed in compliance with good research practice.

6

Correlation between Tensile Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Morphology of Nuclear Grade Austenitic Stainless Steel Welded Joints using Infrared Thermography Technique

Rajasekaran R., Lakshminarayanan A. K., Menaka M.

Welding Technology Review

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2020

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R. 92, nr 1

7--15

EN

Tensile deformation behavior of nuclear grade Austenitic Stainless Steel (SS) and its welded joints fabricated by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Activated Flux Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (AGTAW) processes were studied and correlated with relevant microstructural morphologies using Infrared Thermography (IRT) technique. The microstructure of base metal showed a complete austenite phase. GTAW Fusion Zone (FZ) exhibited both primary ferrite and primary austenite mode of solidification. Meantime, AGTAW FZ exhibited only primary austenite mode of solidification. A strain rate of 4.4x10-4 s-1 was used during the tensile test of the base metal and welded joints. The failure locations of the base metal, GTAW and AGTAW samples were noticed at the center of the gauge portion, the base metal side away from Fusion Line (FL) and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) respectively. The temperature variations of the base metal and weld zones were recorded in the form of thermograms using the IR camera at the different stages of the tensile deformation. During deformation study, peak temperature of 39.2 °C, 38.8 °C and 34 °C were observed at the base metal, GTAW and AGTAW samples respectively. The lesser peak temperature of the AGTAW sample compared to the base metal and GTAW samples indicated that the AGTAW sample undergone lesser deformation. Moreover, tensile deformation behaviours of the base metal and welded joints were correlated with their microstructural morphologies using corresponding temperature curves.

PL

W pracy zbadano zachowanie deformacji podczas rozciągania austenitycznej stali nierdzewnej i jej połączeń spawanych wykonanych metodą GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) oraz AGTAW (Activated Flux Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), a następnie skorelowano je z odpowiednimi morfologiami mikrostrukturalnymi za pomocą termografii w podczerwieni (ang. lnfrared Thermography). Mikrostruktura materiału bazowego wykazała całkowitą fazę austenitu. Spoina GTAW wykazywała zarówno ferryt, jak i austenit, podczas gdy spoina AGTAW wykazywała jedynie austenit. Podczas próby rozciągania materiału bazowego i złączy spawanych zastosowano prędkość odkształcania o wartości 4,4x10-4 s-1. Do zerwania poszczególnych próbek doszło odpowiednio na środku próbki materiału bazowego, w linii wtopienia złącza spawanego GTAW i w strefie wpływu ciepła (SWC) złącza spawanego AGTAW. Zmiany temperatury w materiale rodzimym i poszczególnych obszarach złączy spawanych rejestrowano w formie termogramów za pomocą kamery na podczerwień, przy różnych etapach deformacji podczas rozciągania. Podczas badań odkształceń zaobserwowano maksymalne wartości temperatury: 39,2 °C, 38,8 °C i 34 °C odpowiednio w próbkach z materiału bazowego, spawanych GTAW i spawanych AGTAW. Niższa maksymalna temperatura próbki spawanej metodą AGTAW w porównaniu z pozostałymi próbkami wskazała, że uległa ona mniejszemu odkształceniu. Ponadto zachowania deformacji przy rozciąganiu materiału rodzimego i złączy spawanych zostały skorelowane z obrazami ich mikrostruktur przy użyciu odpowiednich krzywych temperatur.

7

Influence of process of straightening ship hull structure made of 316L stainless steel on corrosion resistance and mechanical properties

Kowalski Jakub, Licznerski Łukasz, Supernak-Marczewska Milena, Emilianowicz Krzysztof

Polish Maritime Research

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2020

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nr 4

103--111

EN

The AISI 316L type steel belongs to the group of chromium-nickel stainless steels. They are determined according to European standards as X2CrNiMo17-12-2 and belong to the group of austenitic stainless steels. Steels of this group are used for elements working in seawater environments, for installations in the chemical, paper, and food, industries, for architectural elements, and many others. The chemical composition of corrosion-resistant austenitic steels provides them with an austenite structure that is stable in a wide temperature range, under appropriate conditions for heating, soaking, and cooling. 316L steel plate was subjected to a technological treatment of hot straightening with an oxyacetylene torch, which is not commonly used for this type of steel, mainly due to the lack of objective assessment of whether the austenitizing temperature has been achieved and the stability of the heat treatment process is ensured. The single-phase structure of austenite with high corrosion resistance, without precipitation of carbides, steel is obtained by supersaturation in water from 1100°C. The purpose of the presented research was to determine the usefulness of the flame straightening process for a ship structure made of 316L steel.

8

Influence of surface modification of 316L medical steel on microbial adhesion

Ceynowa Przemysław, Czerwińska Ewa, Szparaga Łukasz, Mydłowska Katarzyna, Ratajski Jerzy, Iwanek Anna, Dobruchowska Ewa

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2020

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Vol. 23, no. 158 spec. iss.

58

9

Zgrzewanie tarciowe ultradrobnoziarnistej stali 316L

Skowrońska B., Siwek P., Chmielewski T., Golański D.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2018

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R. 90, nr 5

151--154

PL

W artykule omówiono problematykę zgrzewalności metali o ultradrobnoziarnistej strukturze. Problem omówiono na przykładzie stali 316L o ultradrobnoziarnistej strukturze uzyskanej na drodze obróbki plastycznej hydrostatycznego wyciskania. Złącza uzyskano metodą zgrzewania tarciowego. Parametry zgrzewania dobierano wg kryterium najniższego stopnia rekrystalizacji obszaru złącza. Wykonano badania metalograficzne, scharakteryzowano wybrane obszary złącza zgrzewanego pod względem twardości i zasięgu zmiękczenia materiału. Wykonano próby statycznego rozciągania, porównano wytrzymałość na rozciąganie materiału rodzimego oraz złącza zgrzewanego.

EN

The article discusses the issues of weldability of metals with UFG (ultrafine grained) metals. The problem was discussed on the example of 316L steel with UFG structure obtained by metal forming method of hydrostatic extrusion. The joints were obtained by friction welding. Welding parameters were selected according to the criterion of the lowest degree of recrystallization of the joint area. Metallographic examinations were performed, selected areas of the joint welded in terms of hardness and range of softening of the material. Static tensile tests were carried out, the tensile strength of the parent material and the welded joint were compared.

10

Modification of 316L steel Surface in ozone Atmosphere

Kłonica M., Kuczmaszewski J.

New Trends in Production Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 1, Iss. 1

695-701

EN

The study reported in this paper was undertaken to assess whether certain ecologically-disastrous surface treatments, such as chemical and electrochemical treatment could be replaced with ozonation. The proposed technology is both ecologically-sound and relatively inexpensive. The research works were conducted on 316L steel substrates and involved photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The band positions on the review spectrum provide the basis for the qualitative identification of the atoms forming the surface layer, whereas their intensity - data for the calculation of the total concentration of these atoms in the analysed layer. High resolution spectra are used to determine the type of chemical bonds - based on the characteristic numbers of chemical shift. The results of tests on the state of surface layer energy of 316L steel substrate following ozone treatment are also presented. The conducted tests and the analysis of the obtained results indicate that ozone treatment effectively removes atmospheric carbon contaminants off the specimen surface. The test results show a decrease in atmospheric carbon on samples after ozone treatment compared to untreated samples. Moreover, results show an increase in the value of the free surface energy in specimens subjected to ozone treatment.

11

Surface Treatment Proposals for the Automotive Industry by the Example of 316L Steel

Dudek A, Lisiecka B.

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 1, Iss. 1

369--376

EN

Nowadays, stainless steels are very interesting and promising materials with unique properties. They are characterized high mechanical strengths, high toughness and good corrosion resistance, so that can be used in many industrial sectors. An interesting alternative to steels obtained using the conventional methods is sintered stainless steel manufactured using the powder metallurgy technology. AISI 316L stainless steel is one of the best-known and widely used austenitic stainless steel. Modification of surface properties of stainless steels, in particular by applying the Cr3C2 coating is becoming more and more popular. The technique of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) was used to deposit Cr3C2 - NiAl powder on stainless steel surface. In this study presents arc surface remelting of two types of stainless steel was used by GTAW method in order to improve function and usability these materials. The results of optical microscope metallographic, hardness and scratch test are presented. The main assumption for this study was to analyze the microstructure and hardness after remelting and alloying the surface of 316L steel (using GTAW method) with current intensity 50 A.

12

The effect of different surface treatments of 316L steel on adhesive joint strength

Kłonica M.

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

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2018

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no. 1

83--89

EN

The present paper examines selected strength test results of adhesive joints of 316L steel after different types of surface treatment. The analysis focuses on the effect of surface layer treatment on the value of selected 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters with regards to adhesive joint strength. In addition, the Abbott-Firestone curve (bearing area curve) is examined in order to provide information on the state of the surface in terms of its suitability for adhesive joining. Experimental data from shear strength tests of 316L steel specimens bonded with Loctite EA 9466 was subjected to comparative analysis. The final section draws conclusions from the study.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań dotyczące skuteczności klejenia stali 316L po różnych sposobach przygotowania powierzchni. Analizowano wpływ przygotowania warstwy wierzchniej na wartości wybranych parametrów chropowatości powierzchni 2D oraz 3D w aspekcie wytrzymałości połączeń klejowych. Ponadto analizie poddano krzywą Abbotta-Firestone`a (krzywa udziału nośnego), która zawiera informacje o stanie powierzchni w aspekcie jej przydatności eksploatacyjnej. Zestawiono wyniki uzyskanych naprężeń ścinających w badaniach eksperymentalnych dla próbek wykonanych ze stali 316L z udziałem kleju Loctite EA 9466. Pracę zakończono wnioskami.

13

Studies of the Corrosion Resistance Properties of Bone Screws Made from 316L Stainless Steel in Ringer's Solution

Kajzer A., Antonowicz M., Ziębowicz B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 1

323--328

EN

Stainless steel 316L is one of the most common metallic biomaterials used for implants. Its passive surface provides a good corrosion resistance in the body environment, which can be reduced by surface mechanical damages. This is the reason why the bone screws made of stainless steel 316L were subjected to laboratory analysis in the initial state, after diversified implantation period and after mechanical damage of the surface. The mechanical damages were estimated on the basis of stereoscopic and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In order to estimate the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, potentiodynamic and potentiostatic examinations were performed. On the basis of obtained results it can be stated that despite the visible damages on the surface, the investigated screws present a good pitting corrosion resistance. However, the way the screws were fastened caused frictional corrosion and existing cavities led to crevice corrosion. Moreover, clear correlation between magnitude of mechanical damages of the surface, implantation time and screws corrosion resistance was observed.

14

Porównanie wpływu tlenu resztkowego w gazie formującym na wybrane właściwości złączy stali 304L oraz 316L spawanych TIG orbitalnie

Drabarz M., Chmielewski T., Golański D.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2017

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R. 89, nr 5

117--122

PL

W pracy opisano wpływ stężenia tlenu resztkowego w gazie formującym na wybrane właściwości spoin czołowych stali 304L oraz 316L wykonanych metodą spawania orbitalnego TIG. Przeprowadzono próby spawania z gazem formującym Ar z zawartością tlenu na poziomie 6 ppm oraz 500 ppm. Uzyskane złącza porównano pod względem budowy strukturalnej oraz rozkładów twardości.

EN

This paper describes the effect of the concentration of residual oxygen in the forming gas on selected properties of the butt weld of steel 304L and 316L made by orbital TIG welding method. Welding tests were conducted in Argonium forming gas with oxygen content of 6 ppm and 500 ppm. The resulting joints were compared in terms of structural composition, geometry and hardness distribution.

15

Laser alloying of 316L steel with boron and nickel

Mikołajczak D., Kulka M., Makuch N., Dziarski P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 84, nr 1

32--40

EN

Purpose: The aim of the study was to improve the hardness and tribological properties of austenitic 316L steel by laser alloying with boron and nickel. Design/methodology/approach: The relatively low wear resistance of austenitic 316L steel could be improved by an adequate surface treatment. Laser alloying was developed as an alternative for time- and energy-consuming thermo-chemical treatment, e.g. diffusion boriding. In the present study, laser alloying of 316L steel with boron and nickel was carried out as the two-stage process. Firstly, the outer surface of the sample was coated with the paste, consisting of the mixture of boron and nickel powders, blended with a diluted polyvinyl alcohol solution. Second stage consisted in laser re-melting of the paste coating together with the base material. Laser treatment was carried out with the use of the TRUMPF TLF 2600 Turbo CO2 laser. The multiple laser tracks were formed on the surface. The microstructure was observed with the use of an optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) Tescan Vega 5135. The phase analysis was carried out by PANalytical EMPYREAN X-ray diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation. Hardness profile was determined along the axis of laser track. Wear resistance was studied using MBT-01 tester. Findings: The use of the adequate laser processing parameters (laser beam power, scanning rate, overlapping) caused that free of cracks and gas pores and the uniform laseralloyed layer in respect of the thickness was produced. In the microstructure, only two zones were observed: laser re-melted zone (MZ) and the substrate. There were no effects of heat treatment below MZ. Heat-affected zone (HAZ) was invisible because the austenitic steel could not be hardened by typical heat treatment (austenitizing and quenching). The produced laser-alloyed layer was characterized by improved hardness and wear resistance compared to the base material. Research limitations/implications: The application of proposed surface treatment in industry will require the appropriate corrosion resistance. In the future research, the corrosion behaviour of the produced layer should be examined and compared to the behaviour of 316L steel without surface layer. Practical implications: The proposed layer could be applied in order to improve the hardness and tribological properties of austenitic steels. Originality/value: This work is related to the new conception of surface treatment of austenitic steels, consisting in laser alloying with boron and some metallic elements.

16

Laser alloying of 316L steel with boron and Stellite-6

Mikołajczak D., Kulka M., Makuch N., Dziarski P.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2017

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Vol. 38, nr 6

259--265

EN

Austenitic 316L steel belongs to one of the most numerous groups of alloys with special properties. It is well-known for its most effective balance of carbon, chromium, nickel and molybdenum concentrations for corrosion resistance. However, under conditions of appreciable mechanical wear (adhesive or abrasive), this steel should be characterized by suitable wear protection. Diffusion boronizing and laser alloying with boron were often used in order to improve tribological properties of 316L steel. In this study, the method of laser alloying was modified in this way that alloying material contained the mixture of amorphous boron and Stellite-6 powders. The coated surface was remelted by the laser beam using TRUMPF TLF 2600 Turbo CO2 laser. After the laser alloying process, the composite surface layer was produced. Only two zones occurred in the laser-alloyed 316L steel: remelted zone and the substrate (base material). Heat-affected zone was invisible because the austenitic steel could not be hardened by typical heat treatment. The remelted zone consisted of hard ceramic phases (iron, chromium and nickel borides) in the soft austenitic matrix with the increased concentration of cobalt. Some properties of this layer were investigated and compared to the laser-alloyed layer with boron only. The produced layer was characterized by a compact microstructure which was free of cracks and gas pores. The layer was also uniform in respect of the thickness because of the high overlapping used during the laser treatment (86%). The obtained thickness was significantly higher than that obtained in case of diffusion boriding. In spite of the lower hardness of remelted zone, the increase in wear resistance of the proposed surface layer was observed in comparison with laser-alloyed 316L austenitic steel with boron only.

PL

Stal 316L jest powszechnie stosowanym materiałem odpornym na korozję i żaroodpornym. Te korzystne właściwości zawdzięcza jednofazowej, austenitycznej mikrostrukturze i odpowiedniej zawartości węgla, chromu, niklu i molibdenu. To sprawia, że materiał ten jest stosowany często tam, gdzie jest spodziewane agresywne środowisko lub wysoka temperatura. Celem pracy było przeprowadzenie stopowania laserowego stali 316L z zastosowaniem materiału stopującego w postaci mieszaniny amorficznego boru i proszku Stellite-6. Bor amorficzny miał prowadzić do wytworzenia w strefie przetopionej twardych borków żelaza, chromu i niklu, podstawowych pierwiastków występujących w stali 316L. Dodatek kobaltu, głównego składnika proszku Stellite-6, miał powodować ograniczenie udziału borków w mikrostrukturze i sprzyjać jego odporności korozyjnej. Spodziewano się znacznego zwiększenia twardości oraz odporności na zużycie przez tarcie wytworzonej warstwy powierzchniowej w porównaniu ze stalą 316L nie poddaną żadnej obróbce.

17

Analiza cech geometrycznych powierzchni stali 316l po różnych sposobach obróbki

Kłonica M.

Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering

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2016

|

Vol. 2, nr 1

73--79

EN

The paper presents selected results of the surface quality. Selected surface roughness parameters 2D and 3D were analyzed. An intensive development of various surface topography measuring surface techniques allows the prediction of the functional attributes of the surface and also evaluation of its quality. The results of the evaluation of surface roughness is highly influenced by their measurement strategy. The work was completed proposals.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań jakości powierzchni. Analizie poddano wybrane parametry chropowatości powierzchni 2D oraz 3D. Intensywny rozwój różnych technik pomiaru topografii powierzchni pozwala na przewidywanie właściwości funkcjonalnych powierzchni oraz ocenę jej jakości. Na wyniki oceny parametrów chropowatości duży wpływ ma strategia ich pomiaru. Pracę zakończono wnioskami.

18

Preparation and preliminary study of the properties of electrophoretically depositied nc-TiO2 coatings on 316L steel

Ledwig P., Dubiel B.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2016

|

Vol. 37, nr 6

300--305

EN

TiO2 coatings on 316L steel were obtained by use of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. Potential zeta of nc-TiO2 particles in suspensions containing water and ethanol in different ratios was measured. Suspensions’ pH was stabilized by addition of acetic or citric acid and ammonia solution. Addition of citric acid in small amount decreased the zeta potential. Optimal suspensions’ parameters for cathodophoretic and anodophoretic deposition were selected based on the results of zeta potential measurements versus pH for suspensions with different water–ethanol concentration. For the chosen suspensions the rate of TiO2 deposition was measured. Coatings’ cohesion was improved by sintering or addition of biopolymer (chitosan) into suspension. The microstructure of coatings was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The roughness and thickness of the coatings were measured by optical profilometer. The corrosion resistance in Ringer’s solution was examined by use of polarization curves. The corrosion resistance of coated steel was higher than that of uncoated one. For sintered coatings the corrosion currents were lower, but the passive area was larger for not sintered ones. The contact angle of the coatings was measured using a sitting drop method and superhydrophilic properties of TiO2 coatings were confirmed. Manufactured coatings may be potentially used as self-cleaning materials. Additionally, TiO2 coatings improve corrosion resistance of steel and exhibit good bactericidal properties. These characteristics may make this sort of materials potentially useful also for medical purposes.

PL

Celem pracy było wytworzenie powłok nc-TiO2 na stali 316L metodą osadzania elektroforetycznego zarówno anodowego, jak i katodowego, a także zbadanie ich mikrostruktury, odporności na korozję oraz zwilżalności.

19

Badania własności fizykochemicznych płytki kątowej ze stali 316L

Kajzer A., Antonowicz M.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2016

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Vol. 83, nr 7

302--304

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań własności mechanicznych i fizykochemicznych płytki kątowej do leczenia złamań międzykrętarzowych, wykonanej ze stali 316L odpornej na korozję w stanie umocnionym o powierzchni polerowanej elektrochemicznie i pasywowanej chemicznie. Płytka została usunięta z organizmu po 18 miesiącach. Analizowano wpływ ilości uszkodzeń mechanicznych powierzchni na chropowatość oraz odporność na korozję wżerową. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że w miejscach o licznych uszkodzeniach mechanicznych powierzchni, wartości parametru Ra przekraczają 0,16 μm. Wpływa to na obniżenie odporności korozyjnej w tych obszarach w odniesieniu do powierzchni nieuszkodzonych.

EN

The paper presents results of mechanical and physicochemical properties of the angular bone plates, made of cold-worked 316L stainless steel, electrochemically polished and chemically passivated designed for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. The plate was removed from the body after 18 months. The influence of mechanical surface damage on roughness and pitting corrosion resistance were analyzed. It has been found based on the obtained results that in areas with mechanically damaged surface the Ra parameter exceed 0.16 μm. This affects the decrease in pitting corrosion resistance in these areas in relation to the unaffected surfaces.

20

Badania porównawcze wytrzymałości na ścinanie klejowych połączeń zakładkowych stali 316L po „szokach termicznych”

Kłonica M., Kuczmaszewski J.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2015

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T. 21, Nr 2 (164)

125--130

PL

W pracy przedstawiono badania porównawcze wytrzymałości statycznej na ścinanie zakładkowych połączeń klejowych wykonanych ze stali 316L. Badania miały charakter porównawczy i dotyczyły połączeń klejowych poddanych zmiennym obciążeniom cieplnym oraz połączeń niepoddanych takim szokom. Połączenia klejowe są coraz częściej stosowanym sposobem łączenia w odpowiedzialnych maszynach i urządzeniach eksploatowanych w warunkach zmiennych obciążeń termomechanicznych. Technika klejenia, dzięki postępowi w dziedzinie chemii materiałów adhezyjnych, ciągle się rozwija. Analizowano wyniki badań wytrzymałości statycznej na ścinanie, uzyskanej dla różnych sposobów przygotowania materiału do operacji klejenia. Uzyskane wyniki z przeprowadzonych badań opracowano statystycznie z zachowaniem właściwych standardów naukowych. Zakres badań obejmował stosunkowo krótki cykl zmęczeniowy, wynosił on 200 cykli przy zakresie zmienności -40 °C + +60 °C. Celem głównym badań było sprawdzenie podatności połączeń na zmiany wytrzymałości pod wpływem zmęczenia cieplnego.

EN

The article presents results of comparative research of shearing strength of 316L steel single-lap adhesive bonded joints. Adhesive bonding is increasingly being applied as structural joining technique in highly reliable machines and appliances operating in the circumstances of variable thermomechanical loads. The bonding technology, thanks to a progress in the adhesive materials chemistry is continuously developing. Results of static shearing strength of single-lap adhesive bonded joints for different variations of material preparing were analyzed. The obtained results of the conducted research have been elaborated statistically with respect to the appropriate scientific standards. The range of research covered relatively short fatigue cycle, that is 200 cycles in range of temperatures between -40°C and +60°C. Determining the susceptibility of joints to changes of durability by the influence of the thermal fatigue was the main aim of investigations.