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Utlenianie 2,4-dichlorofenolu z zastosowaniem homogenicznego fotosensybilizatora

Foszpańczyk M., Gmurek M., Ledakowicz S.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2015

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Nr 3

79--81

PL

Chlorofenole są zanieczyszczeniami występującymi w wodzie. Ze względu na ich toksyczność oraz dużą odporność na degradację wciąż poszukiwane są nowe metody ich usuwania. Procesem pozwalającym na ich usunięcie jest fotosensybilizowane utlenianie. Badania wykonane z wykorzystaniem lampy ksenonowej wykazały, że proces jest energochłonny. Jednakże zastosowanie światła widzialnego pozwala znacznie obniżyć koszty. Badania uwzględniające energię niezbędną do zapoczątkowania reakcji, wzbudzenia fotouczulacza, wykazały, że jest ona na tyle niższa, że proces może być prowadzony z zastosowaniem promieniowania słonecznego jako źródłem światła.

EN

Chlorophenols are toxic water contaminants. Existing methods of water purification are not able to degrade them. Photosensitized oxidation process permits to remove aqueous pollution using visible light. The results showed that application of Xenon lamps (as a Vis light source) is energy consuming. However, when the sunlight will be used as a light source the energy cost is negligible. Moreover, results showed that energy necessary to initiate the process is quite low and the process can be led by the Sun as a light source. It can be concluded that photosensitized oxidation process can be conducted with the use of solar radiation in Polish conditions.

2

Degradations of 2,4-dichlorophenol and polychlorinated biphenyls with zero valent iron under subcritical conditions. Importance of subcritical water oxidation

Oh S.-Y., Yoon M.-K.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 3

73--86

EN

The abiotic transformations of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been examined in the presence and of zero valent iron (Fe(0)) under subcritical conditions. It was found that the degradation of DCP was significantly enhanced, showing complete degradation of DCP in 3 h at 300 °C. Control experiments without Fe(0) indicated that the removal of DCP in the iron–water system was mostly due to subcritical water oxidation and that the enhancement of degradation in the presence of Fe(0) was less significant. Regardless of Fe(0), PCBs were rapidly decomposed, showing 93% destruction in 5 h at 300 °C. Product identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the reductive transformation of DCP and PCBs w Fe(0) existed under subcritical conditions. Our results suggest that subcritical water degradation may be a possible remediation option to treat DCP and PCBs in water and soil.

3

Porównanie węgla aktywnego i nanorurek węglowych jako adsorbentów do usuwania 2,4-dichlorofenolu z wody

Świątkowski A., Kuśmierek K.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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T. 16, nr 3

293--301

PL

Celem prezentowanej pracy było porównanie węgla aktywnego i nanorurek węglowych jako adsorbentów do usuwania 2,4-dichlorofenolu z wody. Do badań wybrano węgiel aktywny L2S Ceca o powierzchni właściwej 945 m2/g oraz wielościenne nanorurki węglowe o niemodyfikowanej powierzchni (SBET = 181 m2/g). Zbadano zarówno kinetykę adsorpcji, jak i adsorpcję w stanie równowagi. 2,4-dichlorofenol adsorbował się szybciej na nanorurkach niż na węglu aktywnym, jednak z o wiele mniejszą skutecznością. Po osiągnięciu równowagi (po 2 godzinach) na nanorurkach zaadsorbowało się 19% chlorofenolu, natomiast na węglu aktywnym (po 5 godzinach) prawie 91%. Kinetyka przebiegała zgodnie z modelem pseudo II rzędu, współczynniki korelacji R2 wynosiły powyżej 0,99. Izotermy adsorpcji 2,4-dichlorofenolu w warunkach statycznych zostały opisane modelem Langmuira. Zastosowano pięć różnych form prostoliniowych równania Langmuira. Uzyskane wysokie wartości współczynników korelacji świadczą o dobrym dopasowaniu modelu teoretycznego do izoterm doświadczalnych. Wartości stałych qm są wielokrotnie wyższe dla węgla aktywnego niż nanorurek węglowych, co dowodzi, że 2,4-dichlorofenol adsorbuje się o wiele lepiej na węglu aktywnym niż na wielościennych nanorurkach węglowych.

EN

Adsorption is one of the well-established and effective techniques for the removal of chlorophenols from natural environment. The aim of the present study was to compare the activated carbon and carbon nanotubes as adsorbents for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from water. As adsorbent the activated carbon L2S Ceca (SBET = 945 m2/g) and unmodified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SBET = 181 m2/g) were chosen. Both the kinetic and adsorption equilibria were investigated. Adsorption quantities were determined by high- -performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector. The kinetic experiments were carried out for initial concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol 1.0 mmol/dm3 and 0.05 g of adsorbent. The results showed that 2,4-dichlorophenol was adsorbed more rapidly on carbon nanotubes than onto activated carbon. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 2 and about 5-6 hours on carbon nanotubes and activated carbon, respectively. In order to investigate the kinetics of adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol the constants were determined in terms of the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. The pseudo-second-order model fits the experimental data quite well with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. These results indicate that the adsorption system belongs to the second-order kinetic model. In adsorption isotherm studies, solutions of 2,4-dichlorophenol with different initial concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mmol/dm3) were shaken for 3 hours (carbon nanotubes) or 6 hours (activated carbon). The adsorption data were analyzed by a regression analysis to fit the five linearized expressions of Langmuir isotherm model. The values of the coefficient of correlation (>0.99) obtained from Langmuir 1, 2 and 5 expressions indicate that there is strong positive evidence that the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on activated carbon and carbon nanotubes follows the Langmuir isotherm. The lower coefficient of correlation values for Langmuir 3 and 4 linear expressions, suggest that it is not appropriate to use this type of linearization. Significantly higher values of qm determined from the Langmuir plots indicate that the 2,4-dichlorophenol is adsorbed better on activated carbon than multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

4

Technological aspects of the synthesis of 2,4-dichlorophenol

Białek A., Moszczyński W.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2009

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Vol. 11, nr 2

21-30

EN

The main factors influencing the selectivity of chlorophenols synthesis were described. The loss of raw materials and the composition of wastes obtained in a conventional technology of 2,4-D production based on 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) of the 89% purity were presented. The influence of some homogenous catalysts on the selectivity of 2,4-dichlorophenol obtained in phenol and chlorine reaction was examined. Using the combined catalyst enables to chlorinate selectively the monochlorophenols to 2,4-DCP without an undesirable increasing of the 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol contents. The catalyst transformations during the reaction of phenol chlorination were investigated and the method of its elimination after the reaction was elaborated.