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1

Badania na ścinanie belek zbrojonych podłużnie i poprzecznie prętami FRP

Szczech Damian, Kotynia Renata

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 4

32--36

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przegląd literatury w dziedzinie badania na ścinanie belek zbrojonych podłużnie i poprzecznie prętami FRP. Przegląd badań obejmuje zestawienie parametrów różnych zmiennych: rodzaju zastosowanego zbrojenia; wysokości użytecznej elementu; szerokości belek; smukłości ścinania; wytrzymałości betonu na ściskanie; stopnia zbrojenia podłużnego i poprzecznego; modułu sprężystości prętów; kształtu strzemion; porównania z elementami zbrojonymi prętami stalowymi, a także schematu statycznego. Na podstawie przeglądu wiedzy zaproponowano program badań własnych.

EN

This article presents a review of research in the field of shear tests of beams with longitudinal and transverse FRP reinforcement. The research review includes a summary of the parameters of various variables: type of reinforcement, depth of the element, width of the beams, shear span to depth ratio, compressive strength of concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratio, modulus of elasticity of bars, shape of stirrups, comparison with elements reinforced with steel bars, as well as the static scheme. Based on the foreign studies the own research program has been proposed.

2

Effects of alkali solution concentration and soaking time on mechanical properties of coconut fibre

Kondo Y., Arsyad M., Ahmad A., Soenoko R., Arman A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 124, nr 2

62--70

EN

Purpose: The study aims to determine the effect of the treatment of alkali solution concentration and soaking time on the mechanical properties of coconut fibre. Design/methodology/approach: The study consists of preparing materials and equipment, immersion of coconut fibre in an alkali solution, drying in a furnace, testing, analysis of test results, and conclusions. Materials and equipment used are coconut fibre, alkali solution, polyester matrix, distilled water, furnace, hydrolysis test, tensile test, and SEM analysis. The sample had two treatments; the first was coconut fibre, which was soaked in the sodium hydroxide solution with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations for 3 hours. The second treatment was coconut fibre soaked in the sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 20% for 1, 5, 7, 9, and 11 hours. The samples were then dried in a furnace at 90ºC for 5 hours, and then a hydrolysis test, tensile test, pull-out test, and SEM analysis were carried out. Findings: The results suggest that for immersion in an alkali solution of 20%, the highest tensile strength of coconut coir fibre was obtained in soaking for 3 hours at 280.94 N/mm2, and the highest bonding strength between coconut coir fibres with a matrix polyester was obtained at 5 hours immersion at 7.86 N/mm2. Research limitations/implications: In the given study, coconut fibre was treated by soaking it in 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% sodium hydroxide solution. Then, a single fibre tensile test was carried out, and a pull-out test was carried out to determine the mechanical properties of coconut fibre as a required effect that had been given. Subsequent studies can be carried out with other treatments using other chemical solutions, such as hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate. Originality/value: The tensile strength of coconut fibre without treatment was 186.42 N/mm2, whereas after being immersed in 20% sodium hydroxide solution, the tensile strength became 280.94 N/mm2. Likewise, the shear strength of the interface between the fibre and the polyester matrix was 1.85 N/mm2 for untreated coconut fibre to 3.09 N/mm2 for coconut fibre soaked in a 20% sodium hydroxide solution. The results of the study are intended as data for the use of coconut fibre as a natural fibre-reinforced composite material, for example, as a raw material for fishing boat walls.

3

Experimental and numerical analysis of shear performance of reinforced concrete beams with double openings

Chen Zongping, Xu Ruitian, Ling Zhiyan, Liang Ying, Lu Shiying, Qin Longshou

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e195, 2023

EN

In order to study the influence of load position and chamfer opening on the shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with double openings, five 1/3 RC beams were subjected to three equal point loading tests and ABAQUS finite element analysis. The study revealed that the position of the opening in the structure has a significant impact. When the opening is located in the bend-shearing section, shear force cannot be transmitted, resulting in brittle shear failure of the top chord. In contrast, if the opening is in the pure bending section, bending failure of the specimen occurs. The top chord's cross section exhibits a neutral axis, resembling a short beam, leading to the redistribution of normal stress at the opening. Shear capacity decreases as the loading point moves inward from the outside of the opening. Rectangular openings demonstrate better mechanical properties compared to chamfered openings. The findings from finite element analysis (FEA) suggest that the shear performance of RC beams with double openings is mainly influenced by the length of the opening in the bend-shearing section. The shear capacity relies on the presence of shear stirrups with the same length of the opening in the bend-shearing section. As a result, a revised calculation method for the shear bearing capacity of RC beams with double openings, based on different countries' standards, has been proposed. The revised approach was validated using experimental and FE specimens from this study, along with 32 RC beams with double openings from the previous literature. The calculated results demonstrate a satisfactory level of safety, with the revised Chinese standard deviation within 10%.

4

Zachowanie się kotew metalowych do betonu pod obciążeniem statycznym

Waśniewski Tomasz, Habiera-Waśniewska Elżbieta

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2022

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R. 78, nr 5-6

226--231

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rodzaje kotew metalowych stosowanych do betonu i sposoby przekazywania obciążenia z ich korpusu na podłoże. Omówiono różnice i ograniczenia wynikające z budowy poszczególnych kotew. Przedstawiono modele zniszczenia i zachowanie się kotew na skutek ich wyciągania bądź ścinania. Poruszono także niezwykle ważny aspekt instalacji kotew w podłożu zarysowanym.

EN

The paper presents the types of metal fasteners used in concrete and the ways of transferring the load from their body to the concrete. Differences and limitations resulting from the construction of particular fasteners are discussed. Models of failure and behaviour of the fasteners due to tension or shear are presented. An extremely important aspect of anchor installation in cracked concrete is also discussed.

5

Przegląd metod wzmacniania konstrukcji żelbetowych przy użyciu materiałów kompozytowych

Kotynia Renata

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2022

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R. 78, nr 11-12

503--515

PL

W pracy przedstawiono sposoby wzmacniania elementów żelbetowych przy użyciu biernych i czynnych systemów wzmacniania materiałami z włóknami węglowymi CFRP przyklejanymi na powierzchni betonu lub wklejanymi w betonowe bruzdy. Omówiono zagadnienia wzmocnień dotyczące zginania i ścinania sposobem biernym oraz czynne systemy wzmocnień. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań własnych prowadzonych w Katedrze Budownictwa Betonowego PŁ w zakresie wzmocnień na zginanie metodami EBR oraz NSMR przy użyciu biernych i czynnych technik. Dodatkowo przedstawiono wyniki badań własnych wzmocnień na ścinanie przy użyciu taśm i mat przyklejanych na zewnętrznej powierzchni oraz taśm wklejanych metodą NSMR.

EN

The paper presents strengthening methods of reinforced concrete elements using passive and active strengthening systems with CFRP carbon fibre materials bonded on the concrete surface or embedded in concrete grooves. The issues of passive and active flexural and shear strengthening have been discussed. The results of own research, carried out at the Department of Concrete Structures, have been presented in the field of flexural strengthening by EBR and NSMR methods, using both passive and active techniques. Additionally, the results of the own research on shear strengthening using strips bonded on the surface using the NSMR method have been presented.

6

Improvement of the graphical method for plotting the shear and moment diagrams for members subjected to linearly varying loads

Husain Muhammed Abbas, Ali Abdulkhaliq Salim

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 27, no. 1

46--66

EN

This study presents an improvement of the graphical method for plotting the shear and moment diagrams for the structural members under linearly varying loads (triangular and trapezoidal loads). Based on the parabolic nature of the shear function, when the loading varies linearly, and on the relations among load, shear, and moment, a mathematical equation is developed to locate the zero-shear point, while a geometric technique is presented to calculate the parabolic shear area. Five comprehensive examples of beams loaded with linearly varying loads are selected to illustrate the steps of the solution for the proposed techniques. The results demonstrated the applicability of the presented method, and gave exact diagrams compared with the basic graphical method. It is concluded that the proposed improved method is generally more convenient, less time-consuming, and has less computational efforts because it does not require sectioning, solving equilibrium equations, and quadratic formulas compared with the basic graphical method.

7

Shear recovery of patched reinforced concrete beams with web reinforcements

Kristiawan Stefanus Adi, Supriyadi Agus, Saifullah Halwan Alfisa

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 2

185--196

EN

Damage occurring on a reinforced concrete beam (e.g. spalling) can reduce beam’s capacity to withstand external loads. The damage becomes more critical if it is occurred in the shear span since it may lead to shear failure. Patching to the damage zone by suitable patch repair material could be the best option in restoring the shear capacity of the beam. This research investigates the shear recovery of patched reinforced concrete beams with web reinforcement. The patching material used is unsaturated polyester resin mortar. The shear recovery is assessed on the basis of the patched beam’s behavior under flexure-shear load in comparison with those of normal beams. The behavior observed include cracking failure mode, strains of the reinforcements, and load-deflection behavior. The results indicate that the UPR mortar is capable to restore the strength of the damage reinforced concrete beam. The characteristic of UPR mortar (low elastic modulus and high strength) can be the origin of the overall behavior of the patched reinforced concrete beams.

8

Rheological properties of paste for self-compacting concrete with admixtures

Liu He, Duan Guangchao, Zhang Jingyi, Yang Yanhai

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 3

585--599

EN

The paste content in the self-compacting concrete is about 40% in unit volume. The rheological properties of paste directly determine the properties of self-compacting concrete. In this paper, the effect of silica fume (2, 3, 4, and 5%), limestone powder (5, 10 and 15%), and the viscosity modified admixture (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7%) on the rheological properties were investigated. The effect of admixtures on shear thickening response was discussed based on the modified Bingham model. The results indicate that yield stress and plastic viscosity increased with increased silica fume and viscosity modified admixture replacement. The paste’s yield stress increases and then decreases with limestone powder replacement. The critical shear stress and minimum plastic viscosity are improved by silica fume and viscosity modifying admixture. The critical shear stress first increases and decreases as the limestone powder replacement increases. A reduction in the shear thickening response of paste was observed with silica fume and viscosity modified admixture replacement increase.

9

Wzmocnienie ścinanych ścian z bloczków z betonu komórkowego przy użyciu mat FRP

Kałuża Marta, Kubica Jan

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2021

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R. 77, nr 9-10

434--437

PL

Przedstawiono analizę wyników badań ścian wykonanych z bloczków ABK, wzmocnionych nowoczesnymi materiałami FRP. Omówiono zmiany parametrów wytrzymałościowych, odkształceniowych i sposobu zniszczenia ścian wzmocnionych w odniesieniu do ścian niewzmocnionych. Potwierdzono pozytywny wpływ zbadanego ułożenia mat CFRP, wskazując jednocześnie na ograniczenie przy stosowaniu mat GFRP.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the test results for walls made of AAC blocks strengthened using modern FRP materials. A detailed discussion of changes in strength and deformation parameters as well as the mode of failure of strengthened walls in relation to unstrengthened walls is presented. Tested arrangement of CFRP sheets has been proven to have a positive effecl. At the same time, limitation in the use of GFRP sheets was indicated.

10

Sprawdzanie nośności murowych ścian ścinanych

Jasiński Radosław

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2021

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R. 77, nr 9-10

428--433

PL

Przedstawiono postępowanie przy sprawdzaniu nośności przekroju ściany ścinanej przy wykorzystaniu wykresu interakcji, zbudowanego według zaleceń Eurokodu 6 (prEN 1996-1-1:2019). Sformułowano niezbędne równania określające nośność przekroju w funkcji pionowego obciążenia NEd. Przeanalizowano wpływ kształtu ściany oraz mimośrodu obciążenia pionowego na kształt wykresu interakcji.

EN

This paper describes the procedure for verifying shear load capacity by means of the interaction diagram drawn as specified in Eurocode 6 (prEN 1996-1-1:2019). Necessary equations for determining load-carrying capacity of cross-section against vertical load NEd were worked out. The effect of wall shape and eccentricity of vertical load on the shape of the interaction diagram was analysed.

11

Numerical Modeling of the Degradation of the Normal Stress Under Large Number of Shearcycles

Bellayoune Assia, Messast Salah, Boulon Marc

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

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Vol. 31, no. 3

118--133

EN

The evaluation of friction is an important element in the verification of stability and the determination of the bearing capacity of piles. In the case of cyclic stress, the soil-pile interface has a relaxation which corresponds to a fall in the horizontal stress which represents the normal stress at the lateral surface of the pile. This paper presents an explicit formulation to express the degradation of the normal stress after a large number of shear cycles as a function of cyclic parameters. In this study we are interested in the exploitation of the cyclic shear tests carried out by Pra-ai with imposed normal rigidity (CNS) in order to demonstrate the phenomenon of falling of the normal stress. The approach presented in this paper consists in proposing a simple expression for estimating the degradation of normal stress as a function of cyclic shear parameters after a large number of cycles. The validation of this approach is verified by the application of this formulation to a real case where the comparison of the simulations made by this approach with those recorded on site shows the good adaptation of this approach to this type of problems.

12

Finite Element Modeling of Self-Compacting Concrete Beams Under Shear

Hosseinimehrab lham, Sadeghi Abbasali, Noroozinejad Farsangi Ehsan

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

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Vol. 31, no. 4

1--16

EN

Development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a very desirable achievement in the reinforced concrete (RC) structures for overcoming issues associated with many problems such as congestions of steel reinforcement. This non-vibrating concrete is not affected by the skill of workers, and the shape and amount of reinforcing bar arrangement of a structure. Due to the high fluidity and resisting power of reinforcing of SCC, it can be pumped longer distances. In this study, the finite element (FE) modeling of three SCC beams in shear while taking into account, the flexural tensile strength of concrete is computed and the results are compared with the available experimental tested reinforced SCC beams. The stirrups are located at 75 mm apart from the end of beams up to the loading point. The electrical strain gauges (ESGs) have been embedded on the stirrups and their strain readings are taken for every step of load increment. For modeling longitudinal steel reinforcing bars and concrete, the 3-D elements with 2-node and 8-node, are used respectively. The comparison of results obtained by two methods is indicated that a good satisfactory agreement is achieved.

13

High flow, low shear impellers versus high shear impellers; dispersion of oil drops in water and other examples

Pacek Andrzej W., Nienow Alvin W.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 42, nr 2

77–-90

EN

Flow patterns generated by two ChemShear impellers, CS 2 and CS 4 have been measured and flow numbers calculated; Fl = 0.04 for both impellers. Transient and equilibrium drop sizes, d32 μm of 3 different viscosity silicone oils agitated by a high-shear Rushton turbine, RT, a low-shear, high-flow HE3 impeller and the two ChemShears were determined. The equilibrium d32 are correlated for all impellers, by d32 = 1300(εT )−0.58 max.svv0.14 with an R2 = 0.94. However, the time to reach steady state and the equilibrium size at the same specific power do not match the above descriptors of each impeller’s characteristics. In other literature, these descriptors are also misleading. In the case of mixing time, a high shear RT of the same size as a high flow HE3 requires the same time at the same specific power in vessels of H/T = 1. In bioprocessing, where concern for damage to cells is always present, free suspension animal cell culture with high shear RTs and low-shear impellers is equally effective; and with mycelial fermentations, damage to mycelia is greater with low shear than high. The problems with these descriptors have been known for some time but mixer manufacturers and ill-informed users and researchers continue to employ them.

14

Structural performance of reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints with high-strength bars

Kim Sang-Woo, Chang Hyo-Jun

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 3

200--213

EN

This study evaluates the structural performance of reinforced concrete interior beam–column joints having high-strength screw-type steel bars mechanically connected with couplers. A total of six full-scale specimens were cast and subjected to repeated cyclic lateral loads. High-strength screw-type reinforcing bars, with a yield strength of 690 MPa, were used as longitudinal reinforcement of the specimens. The main test variables were designed with and without couplers and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio of the beam. The couplers were applied to the plastic hinge zones of columns and beams to maximize their impact. The experiment confirmed that the flexural cracks generated near the couplers slightly influenced the initial stiffness, the yielding point of the longitudinal reinforcement of the beams, and the displacement at peak load of the specimens. However, the load versus story drift relationship, the peak load, and the ductility capacity of the specimens were not significantly affected. In addition, the analytical results obtained using the current structural design codes and finite element analysis were similar to the experimental results.

15

Rehabilitation of RC flexural members in shear with externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer composites: present status and future need

Kar Swapnasarit, Biswal K. C.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 3

752--775

EN

The present study gives an up-to-date, state-of-the-art review of the application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as an external shear strengthening material for reinforced concrete (RC) flexural members. Based on the critical review of more than a hundred experimental studies, this study discusses the influence of different parameters on the shear behavior of FRP strengthened RC beams. In addition, the present study discusses some of the widely used existing design guidelines for the prediction of the shear contribution of FRP composites. Along with these, this study also briefly discourses the application of numerical methods and soft-computing tools in the field of rehabilitation of shear-deficient RC flexural members using EB-FRP composites. Based on the parametric investigation, the current study empowers readers to recognize the existing gaps in the literature that should be examined in the future. Finally, the article concludes by summarizing key points of the shear strengthening of RC beams comprising FRP composites.

16

Investigation on integrity assessment tests of WRB metal-polymer-metal composites

Mousa Saeed, Sallam Hossam El-Din M., Kim Gap-Yong, Abd-Elhady Amr A.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

324--334

EN

The warm roll bonding technique was adopted to fabricate Aluminum–polyurethane–Aluminum (Al–PU–Al) composites. Glass whiskers or SiC particles were added to reinforce the inner layer. The main objective of the present study is to examine experimentally the main manufacturing parameters, including interface properties and layer thicknesses, both of which control the strength and integrity of Al–PU–Al composites. For this purpose, three different tests were performed, namely the peel test, the single lap shear test, and the small punch test (SPT). A numerical study was carried out to study the effect of each parameter on the bond, the mechanical behaviors, and fracture behaviors of Al–PU–Al composites using the extended finite element method. The present results indicate that there is a critical diameter of the unbonded circle (D) beyond which the interlayer bonding strength decreases markedly for both the peel and the single lap shear tests. The critical value of D/W equals 0.2 for the peel test and 0.3 for the single lap shear test, where W is the plate width. There is no clear relation between the interlayer bonding strength measured, either from the peel test, or the single lap shear test, and the ultimate load measured from SPT. The mechanical behavior of Al–PU–Al composites measured from SPT is marginally affected by the interfacial bonding strength between the layers. The presence of clearance (0.1 mm) between the SPT specimen and the fixture decreased its ultimate load by about 10% for the bonded specimen, and 30% for the unbonded specimen.

17

Adiabatic shearing mechanism on Al-4.2%Cu alloy bars subjected to electromagnetic loading

Zhang Xu, Huang Yunkai, Meng Shengfei, Zhu Congcong, Li Guangyao, Cui Junjia

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 1

393--405

EN

This paper proposed an electromagnetic loading process with the high-speed impact. Al-4.2% Cu alloy bars were used to employ electromagnetic impact (EI) experiments. Deformation mechanism and microstructure evolution of EI samples were revealed by theoretical model and microstructure characterizations. The EI process had impact force (peak value 40 kN) and impact velocity (peak value 6.7 m/s) during a short time period (1.25 ms). Adiabatic shearing mechanism dominated the whole deformation process, causing that significant microstructure characteristic was adiabatic shear bands (ASBs). The theoretical analysis implied that the formation of ASBs was accounted for the radial velocity gradient. Most plastic deformations concentrated in ASBs, and approximately pure shear deformations resulted in adiabatic temperature rise of 0.33–0.42 Tm inside ASBs. The width of ASBs was about 135 μm, in which original equiaxial grains were elongated into laminated sub-structures. TEM observations showed multi-slip systems were simultaneously actuated due to severe shear deformations. High dislocation density and dislocation tangles distributed with the ASBs. Adiabatic temperature rise and distorted energies drove sub-grains rotate into recrystallization grains (70–280 nm) with large angle grain boundaries. The needed maximum time (45 μs) for rotational dynamic recrystallization was far less than that of plastic deformation, indicating that rotational dynamic recrystallization mechanism contributed to the formation of recrystallization grains.

18

The torsional and shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced RC members

Aydin Abdulkadir Cüneyt, Kiliç Mahmut, Maali Mahyar, Bayrak Bariş, Tunç Erkan

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2021

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Vol. 14, no. 2

47--65

EN

Beams and columns are one of the important structural elements of buildings to take up transverse loads such as axial load, bending moment, shear, and torsion. Present work is an experimental investigation on the shear, torsion, and axial load behavior of the structural members like columns and/or beams. The reinforced concrete members with 0, 30, and 60 kg/m3 of steel fibers were tested for torsion, shear and axial loading for this study. The twist angle, the load-deflection behavior, the ultimate shear strength, the torsional moment, and the critical moments were obtained for the loading type and steel fiber ratios. The results show that the increasing steel fiber ratio, increased the torsional moment capacity and decreased the shear strength capacity. On the other hand, increasing the steel fiber content increased the both axial load and moment capacity of RC columns. The shear strength and the torsional moment capacities are defined by the provision of current codes of practice such as ACI318-19, Eurocode-2, British, Australian and Turkish Standards.

19

Improvement method of calculation reinforced concrete beams on the shear strengthened FRCM system

Blikharskyy Zinoviy, Vegera Pavlo, Vashkevych Rostyslav, Khmil Roman

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2020

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Vol. 2, nr 1

215--222

EN

Determination of shear-load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams (according to the current normative documents), comprises particular recommended values, which do not depend on the parameters of the sample or load. This article de-scribes the methodology for determination the shear strength with suggestions for calculation the coefficient CRd,c and compressed element tilt angle Ѳ while reinforced concrete elements` calculation with the use of “truss model”. In order to confirm the methodology 4 reinforced concrete beams were tested. Tests were performed in order to investigate each particular inclined section separately. Variable parameter was the relative shear span a/d, with its values a/d=2, a/d=1,5 and a/d=1. Another parameter was the usage of composite strengthening system, made for relative shear span a\d=2. Samples were tested as single-span beams subjected to short-term loading. The calculation with the use only the values, given in norms showed significant divergence of results. Using the refined parameter values provided the convergence of results within 16-29% toward overestimation of the experimental data. The composite reinforcement system calculation showed the overestimation of 23%, which is within the same limits as for the control samples.

20

Studying the wear of titanium thread of aircraft fuel filter

Gronek Sebastian, Szczepaniak Paweł, Jastrzębski Grzegorz, Winiarska Urszula, Kamiński Maciej, Krukowski Marek

Journal of KONBiN

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2020

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Vol. 50, iss. 2

83--105

EN

The article presents the tests that were conducted to examine the possibility of the fuel filter shank’s thread shearing under the impact of hydrostatic pressure. Increasedwear due to friction was confirmed on the threads of the titanium shanks that were tested, together with significantly reduced wear of the mating threads and steel sleeves. Shearing tests confirmed that to shear a thread that is worn to a degree similar to the threads that were tested, it is necessary to apply eight times more static pressure than the maximum pressure in the filter. A comparison of the shape of the coils of the thread that was subjected to the pressure test with the thread from the damaged filter demonstrated a significant difference in the wearing of these elements due to friction.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przeprowadzone badania możliwości ścięcia gwintu trzonu z filtra paliwa pod wpływem działania ciśnienia hydrostatycznego. Potwierdzone zostało występowanie znacznego zużycia przez tarcie badanych gwintów tytanowych trzonów oraz wyraźnie mniejszego zużycia współpracujących z nimi gwintów stalowych tulejek. Próby ścinania wykazały, że do ścięcia gwintu zużytego w stopniu zbliżonym do badanych niezbędne jest zastosowanie 8-krotnie większego ciśnienia statycznego niż maksymalne ciśnienie występujące w filtrze. Porównanie kształtu nitek gwintu trzonów poddanych próbie ciśnieniowej z gwintem z filtra, który uległ awarii, wykazało znaczną różnicę w zużyciu tych elementów przez tarcie.