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Mapy plebiscytowe Górnego Śląska

Borowicz D.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

2000

T. 32, nr 4

302-315

Autorka przedstawia stan badań nad mapami, jakie zostały wydane w związku z przeprowadzeniem w marcu 1921 roku głosowania plebiscytowego na obszarze Górnego Śłąska. Z uwagi na specyfikę tego rodzaju map, opisano również ich treść oraz sposoby jej prezentacji.

The political events that took place in 1918 resulted in the transformation of both political and economic relation in European countries. After the World War I numerous new mononational countries were formed. The simultaneous reunification of formerly occupied Polish lands also reached Upper Silesia. The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919 stated that a plebiscite would be taken in Upper Silesia, whose results shall decide on the sovereignty under which the territory is to be placed. This decision resulted in widespread propaganda activities. One the period had also been used as official documents to determine the areas where the plebiscite is to be taken, and later also in the process of delimitation the border between Poland and Germany. There has been no synthesis of the maps commonly referred to as"plebiscite maps" published to date. What is more, there is no commonly accepted definition of "plebiscite maps" in cartographic literature. The plebiscite maps are either considered a part of maps of the nationalities (A. Gawryszewski 1995) or as maps pertaining to the Upper-Silesia regional issues (H. Kot 1970). It can be assumed, that the first plebiscite maps appeared after the Versailles Treaty had been signed, or possibility even before that date, during the preparation to the Paris Peace Conference. It is equally difficult to point out the time period when the last item of that kind were published, as such maps were put out in Germany up to the 1930s. Based on the map contents we can separate such maps into three major groups (H. Kot 1970): 1. Map of the plebiscite area. There are usually administrative maps, basic maps in which future results are to be superimposed, nationality maps, maps of predicted plebiscite results as well as those used to demonstrate the unity and indivisibility of Upper Silesia. These maps functioned as information or propaganda tools (Fig. 1). 2. Plebiscite results maps. First such maps appeared just after the plebiscite itself. In order to show the desired results quantitative mapping methods were used on German maps, the choroplethic method being the most commonly applied, as it demonstrated the German majority in towns. On the contrary, the chorochromatic and nominal point method were most often used on Polish maps, highlighting the Polish majority in rural communes (Fig.2). 3. Maps of the new international borders. This categorycontains maps showing the projected demarcation line in Upper Silesia or the international border after division of the territory, most often based on administrative maps of the plebiscite area (Fig. 3). The majority of plebiscite maps were published by the Germans. This is a result of their specialization in the mapping of Silesia, whose major part was located within Germany. Also, their anxiety of the separation of Silesia from the Reich seemed to have played an important role. The larger number of maps published in Germany also resulted from larger investments in the plebiscite campaign. The majority of maps were published in Berlin, Breslau and Glogau. The inconspicuous number of Polish plebiscite maps was the result of, apart from the strictly economic reasons, the lack of uniform topographic base. The Polish maps were issued mostly in Bytom and Mikołów and also in Lvov, Warsaw, Cracow and Poznań. It was often very difficult to determine the author and publisher of numerous maps. Some of these maps were either translated into German and French, or had miltilingual title and explanation.