Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Annealing effect on microstructure and chemical composition of Inconel 625 alloy

Petrzak P., Kowalski K., Rozmus-Górnikowska M., Dębowska A., Jędrusik M., Koclęga D.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 2

73--80

EN

Our research focused on Inconel 625 weld overlays on 16Mo3 steel boiler pipes. The investigation focused on the characterization of changes in the microstructure and chemical composition after annealing. The annealing was performed for ten hours at temperatures from 600 to 1000°C. Changes in the microstructure were observed with a scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM and TEM). The investigation was supplemented by hardness measurements.

PL

Badania przeprowadzono na napoinach ze stopu Inconel 625 na stali kotłowej 16Mo3. Skoncentrowano się na charakterystyce mikrostruktury i składu chemicznego zmian po wyżarzaniu. Obróbkę cieplną przeprowadzono w temperaturze od 600 do 1000°C przez 10 godzin. Zmiany mikrostruktury obserwowano przy użyciu skaningowej i transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM i TEM). Badania zostały uzupełnione o pomiary twardości.

2

Characterisation of Oxide Coatings Produced on Aluminum Alloys by MAO and Chemical Methods

Jędrusik M., Dębowska A., Kopia A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 1

125--128

EN

The study compared the properties of oxide coatings formed on aluminium alloys produced by: MAO (micro – arc oxidation), and the chemical method (oxidation in acid). Morphology, microstructure and of the coatings was analysed with a scanning electron microscope SEM. Corrosion resistance were tested in potentiometer – dynamic. The layers produced by MAO significantly improved corrosion resistance. Coatings produced after 3 minutes of oxidation had better corrosion resistance than the coatings after 5 minutes of oxidation. The layers produced by chemical method didn’t improve corrosion resistance of aluminium alloy.

3

Prędkość zwęglania drewna w analizie pożarowej konstrukcji drewnianych

Dębowska A.

Roczniki Inżynierii Budowlanej

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2016

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z. 16

95--100

EN

Intensive heating of elements of timber structures in the fire leads to the damage of these structures. Wood is a combustible material and the thickness of the charred layer influences on the shape and dimensions of the cross-section. The paper deals with charring rate of wood as an important parameter in fire resistance of timber structures. The change of charring rate depend on the various properties and factors (density, moisture content, time, heat flux), therefore more research should be carried out to determine a calculation models for the charring rate of wood.

4

Characterization of oxide layers made on aluminum alloy 7075 by different methods

Jędrusik M., Dębowska A., Kopia A., Petrzak P., Koclęga D., Kalemba-Rec I.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 3

187--193

EN

Aluminum and aluminum alloys are now being widely used as materials for structural applications due to a number of valuable properties. Improvement in the functional and decorative properties of aluminum can be obtained by forming an oxide layer on its surface. The aim of the present study was to produce and compare the properties of oxide layers on the surface of aluminum alloy 7075 and compare their properties. The methods that were used during the study were as follows: phosphating, micro-arc oxidation, and a chemical method involving the formation of a passive layer. The layers were subjected to corrosion tests. SEM and EDS methods were used for characterization of the received results. Also, some tests on an optical profilometer were done. It was proven that the micro-arc oxidation method allowed us to obtain a layer with the greatest thickness and highest corrosion resistance.

PL

Glin i jego stopy są obecnie powszechnie wykorzystywanym materiałem do zastosowań konstrukcyjnych ze względu stosunek masy do wytrzymałości. Poprawę własności funkcyjnych i dekoracyjnych aluminium uzyskać można przez wytworzenie warstwy tlenku na jego powierzchni. Celem badań było wytworzenie warstw tlenkowych na podłożu ze stopu aluminium 7075 i porównanie ich właściwości. Zastosowano trzy metody: fosforanowanie, micro-arc oxidation oraz metodę chemiczną polegającą na wytworzeniu warstwy pasywnej. Otrzymane powłoki poddano testom korozyjnym oraz charakteryzowano z zastosowaniem następujących metod: SEM, EDS. Wykonano też badania na profilometrze optycznym. Metoda micro-arc oxidation pozwala na uzyskanie warstwy o największej grubości oraz najlepszej odporności na korozję.

5

Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded stainless steels

Koclęga D., Radziszewska A., Kąc S., Zowczak W., Dębowska A., Jędrusik M., Petrzak P.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 4

213--224

EN

This work presents the laser welding of dissimilar X12CrCoWVNbN12-2-2 and X10CrNi18-10 steels. This system is of interest, as laser welding offers new flexibility in the joining of metals and laser welds (LWs) and are usually of high quality; they are obtained only after the optimization of process parameters. The aim of the work was to investigate the microstructure, chemical composition, and hardness changes of laser-welded steels. After laser welding, two zones were generated in the processed materials: a fusion zone and a heat-affected zone. Due to solidification, a refinement of the microstructure occurred in the fusion zone. Examinations of the chemical composition of particular melted areas showed the occurrence of Nb-rich precipitations. The laser welding of steels led to increased hardness in the fusion zone (about 240–530 HV0.3).

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań różnorodnych złączy spawanych wiązką laserową stali X12CrCoWVNbN12-2-2 i X10CrNi18-10. Zastosowanie wiązki laserowej jest wysoce użyteczne ze względu na nowe możliwości procesu wytwarzania i zwykle wysoką jakość złączy po optymalizacji procesu. Celem pracy była ocena mikrostruktury, składu chemicznego i zmian twardości w złączach spawanych wiązką lasera. Po procesie spawania zaobserwowano dwa główne obszary, tj. linię wtopienia i strefę wpływu ciepła. Podczas krystalizacji w obszarze przy linii wtopienia zaobserwowano rozdrobnienie struktury. Szczegółowa analiza składu chemicznego ujawniła występowania wydzieleń bogatych w Nb w obszarze metalu stopionego. Zaobserwowano, że spawanie laserowe prowadzi do wzrostu twardości w obszarze przy linii wtopienia.

6

Możliwości opracowania map w programie MapInfo Professional 10.5 z wykorzystaniem wybranych metod prezentacji kartograficznej

Dębowska A., Korycka-Skorupa J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 4

317--333

PL

W artykule zanalizowano i oceniono możliwości opracowania map z zastosowaniem wybranych form prezentacji kartograficznej w jednym z programów typu GIS - MapInfo Professional. Kolejno omówiono opracowane w programie mapy kropkowe, izoliniowe, sygnaturowe, chorochromatyczne oraz mapy zasięgów. Podjęto próbę zweryfikowania poprawności rozwiązań metodycznych zastosowanych w programie i opisanych w podręcznikach użytkownika programu MapInfo.

EN

There is no doubt that the use of GIS type programs is widespread. Almost any computer literate person who wants to experiment with the possibilities of the program is able to make an attempt to create a map or another graphic presentation. In the previous issue of Polish Cartographical Review, choropleth and proportional symbol presentation possibilities of the MapInfo Professional 10.5 program were evaluated. This article discusses and evaluates the remaining methods of cartographic presentation: the dot method, the isoline method, the signature method, the qualitative background method and the ranges method from the point of view of their cartographical correctness. Attempts to create maps in MapInfo have shown that proposed solutions are not fully correct and adequate. Relatively low general evaluation of the program results from its numerous mistakes and missing sections of instructions which often hinder the process of proper map elaboration instead of facilitating it. Despite the fact that MapInfo Professional contains a lot of useful functions, it is not fully developed and sometimes can even mislead the program user. Nevertheless it seems to have considerable potential to become a useful tool in editing correct maps. In order to do it, however, it should comply with the rules of cartography. Although GIS-type programs are supposed to present cartographic data adequately, it should be remembered that in many instances their default automatic options are insufficient. Possibility of creating a software which would allow a non-professional user (with no cartographic skills) to make a correct map is an issue to be considered.

7

Możliwości opracowania kartogramów i kartodiagramów w programie MapInfo Professional 10.5

Dębowska A., Korycka-Skorupa J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 3

201--217

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano i oceniono możliwości opracowania kartogramów i kartodiagramów w jednym z programów typu GIS -MapInfo Professional 10.5. Omówione możliwości programu skonfrontowano z zasadami metodyki kartograficznej.

EN

Autors analyze and evaluate the possibilities of elaborating choropleth maps and diagrams using one of the most popular programs for servicing geographic information systems - MapInfo Professional 10.5. The article focuses only on two forms of cartographic presentation since they are the most frequently used and described in detail in MapInfo. The classification of map elaboration methods used in the MapInfo program is completely different from the classification accepted in Polish cartography. Not only is the "classification" completely different, but also MapInfo features methods unknown and incorrect from the cartographical point of view. These erratic solutions adversely affect the evaluation of the program. MapInfo Professional is made for a wide range of potential users, therefore it would seem natural to expect that they be given correct basics of cartographic methodology. Terminology used both in the program and in the MapInfo guides very often differs from the terminology accepted in Polish cartography, which is a serious problem. Not only does it adversely affect the understanding of the program, but also causes chaotic terminology to spread. In the analyzed program the diagram can be generated by as many as four methods of generating a thematic map which makes it the program's most developed method of cartographic presentation. However, it is impossible to generate a diagram map illustrating values of a phenomenon with the use of a graph. Considering all sorts of diagrams (one- and multi--parameter, flat and three-dimentional block), it appears that only a small part of those can be generated in MapInfo Professional. There are options to elaborate one parameter flat geometric diagrams in the shape of a circle, half circle, column, square, triangle and polygon. While editing, the user has the option of changing their filling and contour. The lack of the option to adapt the size of diagrams to the size of base units is the program's very serious disadvantage, as automation and acceleration of map elaboration process is a feature quite expected of GIS software. Including an adequate algorithm seems indispensible. It is possible to generate a line diagram in the same form as a related to point or an area diagram in the program. In such a case the diagram is put in the "middle" of the line to which it refers (fig. 8). The solution is completely inconsistent with cartographic methodology and cannot be classified within cartographic methods of presentation. According to the information in MapInfo user guide (2008) the so-called division method is the equivalent of the second method of presentation mentioned in this article- the choropleth map. It appears, however, that with this "method" it is possible to present all quantitative data. There is no warning that the choropleth map can only be applied for presenting relative data. Moreover, there is no option to generate a continuous or two-variable choropleth map, or a correct legend. Attempts to generate choropleth maps and diagrams in MapInfo have proved that the suggested solutions are not entirely correct and satisfactory. Although the program contains many useful functions, they are underdeveloped and occasionally can even mislead the user.

8

Kartograficzna wizualizacja danych MODIS i SRTM. Część II

Drachal J., Dębowska A., Brzezińska-Klusek M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2012

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T. 44, nr 4

305-314

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu opublikowanej w poprzednim numerze omówiono analizę danych i narzędzi pod kątem wspólnej wizualizacji zdjęć wykonanych skanerem MODIS i numerycznego modelu terenu pozyskanego w trakcie misji SRTM oraz omówiono kolejne wersje procedury ich wspólnego przedstawienia. W drugiej części opisano próbę połączenia otrzymanego obrazu z wybranymi danymi wektorowymi. Na zakończenie przedstawiono wyniki w postaci map opracowanych na tej podstawie: Polski w skali 1:1 000 000, Europy Środkowej w skali 1:2 000 000 i Europy w skali 1:10 000 000.

EN

The institute of Geodesy and Cartography in Warsaw hosted research on the possibility of elaboration of a small scale reference map basing on the photos taken by MODIS scanner and data registered within SRTM project. The first part of the article discusses the procedures of joint visualization of those data in the form of a realistic terrain image. The second part describes issues of complementing the resulting visualization with reference contents which helps to orientate the image in space. This contents includes cities, waters, roads, national borders and cartographic grid. The process of elaboration started with retrieval of data and combining of data from various sources. The next stage was a selection of elements of reference contents within its separate categories. To preserve picture clarity special attention was paid to the method of presentation of reference elements. Proposals for graphic presentation of reference contents against the background of the 'photographic' picture of the terrain were discussed. Finally, the resulting picture maps were presented: the Map of Poland in 1:1,000,000, the Map of Eastern Europe in 1:2,000,000 and the map of Europe in 1:10,000,000.

9

Kartograficzna wizualizacja danych MODIS i SRTM. Część 1

Drachal J., Dębowska A., Brzezińska-Klusek M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2012

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T. 44, nr 3

213-224

PL

W artykule omówiono analizę danych i narzędzi pod kątem opracowania wspólnej wizualizacji obrazu otrzymanego za pomocą skanera MODIS i numerycznego modelu terenu SRTM oraz kolejne wersje procedury ich wspólnego przedstawienia. W drugiej części, która ukaże się w następnym numerze przedstawiono wyniki w postaci map opracowanych na tej podstawie: Polski w skali 1:1 000 000, Europy Środkowej w skali 1:2 000 000 i Europy w skali 1:10 000 000.

EN

In the years 1999-2000 government agencies of the United States created two sets of geographical data of global range, which were soon put on the Internet. They were images of the Earth's surface in real colors in the resolution of 500 m registered by the MODIS scanner and altitude data (DTM) in the resolution of 100 m registered as part of the SRTM project. The Institute of Geodesy and Cartography in Warsaw decided to analyze the data. It has been assessed that the materials are of great informative value, ideally suited for obtaining an image of the area for the needs of a modern small scale referential map. In order for such a map to be created, the task was to find a way of common visualization of both types of data. The first part of the article is devoted to a discussion of data analysis and of theoretical assumptions of creating a visualization of satellite image and model of terrain as well as to the discussion of successive versions of procedure for their common presentation.

10

Kartogram i kartodiagram jako przykład łączenia metod prezentacji kartograficznej

Dębowska A., Korycka-Skorupa J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2010

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T. 42, nr 4

305-320

PL

W artykule omówiono różne aspekty łączenia dwóch metod prezentacji - kartogramu i kartodiagramu na jednej mapie. Zwrócono uwagę na dopasowanie graficzne obu metod oraz na charakter i odniesienie przedstawianych w ten sposób danych. Pokazano przykłady takich połączeń, od najprostszych zastosowań po skomplikowane ujęcia anamorficzne.

EN

Presentation of data on maps requires appropriate graphic methods to make the presented information logical and clear for map users. Depending on the range of information cartographers decide to use one, two or several presentation methods on a single map. A common combination is of a choropleth map with a diagram map. A choropleth map consists of area units (geometrical or administrative) designated with a color scale, a method for map background, while a diagram map consists of scaled diagrams appearing 'on top'. Because of this the two methods match and do not interfere graphically. Thus more data can be presented on a single map. It is important that data is logically selected and thematically linked, to create a new quality -communicate new information. Let us look at a combination of a choropleth map and a diagram map in relation to data selection. Considering possible combinations of two types of data (relative and absolute) with two methods of presentation, four types of combinations can be distinguished. (fig- 2). Type A is the most common and most correct according to cartographic methodology. Type B is also quite common. Type C seems incorrect because of a choropleth presentation of absolute data, which is contrary to theoretical recommendations of cartographic methodology. The last type is against the rules of cartographic methodology and is not used. When analyzing a combination of a choropleth map and a diagram map on a single map it is worth having a look not only at the character of data but also at what it relates to. In the case of a choropleth map data al-ways relates to area units. In diagrams data can relate to points, lines as well as area. Therefore the following types of graphic solutions can be determined (fig. 10). Type I is definitely the most common combination. Both methods relate to the same area units, which significantly facilitates map reading and interpretation. Many maps of Type II can be found in atlases, especially in maps thematically linked to population and industry, where data is related to points (diagrams) and area (choropleth). In such cases choropleth map is used to present various markers in relation to whole area unit: voivodship, countries, eta, while a diagram map presents e.g. cities or industrial centers. Type III is used when there is a need to show movement against the background of a choropleth map. Often the presented topic is so broad that it requires several graphic techniques simultaneously. They can be various types of diagrams (various shapes and colors), a complex choropleth map (two choropleth maps superimposed), various signatures and other methods of presentation (isolines, dots, ranges). Browsing through maps one can easily find ones with simultaneous use of several choropleth maps and diagram maps. There also exist some more complex combinations, which result in a single 'new' method of presentation, such as choropleth maps basing on a diagram or cartograms. Map authors combine the choropleth method with a diagram method to present a certain group of topics. This combination is often used to present socio-economic issues, because they require quantitative or ordering methods, of which a choropleth map and a diagram map are the most popular. While selecting data for cartographic presentation it should be remembered that using two or more sets of data on a single map has to be justified. Data shown on a single map has to be complimentary, self-explanatory and selected correctly from the point of cartographic methodology and graphic design. Any attempt to make an exhaustive and clear presentation of a particular problem on a map requires some graphic techniques involving a combination of cartographic methods. Clarity of such presentation depends on data selection, graphic design and perception of map user. Presented analysis does not conclude the topic of research, rather it opens the door towards a broader view of the potential of combining various cartographic methods.

11

Zagadnienia nieliniowej analizy drewnianych konstrukcji w pożarze

Dębowska A., Skowroński W.

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2007

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R. 63, nr 2

80-82

PL

Intensywne nagrzewanie w czasie pożaru elementów konstrukcji drewnianych prowadzi sukcesywnie do ich zniszczenia. Odporność ogniowa konstrukcji drewnianych wynika ze zmienności materiałowych charakterystyk drewna w podwyższonej temperaturze. Ważnym elementem pożarowej analizy konstrukcji drewnianych jest uwzględnienie fizykalnej nieliniowości materiału.

EN

lntensive heating of timber structures in the fire consequently leads to the damage of these structures. Fire resistance of timber structures results from material properties changeability of timber at elevated temperature. The important element of the fire resistance analysis of timber structures is taking into calculation a physical nonlinearity of material.

12

Aktualne tendencje normalizacyjne w zakresie bezpieczeństwa pożarowego konstrukcji drewnianych

Dębowska A., Skowroński W.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2007

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R. 104, z. 4-A

259-264

PL

Pożary w budynkach są nieprzewidywalne, kiedy się wydarzą, powodują ogromne zniszczenia. Bezpieczeństwo użytkowników zależy od wielu czynników uwzględnianych już przy projektowaniu obiektu budowlanego. Projektowanie na wypadek pożaru jest zatem ważnym elementem całościowego procesu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa pożarowego konstrukcji. W artykule omówiono obowiązujące aktualnie wymagania związane z bezpieczeństwem pożarowym obiektów budowlanych, a także przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę metod ochrony przeciwpożarowej elementów drewnianych.

EN

Fires in buildings are unpredictable events, when they occur, they can cause great damage. The safety of the occupants depends on many factors taken into account at the stage of buildings design. Structural fire design is an important part of the overall process of providing fire safety of structures. This paper describes currently valid requirements connected with fire safety of structures and also presentes a short characteristic of methods of fire protection of timber elements.

13

Zagrożenie pożarowe konstrukcji aluminiowych*

Dębowska A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Budownictwo / Politechnika Opolska

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2002

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z. 46

5-14

PL

W pracy przedstawiono informacje dotyczące właściwości stopów aluminium oraz ich zastosowania w budownictwie. Opisano zachowanie się stopów aluminium w podwyższonej temperaturze towarzyszącej pożarom. Zaprezentowano metody projektowania konstrukcji aluminiowych zagrożonych pożarem w oparciu o normę ENV 1999-1-2, Eurocode 9, Partl-2.

EN

The paper deals with following problems: characteristic of aluminium alloys at normal and at elevated temperature; the application of aluminium alloys in the civil engineering; methods of design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure.