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Application of LandGEM mathematical model for the estimation of gas emissions from contaminated sites. A case study of a dumping site in Lahore, Pakistan

Alam Asifa, Chaudhry M. Nawaz, Ahmad Sajid Rashid, Ullah Rizwan, Batool Syeda Adila, Butt Talib E., Alghamdi Huda Ahmed, Mahmood Adeel

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 1

69--81

EN

Decomposition of organic waste in dumping sites and landfills prompts the uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases which enhances global warming and related issues. The present investigation estimated the total landfill gas, methane, carbon dioxide and non-methane organic compounds emissions from Mahmood Booti dumping site located at Lahore, Pakistan from 1996 to 2045. LandGEM 3.02 model was utilized to evaluate the gas emission with the volumetric methane 50%, production potential (170 m3/Mg), and methane generation rate (0.050/year). The findings demonstrated that organic and food wastes had the maximum quantity in the solid waste stream (63.46%). Methane measured from solid waste was 1.150E+03 (Mg/year) in 1997 in the first year after waste was accepted by landfill while the maximum methane generation rate happened from 2014 to 2018, i.e., from 4.049×104 to 4.654×104 Mg/year, respectively. The study finding highlighted that all gases emissions have an increasing/rising trend up to 2021 and then gradually their level will decrease because most of the organic fractions of solid waste would degrade with time. The findings of this study can be used to identify the impacts and contribution of MBODS in the global emission of greenhouse gases. The study concludes that proper management of landfill gas will not only decreases greenhouse gas emissions, diminishing adverse impacts on public health but can also be used as a sustainable energy source.

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Baseline study in environmental risk assessment : site-specific model development and application

Alam Asifa, Mahmood Adeel, Chaudhry M. Nawaz, Ahmad Sajid Rashid, Safa Noor Ul, Alghamdi Huda Ahmed, Alhamdi Heba Waheeb, Ullah Rizwan

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 3

80--88

EN

Environmental risk assessment is one of the key tools in environmental engineering. This risk assessment can be qualitative or quantitative and it is based on preliminary studies i.e., baseline study for waste disposal sites. Even though the literature exists on baseline study in general, still there is a lack of guidance regarding development of a site-specific baseline study model for a waste disposal site. This study has two-fold aim, firstly, how to develop site-specific baseline study model for a selected dumping site, and secondly, how this site-specific baseline study can support the environmental engineering via mathematical risk estimation. Mahmood Booti Open Dumping Site (MBODS) is selected to demonstrate the development and application of site-specific baseline study model. This is followed by building a framework that shows how the output of the baseline study can lead to environmental engineering via mathematical risk estimation. The paper provides a mechanism of how to construct a bespoke baseline-study model that is readily useable, avoiding procurement of expensive computer software and yet smoothly connecting with the follow-on stages of the risk assessment. The work presented in this paper can be reproduced repeatedly to create site-specific baseline study models for risk assessment of other waste disposal sites in a cost-effective, consistent and cohesive manner.

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Application of EASEWASTE model for assessing environmental impacts from solid waste landfilling

Alam Asifa, Chaudhry Muhammad Nawaz, Ahmad Sajid Rashid, Batool Aadila, Mahmood Adeel, Al-Ghamdi Huda Ahmad

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 4

84--92

EN

Dumping sites or landfills are considered as foremost common option of waste management worldwide. Dumping sites, often not lined, represent a potential environmental issue causing a long-term risk to the environment and health. A number of computers model-based studies have described the solid waste collection and its management, but provide little information about the relative contributions regarding environmental impacts of landfilling especially in the context of developing world. The aim of study was to estimate environmental impacts from dumping site by using EASEWASTE model. A case study was carried out at an old and closed dumping site filled with mixed waste without bottom liner, no leachate collection and gas collection. On the basis of the existing dumping site investigation, a Mahmood Booti Dumping Site Scenario was developed, and related data of waste generation & composition was collected and added to assess environmental impacts. The results show that human toxicity via soil (9.14E+09 m3 soil) had the highest potential impact, followed by global warming (8.83E+11 Kg CO2-eq), eco-toxicity in water (6.25E+11 m3 water), and eco-toxicity in soil (6.54E+10 m3 soil). This is mostly caused by leaching of heavy metals from ashes (e.g. residues from roads cleaning and vacuum cleaning bags), batteries, paper and metals. The adopted risk analysis approach uses easily accessible computer aided models, for open dumping sites, appears to be a key tool to assist decision makers in establishing priorities for remediation action.